Amasiko Nemithetho Yemithetho Engabhalwanga Ezungeze Umbhishobhi Ongumongameli

Isifungo sikamongameli wehhovisi sifana nenkathi eyodwa egunyazwe umthetho-sisekelo enkathini ethatha iminyaka emine yokuguqulwa kombuso eMelika. Siyi-inketho emfushane, engathi sína (inkulumo engamashumi amathathu nanhlanu kuphela eSigabeni II, kodwa umkhosi ozungeze ihhovisi ukhule waba yimisuka ebanzi yesiko, izimpawu, nemithetho engekho emthethweni. Lamasiko, angazange ahlanganiswe emthethweni, athwala isisindo esikhulu, aqinisekisi ukuphakama kwehhovisi futhi axhumanisa ukuphatha okusha ngakunye kokwalo. Lesi sihloko sihlola imisuka engokomlando, amasiko angenamthetho, ahlukahluka-ka ngokuphawulekayo, futhi ahlala njalo, aveza ngokubona okubanzi lokho okwenza inhlamba ithuko impela kubaluleke kakhulu kunomthetho.

Okwenza Amasiko Angabhalwanga Abe Yindaba Ngaphezu Kwemithetho Elotshiwe

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo umisa amagama aqondile esifungo, ushiya yonke imininingwane yomkhosi ukuba usebenze, ulandele inqubo, futhi ukhethele umongameli. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, iqoqo elingaguquki lamasiko liye lavela (_amanye aqanjwa emhlabeni wonke, amanye avumelana ngobuqili. Lamasiko angabhalwanga afeza izinjongo eziningi: aveza ukuqhubeka, akhuthaza ubunye besizwe, aqinisekisa ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla, futhi afaka izenzakalo ngomqondo womkhosi ongcwele. Ngaphandle kwawo, lesifungo sifungo siyoba isenzo sokuphatha esingenamandla; ngawo, siba uphawu oluphilayo lwentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando YeSigodlo Somongameli

Umsuka wesifungo sobumongameli usohlelweni lomthetho-sisekelo olwamiswa eMhlanganweni we-Philadelphia ka 1787. Abasunguli, abaxwayi begunya lobuphathi, nokho kwadingeka ukuba bavume ukuthi bathembeke kuMthetho-sisekelo. Amazwi aqondile ."" Ngiyafunga ngempela (noma ngivume) ukuthi ngiyolikhipha ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngiyolisebenzisa kahle kakhulu ikhono lami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States"") futhi ngakwekwenye ingxenye yesifungo sezikhulu zikahulumeni ngaphansi kweZiphakamiso ze-Confederation.

Ukuvuleka kukaGeorge Washington: Isiqalo sokuqala

NgoApril 30, 1789, uGeorge Washington wafunga kuvulandi weHholo laseFederal eNew York City, ngaleso sikhathi inhloko - dolobha. Ngesenzo esasiyoba elinye lamasiko angabhalwanga kakhulu, wabeka isandla sakhe phezu kweBhayibheli − ngokuchanekileyo, iBhayibheli leKing James Bible elibole kuSt. John’s Masonic Lodge No. 1. Ngemva kokusho isifungo esifezwe yi-Chancellar Robert R. Livingston, Washington wanezela isisho esithi "Ngisize uNkulunkulu," esiye saphindaphindwa cishe wonke umongameli olandelayo. Izazi zezindaba zesikhathi ziphikisana ngokuthi yini ngempela lawomazwi, kodwa isiko manje sifakwe kakhulu emkhosini.

IWashington yamisa nezinye izenzakalo ezimbili eziyisihluthulelo: inkulumo yokuvula nendaba yasobala. Inkulumo yakhe yamisa isiko lokuchaza umbono nezinto eziza kuqala zesimiso sokuphatha esizayo. Isixuku esikhulu, esishisekayo eNew York sagcizelela ukuthi lesifungo sasingesona isivumelwano sangasese kodwa isivumelwano somphakathi nezakhamuzi.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kusuka Emazwini Alotshiwe Kuya Esikweni Eliphilayo

Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo, izingqimba ezengeziwe zesiko ezahlanganiswa. uThomas Jefferson waphula umthetho ngokuhamba eya ekunikezelweni kwakhe kunokuhamba ngenqola, isenzo sobulula beriphabliki ngo-1801. Isifungo sokuqala sokuhamba ngaphandle ezitebhisini senzeka ngokunikezelwa kuka-Andrew Jackson ngo-1829, sidweba isixuku esikhulu sezakhamuzi ezivamile `umbukwane owaqokomisa ukulawulwa kwesimiso senkathi. Ngekhulu lamashumi amabili, lesi senzakalo sase siphenduke isiteshi sesizwe esiwumbukwanezelo esikhulu, kodwa imithetho eyisisekelo engabhalwangaso sahlala iqinile.

Amasiko Nemithetho Yesivumelwano Engabhalwanga

Izingxenye ezilandelayo ziphula amasiko ayinhloko angabhalwanga ahlobene nesifungo somongameli, kusukela ekukhethweni kwendawo kuya ekushintshweni kwezinhlangothi ezincane phakathi nomkhosi.

Ukukhetha IVenue Eyilungelo: Uphawu Lwezinyathelo ZeCapitol

UMthetho-sisekelo awugunyazi ukuthi isifungo kumelwe sithathwephi. Nokho, kusukela ekunikezelweni kuka-Andrew Jackson, indawo engokwesiko ibiyi-East Front ye-United States Capitol. Izinyathelo zeCapitol zinikeza uphawu olunamandla: umongameli omusha umi phambi kwekhaya legatsha lemithetho, egcizelela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nomthetho. Izinyathelo ngokwazo zimelela ukutholakala kwezakhiwo ngo-* umongameli wehla ngokoqobo evela esakhiweni ukuze abhekane nabantu.

Izikhathi ezithile ukunqabela ukubulawa kukaMongameli William McKinley ngo-1901, uTheodore Roosevelt wafunga ekhaya lomngane wakhe eBuffalo, eNew York, isidingo esiphuthumayo. Ngokuphawulekayo, ngoNovember 22, 1963, uLyndon B. Johnson wafungela ngaphakathi emoyeni we-Love Proad eDallas [1] ngesikhathi esisodwa kuphela umongameli wafunga isifungo ngaphakathi kwendiza, ezungezwe ukushaqeka nosizi. Kodwa lapho uJohnson emiswa ngokusemthethweni ngoJanuary 1965, wabuyela ezitebhini ze-Capitol, waphindela esikweni.

Ngo-2009, ukunikezelwa kukaBarack Obama kwadwetshwa izixuku ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi lomkhosi wawuqhutshelwa e-West Front kaCapitol − i-speed eyayenziwa yaba yindinganiso ngemva kokuvulwa kukaRonald Reagan ngo-1908, okwakuyiwo wokuqala owabekwa eWest Front ukuze ubone kangcono ibheke i-National Mall. Indawo, nakuba yayingagunyaziwe umthetho, yaba isiko ngemva kukaReagan, ebonisa indlela amasiko angabhalwanga ngayo amashumi eminyaka.

Imikhosi yokuklama yangaphambi: Ukumisa iTone

Ekuseni kwenhlamba kugcwele amasiko avamile kodwa abhalwe kakhulu.

Inkonzo Yesonto Engokwesiko

Kusukela ku-Franklin D. Roosevelt, amongameli abaningi baye baya enkonzweni yasekuseni yesonto eMhlabeni we-Inaugnostics / ngokuvame eSontweni likaJohn lika-Episcopal, elaziwa ngokuthi "iSonto lamaMongameli," elizungeze i-Lafayette Square esuka eWhite House. Lomkhuba, nakuba ungekho edingeniswa, usiza ekunxuseni isibusiso saphezulu ekuqondiseni futhi uveza indlela yokuthobeka.

Isithombe Sendlu KaWhite Nenduna Ehambayo

Kusukela phakathi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, kuye kwaba indinganiso ngomongameli ozayo ukuba ahlangane nomongameli ophumayo kanye nomngane wakhe womshado ukuze athole isithombe somuntu siqu nekhofi eWhite House ngaphambi kokuhamba ndawonye ukuya eCapitol. Lomcimbi uyinkulumo enamandla yokushintsha kokuthula, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zezombangazwe. Ngo-2021, uMongameli Joe Biden noMongameli Kamara Harris baphawula lomkhuba ngisho nanjengoMongameli okhululekile uDonald Trump waphuluklulwe yisiko ngokwalo, nakuba engazange ahlanganyele emkhosini ngokwawo, nakuba ahlanganyela eSikhungo esivamile seHowesimhlophe.

Izinyathelo Zokugcina Zomongameli Ohambayo

Omunye umthetho ongabhalwanga: umongameli ophumayo uvame ukushiya iCapitol ngemva kokumiswa, ngokuvamile esebenzisa indiza enophephela emhlane noma imoto, ukuze avumele umongameli omusha ukuba athathe isiteji ngokugcwele. Umfanekiso womholi ohambayo ovayizela eMarine Owengeziwe uyisikhumbuzo esithinta inhliziyo samandla adlulayo.

Ukuzisholo Okuthile

Inhliziyo yalesi senzakalo − isifungo esithathayo − silawulwa yingxube yenkambiso yomthetho-sisekelo nenkambiso ejulile.

Ukuqondiswa Ubulungisa Obuyinhloko

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungasichazi isifungo, umongameli ngamunye kusukela kuJohn Adams uye wafunga uMahluleli oMkhulu wase-United States (ngaphandle kukaCalvin Coolidge, owafungela uyise, ubulungisa bokuthula, ngemva kokufa okuzumayo kukaWarren Harding; noLyndon Johnson, owafungela umahluleli kahulumeni uSara T. Hughes). UMahluleli omkhulu ufaka isifungo esitejini sikaCapitol, indima egcizelela indawo yejaji eligcina umthetho.

IBhayibheli Nothi "Ngalokho Ngisize UNkulunkulu" Isiko

Uma kungasetshenziswa iBhayibheli kuyisiko nje. Abameli bangakhetha incwadi, noma enye. Ngo-1853, uFranklin Pierce wabeka isandla sakhe encwadini yomthetho, egcizelela ukuzibophezela kwakhe kumthetho-sisekelo. UTheodore Roosevelt akazange asebenzise nhlobo ngo-101 (nakuba wasebenzisa igama lakhe lesibili). Nokho, amongameli abaningi baye basebenzisa iBhayibheli, ngokuvamile elinokubaluleka komuntu siqu noma komlando. UDonalden Trump ngo-2017 wasebenzisa iBhayibheli likaLincoln kanye neBhayibheli lobuntwana. UJoe Biden wasebenzisa iBhayibheli ebelokhu likhona emkhayeni wakhe kusukela ngo-1893.

Inkulumo ethi "Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu" ayifunwa nguMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa cishe wonke umongameli uye wanezela isifungo. UGeorge Washington kuthiwa uqalile lomkhuba, futhi waphindwa ngabaningi abathatha isikhundla. Okuwukuphela kwento ephawulekayo nguTheodore Roosevelt, owayeka inkulumo ngo-1905, ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi wayesesenze isifungo ngemva kokufa kukaMcKinley. Ngo-2021, uJoe Biden wahlanganisa "Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu" njengoba abeka isandla sakhe phezu kweBhayibheli lomkhaya wakhe. Inkulumo ihlala inamandla, uma ikhona nenkomithena, isimendo sokulandisa komuntu siqu.

Isiqu Esifanele: Yima Kancane Futhi Uyimbukwane

Isiko elicashile kodwa elibalulekile ukuma ngemva kwamagama athi "Ngiyafunga kakhulu." Lokhu kumisa ikhefu kuvumela umongameli ukuba abonise ukuthi bafaka isibopho esiqinile. Abanye amongameli baye basebenzisa isikhathi esincane ukubheka isixuku noma iJaji Elikhulu. Abanye baye bamomotheka kancane noma basho amazwi aqinile. Lemicronecrific, nakuba ingabhalwanga, ihlaziywa umphakathi njengezimpawu ze-presidential mes.

Lo mkhuba, ovamile kwamanye amazwe anamasiko aqinile enkolo, awukaze ube yingxenye yesiko laseMelika. Kunalokho, umongameli uvame ukuxhawula uMahluleli oyinhloko nabanye esiteji.

Amasiko Angemva Komkhosi: Ukusuka ekukhulumeni kuya emkhosini

Ngokushesha ngemva kwesifungo, umongameli omusha unikeza ikheli lokuvula ikheli elingu-(-"a) uGeorge Washington ne-mongameli ngamunye kusukela u-ake walandela, nakuba inkulumo yokuqala kaThomas Jefferson yayimfushane kakhulu emlandweni. Ikheli kulindeleke ukuba liveze umbono ohlanganisayo, ngokuvamile ukhuthaza ubunye besizwe nenjongo efanayo. Inkulumo ayifunwa ngumthetho, kodwa iye yaba imoto eyinhloko kumongameli ukumisa indlela yokuqondisa yegama labo.

Isifo Esiwukukhuphuka Kwemvelo

Umbukiso olandela umkhosi weCapitol ungomunye umkhuba ongabhalwanga. Waqala njengohambo oluzivelelayo lwabantu base-New York be-Mongameli Washington. Ngekhulu lamashumi amabili, waba udwendwe oluhlelwe kahle ePennsylvania Avenue ukusuka eCapitol ukuya eWallen House. Lo mbukiso uhlanganisa izimpi, iziteshi, amaqembu ahambayo, nabameleli abavela kuzo zonke izizwe. Abaholi bavame ukuhamba engxenyeni lomgwaqo, isiko elaqala kuThomas Jefferson kodwa laba elivamile kakhulu enkathini yethelevishini. Umkhosi umkhosi umkhosi wokuhlanganyela komphakathi nokuzidla kwezwe.

Ibhola Eliyindilinga

Isiko lokuvula amabhola lilandelana nenkosikazi kaJames Madison, uDolley, owamisa ibhola lokuqala lokuvula ngo-1809. Nakuba kungekho mfuneko engokomthetho, amabhola aye akhula abe yimicimbi engokomthetho elandelwa umongameli, owesifazane wokuqala, izimenywa ze VIP, nezinkulungwane zabasekeli. Isiko liqinisa umuzwa wokugubha kanye nobunye ngemva kokuzindela kwesifungo.

Nokho, akubona bonke amongameli abaye bamukela ibhola eliyisiko. UFranklin D. Roosevelt wamukela ukwamukela okulula esikhundleni salokho phakathi nokwehla okukhulu komnotho, futhi phakathi nenkathi yempi, amabhola ayevame ukubekwa phansi noma asuswe. Ithemba lanamuhla liyibhola elilodwa elingokomthetho, kodwa inani nenani lihlukile. Ngo-2021, ngenxa yomqedazwe we-COVID-19 nokhuseleko oluphathelene nokulandela i-Capitol reagement, uJoe Biden wayephethe i-"Parade Ngaphesheya kwe-Melika" futhi akukho bhola elivamile eliphulwayo, elithetheleleka ngenxa yezimo ezingavamile.

Ukuhlukahluka Nokukhetha: Uma Isiko Liyinqaba Noma Liphukile

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, amasiko angenazinombolo aye enza ukuphambuka kwangamabomu noma okudingekile okuye kwaba ingxenye yomlando.

Ukuqinisekiswa Okungekona Ukukhulekela

UMthetho-sisekelo uvumela isifungo ukuba sibe "siqiniseki" kunokuba sifungele, ilungiselelo eliklanyelwe labo abamelene nenkolo ukufunga. UMongameli uFranklin Pierce noMongameli uHerbert Hover bakhetha ukuqinisekisa kunokuba bafunge. Ngo-1853, uPierce wabeka isandla sakhe encwadini yomthetho, hhayi eBhayibhelini. Nakuba lokhu kungavamile, kuwumkhuba osebenzayo nongokomthetho ohlobana nokuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso.

Izindawo Zangaphakathi Neziphuthumayo

Lapho isifungo sikhishwa ngaphandle kwendawo ejwayelekile − njengasendabeni kaTheodore Roosevelt (1901, endlini yomngane), uCalvin Coolidge (1923, epulazini lakubo eVermont ngesibani), noLyndon Johnson (1963, i-Air Force One) (isiko elingabhalwanga lezitebhisi zeCapitol libekwe eceleni ngaphandle. Kodwa ngayinye yalemikhosi ephuthumayo yalandelwa isenzakalo esingokomthetho sokuqalisa kamuva, kuvusene isiko.

Amasiko Avunyelwe Noma Ahlukile

Ngo-2021, ukungabikho kwamabhola okuvula isigcawu kanye nombukiso omkhulu kwakungazange kubonwe ezikhathini zanamuhla. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli uTrump ngo-2017 wasebenzisa amaBhayibheli amabili, kuhlanganise neBhayibheli le-Lincoln, kodwa wagcina isandla sakhe siphakanyisiwe phakathi kwesifungo (ukusuka kancane ekuthatheni isandla esisodwa). Lokhu kushintshana okuncane akulilulazi lelisiko; kunalokho, kubonisa ukuthi isiko lingazivumelanisa nomongo kuyilapho lilondoloza amandla alo angokomfanekiso.

Ukubaluleka Kwalamasiko Angabhalwango

Kungani le mikhuba engabhalwanga ibaluleke kangaka?

Ukuqinisa Ukudluliselwa Kwamandla Ngokuthula

Ukushintsha kwegunya − ikakhulukazi lapho amaqembu ezombangazwe eshintsha, kuyisikhathi sokungaguquguquki. Ukuthatha isigaba esiyinkimbinkimbi sokunikezelwa, kanye namasiko aso ahlanganyelwe, izimpawu eziya ezweni nasezweni ukuthi ukuthutha kuhlelekile, kungokomthetho, futhi kungokokuzithandela. Umfanekiso womongameli abakhululekile nabazayo abagibele ndawonye beya eCapitol, naphezu kwanoma yiziphi izitha zomuntu siqu noma zezombangazwe, uwukubonakaliswa okunamandla kokuzimela idemokhrasi.

Ukwakha Ukuxhumeka Emlandweni

Wonke umongameli osebenzisa iLincoln Bible, amise izitebhisi ezifanayo zeCapitol, futhi aphinde amazwi afanayo azihlanganisa nawo wonke owanduleli. Lokhu kuqhubeka kuthuthukisa umuzwa wesizwe nesiko odlula umongameli ngamunye. Izakhamuzi ezibukele lo mkhosi zizizwa ziyingxenye yesiko lamakhulu eminyaka, ziqinisa ukholo lwazo siqu.

Ukuguqula Umongameli Ongaphakathi Ehhovisi

Ukukhetha komuntu siqu emcimbini (okungukuthi iBhayibheli, ukuthi yima kancane noma momothekani), vumela umphakathi ukuba ubone umuntu osehhovisi. Le mizuzu emincane, engabhalwanga ingaveza izindinganiso, izimpawu, nezinhloso. Ngokwesibonelo, isifungo sikaBarack Obama's 2009 kwadingeka ukuba siphinde sithathwe ngasese ngenxa yokukhubeka phakathi nesenzakalo esiphilayo (UMahluleli oyinhloko waguqula uhlelo lwegama). I-re-do, nakuba ilula, yaba isifundo ngokuthobeka nokubaluleka kokukhomba.

Ukunikeza Ithonya Lobunye Besizwe

Ikheli lokuqala, umbukiso, namabhola konke kuklanyelwe ukuba kuhlanganiswe, kumenywe amaMelika azo zonke izizinda ukuba ahlanganyele, okungenani ngokomfanekiso. Ngisho nezakhamuzi ezingavotelanga umongameli omusha kulindeleke ukuba zihloniphe ihhovisi nomkhosi. Amasiko angabhalwanga aqinisa umqondo wokuthi manje yisikhathi sokuhlangana ngemva kokhetho olunzima.

Ithonya Langaphandle Namasiko Afundwayo

Amasiko awasungulwanga ngokungenalutho; aboleka eBrithani, uMasonic, namanye amasiko angokomlando. Ukusetshenziswa kweBhayibheli kubonisa ifa lobuKristu lobuProthestani baBasunguli, nakuba imvume yokuvuma ibonisa ukuthi imvume yokuvuma iboshelwe ebuningini obungokwenkolo. Ukuhileleka kwezempi () ukuba khona kwezindawo, ingoma yezibhamu ezingu-21 (ukukhulekela) ezinkonzweni zasebukhosini kodwa kuhloselwe irepublic. Inkulumo yokuqamba iphilishi iveza izinkulumo ezinikezwa ababusi bamakoloni, kodwa ngokuhlanekezelwa kwentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngentuthuko engokomlando yesifungo, bheka i- ikopi yeNational Archives ye-Constitution ne-[FLT:][FLT]] inikeza ukucubungula kweqoqo leSivumelwano soMkhandlu [i-Gaqo-mthetho] [i-George Washington's ukunikezelwa . Ukucwila ngokujule kakhulu ku-"impikiswano ye-"Mibuso kaNkulunkulu, inikeza ukuhlolwa kolwazi lweSikhungo somthetho somthetho wezwelo . Ngaphezu kwalokho, .S. ihhovisi lomlando linikeza isikhathi sokuqala izenzakalo[FLD:7].

Isiphetho: Isiko Eliphilayo Le - oath

Isifungo sikamongameli esingabhalwanga namthetho asisona nje isifungo esixhumanisayo. Ziyizinyama ezibopha ukuphatha ngakunye kwezimiso zokusungula kanye nabantu baseMelika. Kusukela ekukhetheni indawo kuya ekubekeni isandla encwadini, lamasiko aveza ukuzinza, ukuthobeka, nokuqhubeka ngokuthula kukahulumeni womthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba amazwi esifungo amiswe eMthethweni, amasiko abazungezile anamandla, okuvumelana nezinkinga, izintando zomuntu siqu, nokushintsha imithetho engabhaliwe. Ukuqonda lemithetho engekho emthethweni kuthuthukisa ukwazisa kwethu njengomthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Nakuba amazwi esisifungo esilula abekwe esisekelwe eMthethweni, amasiko abazungezile anamandla, − ukuvumelana nemithetho efuna ukuvumelana nemithetho ehlukile.