Inqubo yomthetho injini yokubusa kwentando yeningi, iguqula imibono ibe imithetho ephoqelelwe elawula umphakathi. Ukuqonda ibhayisekile yemali kubalulekile kubafundi, othisha, nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi, njengoba inikeza ilebula elicacile lokubona indlela yesimiso somphakathi esenziwe ngayo, iphikiswana, futhi icwengisiwe. Nakuba indikimba ngayinye yemithetho isebenza ngemithetho yayo, uhambo oluyisisekelo ukusuka ekuhleleni umthetho ukuya emthethweni lulandela indlela efanayo elinganisela ukunquma, ukuhlehla, ukuhlehla, nokulandisa. Lesiqondiso esinwetshisweyo sithatha ngayo kuzo zonke izigaba zalolohambo, kanye neSishaya-Mnyango esiyinhloko se-United States.

Ukuthunyelelwa Enqubweni Yomthetho

Isivumelwano semali siyisiphakamiso esingokomthetho somthetho omusha noma sokulungisa umthetho okhona. Siqala njengomqondo / "owehlisa futhi uvalwe, iqembu elinxusayo, iqembu likahulumeni, noma umenzi womthetho ngokwawo" futhi khona - ke sidlula ngochungechunge lwezigaba ezicacisiwe eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa okuphelele, ukufakwa komphakathi, nokuhlolwa kwe-bipartistanian. Inqubo ithatha kancane ngamabomu futhi ibekelwe, inikeza amaphuzu amaningi ukubukeza, impikiswano, futhi ngisho nokulahla. Loluhlelo lungamandla ezimiso zentando yeningi kanye nomthombo wokukhungatheka uma i-trackckingsting zithatha izinyathelo ezibalulekile. Noma kunjalo, ukuphila komthetho owe-odwa noma igatsha likahulumeni kungahlanganisa isimiso somthetho ongekho muntu noma uhulumeni ongawuhlolangawalinganiswanga futhi ungawulingani.

E-United States, uMthetho-sisekelo ufaka zonke izikhulu zemithetho engokomthetho eKhongolo, ezihlukaniswa zaba maqembu amabili: Indlu yabameleli neSigele. Noma isiphi isiphakamiso kumelwe sidlule zombili iziteshi ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba zinikezwe uMongameli. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zesizwe namaphalamende emhlabeni wonke alandela izinyathelo ezifanayo nezifanayo. Ngezinjongo zalesi sihloko, sizolandela inqubo kazwelonke, kanye nezinkulumo ezifanayo.

Izitezi ZeBhili & #8217; Ibhayisekili Eliphilayo

Isigaba ngasinye sinikeza amathuba okubukeza, ukulungisa nokuphikisana. Ngezansi sibala izigaba ezifingqiwe, bese sicwaninga ngokuningiliziwe ngayinye.

  • [ Ukuhlanganisa:[ Imali ibhalwe ngolimi olungokomthetho oluqondile, ngokuvamile ngosizo lwababephethe izishayamthetho.
  • I-Introduction:[ Ilungu loMkhandlu lixhasa ngokomthetho izindleko, ezithi ziqanjwe, zifakwe, futhi zifakwe embhalweni womphakathi.
  • [ Committee Review: Imali yabelwe ikomiti ephethe indaba yayo, lapho izwa khona, inyusa, nombiko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impikiswano ye-Floor (Igumbi Lokuqala):[ Impikiswano egcwele egumbini yokubhalisa, icabangela izinguquko, namavoti ekudluleni.
  • [ Inqubo yoMnyango we-Supt: Imali ilandela indlela efanayo ngegumbi elilodwa, iqala ngokufaka isingeniso nomsebenzi wekomiti.
  • Ikomiti yeConference (uma kudingeka): Dispancies phakathi kwamagumbi amabili ’ izinguqulo zixazululwa yikomiti ehlangene.
  • Imvumelo ebanzi: Zombili izitena zivota embikweni wengqungquthela noma umbhalo wokugcina ovumelanayo.
  • Isenzo esisebenzayo: Isivumelwano sinikezwa uMongameli, ongasayina, asisayine, siyenze, noma sivumele ukuba sibe umthetho ngaphandle kophawu.
  • Veto shoboza (uma ikhona): Izikhomba-mbuso zingadlula iveto ngesithathu esikhulu kakhulu emagumbini womabili.
  • Umthetho wokufika: Umthetho omisiwe wabelwe inani lomthetho womphakathi futhi uthatha ukusebenza osukwini lwawo olucaciwe noma esigqwini.

Ukuwohloka Kwesisu Ngasinye Okunemininingwane

Ukufingqiwe

Ukuthambisa izindleko kuyinqubo yokucophelela eguqula umqondo wesimiso ube umbhalo ongokomthetho oqondile. Abenzi bomthetho abavamile ukubhala izikweletu bodwa; bathembele e-Oficial ye-Legistative Counsence [eNdlungwini ne-Gatenate], enikeza izinkonzo zobuchwepheshe zokulungisa i-APPSP ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-’ ulimi lucacile, umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, futhi lungaguquguquki. Abachazi kumelwe bacabange ngemithetho ekhona ukuze bagweme izingxabano, bachaze izincazelo eziyinhloko, futhi balindele izincazelo zokwahlulela ezingasehlelayo. Amahlelo kahulumeni, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nabameleli bemboni ngokuvamile bafaka isibonelo sokulungisa noma ukuhlanganisa izigebetho ngaphambi kokuba izigebezo zisungulwe. Le nqubo yangaphambili ingathatha amasonto noma inqubo eshekethiwe kahle futhi ihambe kahle.

Ngokwesibonelo, Act ye-Afford Care Care ka-2010] yayihlanganisa ukubambisana okukhulu kokuhlela phakathi komphathi we-Obama, amakomiti e-Congregational, nochwepheshe bezimiso zezempilo. Iqophelo lokuhlela lihlanganisa nezilinganiso zezindleko zeCongregational Umbal Underst (CBO), ezinganquma imvume yokuhlela i-APPPP / 8217; ukusebenza. Imali ebekwe noma ethwele i-agic yemali ephansi ingazama ukuzuza noma ukusekela ikomiti.

Isingeniso

Uma umbhalo usuqediwe, ilungu leNdlu noma iSigele liwuyisa ngokomthetho lomthetho ngokuwubeka intethe (Indlu] noma ] eyimelela [[[#82]]] phansi [ [[ISishayandlela]]. Imali ithola inani elikhethekile (Ü HR. 1” ngemvume yeNdluyasendlu, i-#820; [1]. 1&822;'; ngenxa yomthetho weSishayathi seSishayathi secala esifushane.] Isethulo siyisenzo somphakathi kuphela; umbiko ungene esisekelwe ku-Record Recordsment futhi utholakala ku-injini yombuso [Ft][Ft]][FtFoff]]).

Ukubukeza KweKomiti

Ngemva kwesethulo, ikomiti ibhekiselwe ekomitini ephethe indaba yayo, ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti ye House yeMayence ne-Entecommental for refects, noma iKomiti yeSigele yezezimali ezithathwayo. AmaKomiti e-“ ama-handres ” ama-conds, e-Congress, lapho kuhlolwa khona kaningi okungaphansi kwe-Presstudentia. Inqubo yekomiti ihlanganisa iziteji ezintathu ezingaphansi:

Ikomiti Engaphansi Yezindaba

Ikomiti inganika leli shende icala lemali ekhonkiswayo, ephethe ukuqulwa kobufakazi obuvela kochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, abasekeli, nezakhamuzi ezithintekile. Lokhu kuqulwa kwamacala kusobala futhi kunikeza umlando wencwadi e-̱ amandla nobuthakathaka. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa okuphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokuvamile kuveza ososayensi, iziphathi zamandla, nabashisekeli bendawo ezungezile. OFakazi bakhethwa yizisebenzi eziningi nezimbalwa ukuqinisekisa imibono elinganiselwe.

Ukuphawula

Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti egcwele (noma ikomiti engaphansi) iba nesimiso sokuqongelela. Amalungu aphikisana ngokulungisa umugqa wemali ngomgqebhezana, ukuvota e-ayisensini ngayinye, futhi ekugcineni amavoti ukuthi angabika noma yini imali esendaweni egcwele. Ama-Markup angaba aphikisana; umthetho ungabhalwa kabusha kakhulu, uthathelwe indawo nge- “ u-antement, i-̵ noma ngisho nokuvota (osuba). Isihlalo sekomiti silawula izinqubo futhi singalinganisela impikiswano.

Umbiko Wekomiti

Uma ikomiti ivota ukuba ibike lemali, iveza umbiko oningiliziwe ochaza i-’ injongo, ikomiti i-̱ icabanga, noma yimiphi imibono ephikisanayo (imibono ephambene), kanye nethonya emthetho okhona. Lombiko uhlanganisa intengo nemiphumela. Lencwadi iba isisekelo esiyinhloko sengxoxo yaphansi nencazelo yokwahlulela kamuva.

I-Congregational Research Service ihlola ukuthi izimali ezingamaphesenti angu-90 eziye zafakwa zingasebenzi ekomitini. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango uqinisekisa ukuthi izikweletu ezisekelwa ngokwanele nesimiso kuphela okufanele ziqhutshekwe phansi.

Impikiswano Nge - Floor (Igubhu Lokuqala)

Uma kubikwa isikweletu esivela ekomitini, sibekwa ekhalendeni ukuze sihlolwe phansi.

Impikiswano Yasekhaya

Indlu isebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele eqinile yesikhathi. ikhipha umthetho omisa ubude bengxoxo, okuthi ukulungisa kuvunyelwe (kuvulwe, noma kulungiswe), nohlelo lwenqubo. Ingxoxo ilinganiselwa ngehora elilodwa, ngokulinganayo phakathi kweningi nedlanzana. Amalungu akhuluma phansi, ngokuvamile isikhathi sokuvumelana nosebenza nabo. Indlu ngokuvamile isebenzisa ikhombane lengxoxo ephelele

Impikiswano Ngezigebengu

ISigele sivumela ukuba kuxoxwe ngempikiswano engenamkhawulo ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe ihlulelo. Lokhu kungaholela filibusters, lapho i-senester noma iqembu libamba khona iphansi ukuba libambe noma livimbe ivoti. Ukuqeda i-palecter, i-ftiffter ephezulu kakhulu (60 covotas) idingeka ukuze i-acementer. Isibonelo, impikiswano ka-2013 engokomthetho wokulawula izibhamu yabona i-bacbuster ekugcineni ehlulekayo ukuthola ihrable. I-partumsss, futhi inemiqatha yemiqathango e-mend; izigwegwegwe, i-emeters, ingenza ukuba amalungu e-pane. [FFFF:3] [5]

Ukusanhlamvu

Ngemva kwempikiswano, amavoti egumbi emalini nanoma iziphi izimali ezisasele. Izindleko eziningi zidinga iningi elivamile ukuba lidlule. Ama Vote angaba yizwi, ukuhlukanisa, noma aqoshwe (ucingo olubhaliwe). Amavoti abhaliwe ayakhishwa, avumele abameleli bawo babone ukuthi bakhetha kanjani. Uma umbiko udlula, uthunyelwa kwelinye igumbi kanye nokuqedwa kwalo.

Inqubo Yesibili

Imali kanye nakho konke ukubuyiselwa kwayo okudluliswayo kudluliselwa kuMkhandlu (noma ngokuphambene). Igumbi lesibili liphatha lesi sikwelethi njengendaba entsha ngezinjongo zalo: libhekisela ekomitini, liba nezindlebe, liba nezikhululo, lifake izimpikiswano phansi, futhi livote. Igumbi lesibili lingase lidlulise umthetho ngendlela etholakele, liwudlulise ngokulungisa, noma liwenqabe ngokuqondile. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlulisa incwadi ngemiba yokulungisa, ukungezwani kumelwe kuxazululwe.

Ngenxa yokuthi amagumbi amabili ngokuvamile anezinto eziza kuqala ezingafani nezingavumelani, igumbi lesibili cishe njalo lenza izinguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, intela yasendlini ingakhuphuka isilinganiso lapho inguqulo yeSigele inezela izikweletu ezintsha. Lokhu kungena kwendlu kulindeleke futhi kunyanzelela ukuba kuxoxiswe.

IKomiti Yengqungquthela

Uma amagumbi amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zomlomo ofanayo (noma uma elinye igumbi liphikelela enguqulweni yalo), ikomiti evumelanayo iyamiswa. Lekomiti ihlanganisa amalungu amadala (abizwa nge-#820; i-consolees ”) emiswe umholi wegumbi ngalinye, ngokuvamile ezindaweni zokulawula. Amakomiti ahlangana njalo ngemva kweminyango evuliweyo (ukunceka inguquko ehlanganisa zonke izingxabano. Bacindezelwa yizingakhokhi ezintsha ezibekwangakhokhwa ezingeni.

Umbiko wengqungquthela (ukuyekethisa kokugcina) ube usunikezwa kuwo womabili amakamu ukuze kuvotelwe phansi. Akukho kulungisa okuvunyelweyo. Uma womabili amagumbi evumela umbiko wengqungquthela, imvume yokubhalisa ihamba kuMongameli. Uma elinye igumbi linqaba, icala lingase libuyele engqungqutheleni, lilungiswe ngokwengeziwe, noma life. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa i-201717 Tex Cuts ne-Jobs Act, okuthi kubuyisane ukungezwani okukhulu phakathi kwemihumusho yendlu ne-Camplars ngekomiti yengqungquthela.

Ezinye ikomiti yenkokhelo idlulisa ingqungquthela ngenqubo yethukela ebizwa ngokuthi i-#8220; i-ping-pong, i-̵ lapho elinye igumbi livumelana khona ne-’ izinguquko. Nokho, umhlangano wesiko ulokhu uyindlela engokwesiko yomthetho omkhulu.

Ukuvunyelwa Kokugcina

Ngemva kombiko wengqungquthela (noma igumbi elilodwa ’ inguquko yokugcina elungisiweyo) iyavunyelwa, isaziso siyabhaliswa − futhi sisayinwa nguSpeaker wendlu (ne-Presiorer yeSigele) noMongameli we-propidore yeSigele. Lesisimemezelo esibhaliwe sinikezwa iNdlu eWhite. Kulesisigaba, isimemezelo sisesimweni saso esiphelele, futhi uMongameli kuphela ongaguqula ishwana.

Isenzo

UMongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi (ukuthatha amaSonto) ukuze enze umsebenzi wemali enikezwa iWhite House. Amathuba amane akhona:

  • Uphawu lomthetho:[ Imali iba umthetho ngokushesha noma ngosuku lwayo oluthiwe oluphumelelayo.
  • Ikhomba umlomo: UMongameli ubuyisela isikwele kuMkhandlu nomyalezo weveto ochaza ukuphikisa. UKhongolo-kamuva lungazama ukuqeda i-veto.
  • Pocket vento: Uma iziKhomishane zikhona phakathi nenkathi yezinsuku eziyishumi futhi uMongameli engasayini isambatho, asiye umthetho. Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela phakathi nempindezelo.
  • vumela udluliso ngaphandle kosayinwa: Uma uMkhandlu useqenjini futhi uMongameli engenzi lutho phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi, isaziso siba umthetho ngokuzenzakalela.

Umongameli wevetoes angaba yisigamu (ingxenye-yohluveto) kwezinye izifundazwe nasezingeni likahulumeni lokuchitha izikweleti? Umnyango kahulumeni-itemveto wabuswa ngokungemthetho ku- Clinton v. iDolobha laseNew York[1998], kodwa abalawuli abaningi banayo. UMongameli angakhipha futhi izinkulumo eziveza noma eziphikisayo, nakuba laba bengenawo amandla angokomthetho.

Ukuba Umthetho

Lapho isisayinwe (noma idlulisiwe iveto), isamba semithetho sithola inombolo yoMthetho ka-Opera (umz., Pub. L. 118-50) futhi sinyatheliswa izifundiso kuFaill[[. Umthetho uthatha ukusebenza ngosuku lokumiswa kwesivumelwano noma ngosuku olucaciwe embhalweni wawo. Ukuhlela kuvele kuwele ezinhlanganweni zamagatsha eziphethe, okuyizimiso, iziqondiso, nokuqondisa. Inqubo yomthetho ayipheleli ngokumisa; imithetho ingalungiswa, i-repealt, noma iphiwe enkantolo.

Ezinye Izilinganiso Zebhayisekili Lokuphila Eliyimithetho

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokufundiswa

Kulo lonke ibhayisekili, izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zithonya lenqubo. Zifakaza lapho zizwa, zithintana nabameleli bazo, zihlela imikhankaso, futhi zisebenzisa imithombo yezindaba ukuze zilolonge. I-Lobbys inikeza ukwaziswa okukhethekile kodwa futhi iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngethonya elingadingekile. Ukuqonda indlela yokubhala incwadi usebenzisa [ Govrack noma i-Congress.gov ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilandele umthetho ngesikhathi sangempela, zibone izinhlelo zamakomiti, futhi zifunde imibiko yekomiti.

Izizathu Zokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nezokusikisela

Ukusebenzisa izikweleti kulandela indlela efanayo kodwa ehlukile. Baqala eNdlini (njengoba ifunwa nguMthetho-sisekelo wentela yemali) futhi bangaphansi kwezikhathi eziqinile zokulungiswa kwemali. amakomiti okusebenzisa izikweleti kuwo womabili amagumbi afeza indima enkulu. Ukuqhubeka kwamasinqumo namaphakethe ebhuzi ngokuvamile kudlula izinqubo ezivamile, kubonisa indlela ukuphuthuma okungacindezela ngayo i-sclear.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwezwe Nezizwe

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilingisa kakhulu i-unicameral maquarters kahulumeni, nakuba eziningi zine-uncameral button (njenge-Nebraska) noma zivumela ukuthatha isinyathelo sezakhamuzi kanye nama-apentel. Izimiso zePhalamende, njenge-UK, zinobuhlobo obuhlukile besikhulu esiphezulu, kodwa izigaba zokuqala zokufunda, isigaba sekomiti, ukubika isigaba, nokufunda kwesithathu kunezimo ezizongathandeki. I-Beauralism kwezinye izizwe ingahlanganisa igumbi eliphezulu (umz. Canada, i-̱ i-SBrangey) elinezikhundla ezilinganiselwe.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Inqubo Yokushaya Imithetho

Ukuthola ibhayisekile lemali egciniwe kuhlomisela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Kuveza indlela umqondo owenziwa ngayo ukuba uphoqelelwe umthetho futhi kugcizelele izinyathelo eziningi, zamabomu, ezivimbela ukuxhamazela noma umthetho ocatshangelwa kabi. Uma abafundi befunda ukulandelela i-reactal ’ uhambo, baba ngabakulungele kangcono ukusekela izimpikiswano, bahlole abameleli babo i-̱ izenzo, futhi baqonde ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlehla kwemithetho nokubekezela ekwenzeni inqubo yomthetho (isifundo esibaluleke kakhulu ezikhathini ezibandayo).

Ukuqonda le nqubo kusiza futhi ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ezinye izikweletu ziphumelela kuyilapho ezinye zihluleka. Imali engenakho ukusekela okukhulu kwe - bipartisan, ihluleka ukuqondisa inqubo yamakomiti, noma i - denal traeto ingase ingafinyeleli ezincwadini zemithetho.

Isiphetho

Uhambo lwemali ukusuka esingenisweni ukuya emthethweni lulandelana oluhlelwe ngokucophelela lwamathuba okuhlola, ukuphikisana, nokulungisa. Isigaba ngasinye (ukufaka i-metamel, ukuqamba, ukubukeza kwekomiti, isenzo saphansi, i-bimeral, i-boadral comment, nesayina lokulawula i-bimear, kunikeza isifundo esinamandla ngendlela ehlukile enqubweni yentando yeningi. Nakuba indlela ingaba mide futhi ihambe kancane kancane kakhulu, iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yenziwa ngokuhlola, ukucaca, ukuphakama, nokulandisa. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuhlola le bhayisekile inikeza isifundo esinamandla endleleni, lapho iqondiswa ngemithetho yentando yentando yeningi, ngokuhlanganyela ngenqubo yomthetho, hhayi nje kuphela ukufakaza ngezenzo zentando yentando yesizwe kodwa nangokuzuza amathuluzi okulawula imiphumela yayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola imithetho engokomthetho yeKomiti yendlu eqondene nemithetho [[FLT:] noma qinisekisa inqubo yenqubo ye-audition . Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuba ube umhlanganyeli ofundile nokhuthele ebhizinisini lokwenza umthetho.