Isingeniso: Umshini Wokubusa

IGatya eliphethe likahulumeni wase-United States mhlawumbe liyilungu elibonakala kakhulu nelinamandla emagatsheni amathathu amiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba iziKhomishane zibhala imithetho neSikhungo sawo, iGabhu Eliphethe I-Adecimal libekwa icala nge- isiboniso, ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa, nokulawulwa kwansuku zonke komthetho kahulumeni. Yinhlangano ebanzi ethinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekuvikeleni kwesizwe nakumthetho wangaphandle kuya ekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile nasemthethweni kwezomnotho. Ukuqonda isakhiwo sayo, amandla, nokulinganiselwa kwayo kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda indlela isizwe esilawulwa ngayo.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kweGatya Lezokubusa, ukuhlola izisekelo zalo zomthetho-sisekelo, indima yabadlali abayinhloko njengoMongameli neKhabhinethi, isimiso esikhulu sikahulumeni, nesimiso esibucayi sokuhlola nokulinganisela okugcina amandla okulawula. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uthisha, noma umane uyisazi sezakhamuzi esithembisiwe, lokhu kucwila okujulile kuyokhanyisa imishini eyinkimbinkimbi esekela ukugcinwa kwemithetho yaseMelika.

UMthetho - sisekelo: ISiphakamiso II Nokudala Amandla Anegunya

Igatsha Eliphethe lisekelwe ku- Article II woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ibhukwana elimfushane kodwa elinamandla elimisa ihhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States. Ngokungafani neSiphakamiso I, esichaza ngokucophelela amandla eSishaya-Mkhandlu, iSiphakamiso II sikhulu kakhulu. Ingxenye 1 "igunya lobuphathi" kuMongameli oyedwa, imisa isigaba sesikhulu esiqinile, esinobunye. Lokhu kwakuyisinqumo sangamabomu abahleli be-frea, ababelahle isikhulu esibuthakathaka sezihloko ze-Confederation ngokusekela umholi oyedwa okwaziyo ukwenza isinqumo.

UMthetho-sisekelo uchaza izimfanelo zikaMongameli (isakhamuzi esingokwemvelo, okungenani esineminyaka engu-35 ubudala, isakhamuzi seminyaka engu-14), inqubo yokukhetha idlula e-Electoral College, futhi isifungo sesikhundla. Isifungo ngokwaso sibalulekile: uMongameli ufunga ukuthi "eqinisweni ukhipha iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States" futhi uqinise ukuthi "uvikele, uvikele futhi uvikele uMthetho-sisekelo."Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi amandla aphethe awanakuphela kodwa aboshwe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuchazwa kwalezi zigwebo kuye kwaqala, kuholela egatsheni elikhulu kakhulu esilazini namuhla. Ikhabethe lokuqala laline nje kuphela (Isifunda, isifunda, iSiko, iMpi, ne-Athorine); namuhla, kunezinhlangano zezikhulu kanye nezinhlangano eziningi zezinhlangano.

Ukuze uthole umbhalo ophelele weSiphakamiso II, bheka ukubhalwa kwezinqolobane zesizwe zomthetho-sisekelo [.

Umongameli: Inhloko yoMbuso, iNhloko kaHulumeni, uMkhuzi-i-Chief

UMongameli we-United States ukhonza ngamathuba amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Njengoba eyinhloko kazwelonke , uMongameli ungumgomo wesizwe, omelela i-United States ezingqungqutheleni, imingcwabo yesifunda, nezenzakalo zezokuxhumana. Njengamandla ahlomile uhulumeni , uMongameli wengamela i-pactitual mes futhi umisa uhlelo lwemithetho. i-Confer-in-CIFT yamandla ahlome kakhulu phezu kwempi, amandla abelokhu ebekwe enkulu kakhulu mayelana nempikiswano ngokuphathelene yegunya lempi.

Imibuso ebalayo kaMongameli ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II ihlanganisa:

  • [ Isenzo somthetho: UMongameli kumele "kuqaphele ukuba imithetho igcwaliswe ngokwethembeka" lokhu kungumsebenzi oyinhloko wegatsha lonke.
  • Active Power: ngeseluleko nemvume yeSigele, uMongameli umisa amajaji, amanxusa, namanhloko emithombo.
  • [ Amandla a-Traety:[ UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano, ezidinga ivoti yesigele esinesithathu sesibili ukuze i-offalo.
  • [ Pradon Power: UMongameli anganikeza ukunxenxa nokuthethelelwa komthetho-mthetho (ngaphandle kwempoqo), amandla aye abhekene nokucusumbulwa komthetho-sisekelo eminyakeni yamuva.
  • I-Veto Power:[ UMongameli angagunyaza umthetho, aphoqelele uMkhandlu ukuba ulawule noma ngenani eliphindwe kathathu noma ulungise lomthetho.
  • Isimo so-Union:[ UMongameli kumele azise ngezikhathi ezithile uKhongolose esifundeni sohlanganiso futhi atuse izinyathelo.

Iziqondiso Zokuba Umongameli Neziqondiso

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu enqolobaneni kaMongameli yi- uhlelo lokubulala. Nakuba ingashiwonga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo, iziyalezo zezikhulu ziye zasetshenziswa nguMongameli kusukela kuGeorge Washington ukuqondisa imisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni. Umyalo wesikhulu uthwala amandla omthetho ezinhlangano zikahulumeni kodwa awudingi ukuvunyelwa kwe-Congregation. Nokho, akuyona i-chemistry engasho lutho: iziyalezo kumelwe zibekwe ngokomthetho okhona noma kuMthetho-sisekelo, futhi zingagumbulwa ngomthetho olandelayo noma zihlatshwe izinkantolo zidlulele ngalé kwamandla empathiye.

Iziqondiso eziphetheyo zivame ukusetshenziswa ekusebenziseni ushintsho olusheshayo, ikakhulukazi uma uKhongolo luboshiwe. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa i-Emancip Proclation, ukufakwa kwamaJaphani aseMelika phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, nemithetho ehlukahlukene yendawo ezungezile ekhishwa abaqondisi bamuva. Abaholi basebenzisa futhi isikhulu sendlu yezentengiselwano esemthethweni esikhasikelwe eGadeni[[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] kanye [FLT] ne-'FLTY] ukuveza izinhloso ezifanayo ngamandla angokomthetho ahlukene kancane. [[FLT:]

Indima kaMongameli ekuqondiseni imithetho

Ngalé kwe-veto, uMongameli usebenzisa ithonya elikhulu ngenqubo yomthetho. UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba uMongameli atuse izinyathelo ezithathwayo kuKhomishane, futhi oMongameli banamuhla basebenzisa iZwe le-Union nezinye izinxulumano ukuze bamise uhlelo lwemithetho. Omongameli futhi bahlanganyela emazwini [ asayina amazwi abhaliwe [, izimemezelo ezibhaliwe ezikhishwa lapho kusayina isimemezelo emthethweni. Lamazwi angabonisa ukuthi uMongameli uhlose ukuphoqelela umthetho noma ukuveza izimpikiswano zomthetho ezithile. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimemezelo zesayina kuye kwaphikiswa, kanye nabagxeki bafaka impikiswano ye-program-mettoto ayivunyelwe ngumthetho.

Umongameli Oyisekela: Usuthathe Ingqondo Yangemva Kokuba Umdlali Oyinhloko

Umongameli ongumSekela unguMongameli wesibili ophakeme kakhulu eGatsheni Eliphetheyo futhi ungowokuqala ohlwini lobumongameli. Emlandweni omkhulu waseMelika, isekela lobumongameli laliyindima enkulu kakhulu, nomsebenzi oyinhloko wokwengamela iSigele nokuvota ngokuphula uthayi. Nokho, enkathini yanamuhla, amasekela amongameli aye aba baluleke kakhulu ekubuseni. Bavame ukunikezwa umthetho obalulekile obalulekile, ukhonze njengesikhulu sikaMongameli, futhi asebenze njengommeleli wesikhulu somongameli, futhi asebenze njengommeleli wehholo eSishayamthetho eMkhandlwini nasemphakathini.

Imisebenzi yobuKhosi bobuKhosi bukaMongameli ilula, kodwa ukubaluleka kwezombangazwe kuye kwakhula. Ngokuphawulekayo, uMongameli ongumsizi we-Electoral College uqondisa izibalo ze-Electoral College futhi ufeza indima enqubweni yeSichibiyelo sama-25, esingatha ukukhubazeka kobumongameli nokulandelana. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, abaphathi benkonzo enjengeholi empilweni yengqondo, isimiso somkhathi, noma ukulondeka emngceleni, futhi ngokuvamile basebenza njengelungu eliyinhloko lezengameli lezifunda ezithile. Lesi sikhundla manje sibhekwa njengendlela ebucayi yokungena ekwakheni umongameli ngokwayo.

IKhabhinethi: Ukuqondisa uMongameli Neminyango Eqondisayo

IKhabhinethi iyindikimba engokwesiko esukela kuMongameli George Washington. Yakhiwa amakhanda eminyango engu-15 ephethe kanye nezinye izikhulu uMongameli akhetha ukuzihlanganisa, njengoMongameli onguMongameli oyisekela noMphathi wendlu kaStaff. Amalungu eKhabhinethi aphethe isiqu sikaNobhala (ngaphandle kwe-Attorney General) futhi amiswa nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswe yiSigele. Indima yawo eyinhloko iwukuyala uMongameli ezindabeni ezisebusweni zawo kanye nokuqondisa iminyango yawo.

IKhabhinethi ayiphathwa njengomthetho-sisekelo; yavela njengesidingo esingokoqobo. Abaholi beminyango banomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa isimiso sikahulumeni ezindaweni zabo, kusukela ekuvikeleni nasekukhulumeni kwezokuvikela nasempilweni. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa eSigeqeni ingabekwa icala ngokwezombangazwe, inikeze ishekethise ukukhetha kukaMongameli. IKhabhinethi ihlangana njalo eKhabhinethi House eWhite, nakuba umsebenzi wangempela wenkambiso uyenzeka emihlanganweni phakathi konobhala noMongameli ngamunye.

Imithombo Yezokuqondisa Eyisihluthulelo

  • Isifundazwe:[ Siphatha umthetho wangaphandle kanye nobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke. Unobhala wezwe ungumphathi omkhulu.
  • [[INDAWO:0] Isekela le-Ethermeter: ilawula umnotho, iqoqa izintela (i-IRS), futhi yeluleka ngenkambiso yemali.
  • ISikhundla sokhuselo: Inikeza amabutho amabutho adingekayo ukuze kunqandwe impi futhi kuvikelwe ukulondeka kwesizwe. Unobhala wezokuvikela wengamela iPentagon.
  • ISivumelwano sobulungisa: imithetho kahulumeni, imelela iU.S. enkantolo, futhi igijima iFBI. Iholwa yi-Attorney General.
  • Izindawo zangaphakathi: Ilawula amazwe omphakathi, amapaki esizwe, nemithombo yemvelo.
  • Ingxenye yemfundo: imisa uhlelo lokuxhasa imfundo kahulumeni nokunikeza izinhlelo zosizo lwabafundi.
  • [ Izindawo zezempilo nezinkonzo zobuntu: Ibheka impilo yomphakathi, FDA, CDC, neMedicare/Medicaid.
  • Eminye iminyango ihlanganisa i - Agriculture, Ezentengiselwano, i - Labor, i - House and Urban Development, i - Energy, i - Veterans Affairs ne - Homeland Security.

IButho Lombuso Ozimele: Izinhlangano, Imishini, Nezindikimba Ezizimele

Ngalé kwe-15 iminyango ephethe kunenhlangano enkulu ephethe, ehlanganisa amakhulu ezinhlangano, izimemezelo, amakhomishane, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lezinhlangano zinecala lokusetshenziswa komthetho nomthetho kahulumeni ngosuku. Zingahlelwa ngezinhlobo eziningana:

  • Imisebenzi e-Active Active: ebekwe emnyangweni weKhabhinethi, njenge FBI (ngaphansi koMahluleli) noma i-National Park Service (ngaphansi kwe-International). Lezi zikhungo ziphendula ngokuqondile enhloko yomnyango kanye noMongameli.
  • Izimo ezizimele: Imiswe yiziKhomishane ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle kweminyango ephetheyo, ngokuvamile ukuze ibavikele ekucindezelweni kwezombangazwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), kanye ne-Central Intelligence Agency (KIA). Amakhanda abo amiswa nguMongameli kodwa ngokuvamile asebenzisa izimfuneko ezimisiwe.
  • I-Khomishoni yokuzimela ezimele: Uhlobo olukhethekile lwenhlangano ezimele eklanyelwe ukulawula izimboni ezithile. Ivame ukuqondiswa ibhodi le-bipartisan enamagama axegayo. Izibonelo: i-Securitity and Exchange Commission (SEC), i-Federal Commission (FC), i-Federal Trade Commission (FTC), ne-Federal Reserve.
  • Izinhlangano zombuso: Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezizisebenzelayo ezinikeza izinkonzo zezentengiselwano. INkonzo yeposi yase-U.S., i-Amtrak, ne-Adree Valley ziyizibonelo ezivelele.

Isimiso sokuphatha sivame ukugxekwa ngobukhulu baso nobunkimbinkimbi, kodwa kubalulekile ekuqikelweni kwemithetho edlulayo. Imishini ingenela enqubweni yokwenza i-guvernel , lapho iveza khona imithetho eminingi esekelwe kwigunya elikhulu lomthetho. Lenqubo ihlanganisa ukuqaphela nophawulo lomphakathi, ukubukeza okungokomthetho, nokumisa. .gov ukhombo lwezinhlangano zezwe luyindawo yosizo.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukugcina Amandla Okuqondisa Esebenza

Abakhi be-flamers babesaba amandla agcwele, ngakho bakha isimiso se- amasheke nezilinganiso [ kuMthetho-sisekelo. Igatsha eliphethe igunyazwe futhi licindezelwe amanye amagatsha amabili:

  • Amasheke e-Cultortional Inkets: Isikhomishane singadlula amaveresi alawulayo (nevoti eyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kuzo zombili izindlu), ukulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali (kuhlanganise nezimali zezindlela zokuthatha izikhulu), siqinisekise noma senqabe ukumiswa nezivumelwano, siqondise ukuzwa nokuphenywa, futhi sisuse uMongameli, uMongameli, uMmeli ongumsekeli, nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi.
  • Itshekisi eliyi-judicial:[[FTLT:1] izinkantolo zezikhulu zingabusa izenzo, kuhlanganise neziyalo eziphetheyo nezimiso zezinhlangano, okungekho ngokwemithetho noma okuphambene nomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme inegama lokugcina ngomthetho wokuziphatha kwegatsha eliphethe. Ukumiswa komongameli wamajaji (ikakhulu amajaji aseNkantolo Ephakeme) amisa igelezehlulelo kwamashumi eminyaka.
  • I-Electoral Arch: Abantu baseMelika bangavota uMongameli njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, benikeza isheke lentando yeningi eliyisisekelo. Ukuhlolwa komphakathi nemithombo yezindaba kusiza futhi ekunqandeni ukuziphatha kwesikhulu.

I- Powers of War Resolution ka 1973 iyisibonelo esiyinhloko sokuphindisela kobungqubuzani ekulweni nokwenza impi yezikhulu. Kudinga ukuba uMongameli azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okubeka amabutho ahlomile empi empini futhi abeke imingcele yokubopha izivumelwano zempi ezinsukwini ezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlanganisa. Umthetho - sisekelo wakhe uye waphikiswa, kodwa ulokhu uyisinqandelo esibalulekile.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula kakhulu kusukela ekusungulweni kwezwe, ukuthambekela okwasheshisa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Ukuvela kwezwe "" isifundazwe sokuphatha" liye lanikeza igatsha elikhulu amandla okubusa, ngokuvamile elichazwa njengegatsha lesine likahulumeni. Lokhu kwanda kuye kwaholela ezingxabanweni eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nobuqili babaphathi kanye nobukhulu obufanele bamandla omongameli.

Izinselele zanamuhla zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zokudlulisa iziKhongolo ze-polatic Congress, ukubekwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano, ukuphikisana phakathi kokufihla ukulondeka kwesizwe nokulandisa, kanye nokwahlulela okukhulu okuye kwasetshenziswa yizinhlangano zomthetho nezihlakaniphi. Omongameli babo bobabili baye bazama ukwandisa igunya labo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi isimiso sokwahlulela siye sazibuyisela, ngezinye izikhathi hhayi. Ukuqonda lamandla kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthatha inkulumo yezombangazwe yamanje.

Isiphetho: Indima ehlala njalo yegatsha eliphethe

Igatsha Eliphethe liyisikhungo esisebenzayo sikahulumeni kahulumeni. Liguqula intando yeKhongolo kanye noMongameli ukuba isebenze, lilawule imithombo emikhulu yezwe, livikele imingcele yayo nezithakazelo zayo, futhi linikeze izinkonzo ezakhamuzini nsuku zonke. Nakuba ubukhulu balo nethonya lingaba elinzima, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenzayo, `asekuhlolweni) ngokuqinisekisa okugunyaziweyo nokugunyaziswe ukumiswa kwe-plonethiss (hreversess) ukuthi amandla abusayo ahlala enecala kumthetho nakubantu. Ngokufunda iGabhu Eliphethe, asizuzisi eliqonda izakhiwo zikahulumeni kuphela kodwa futhi sizuza ukwazisa okuwusizo ngendlela ubuholi nobuholi nomthetho okwakha ngayo indwangumphakathi waseMelika.

Kuthisha nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuzwa ukuhlangana phakathi kukaMongameli, iKhabhinethi, isikhulu, kanye neziphetho ezibekwa yiSishaya-mthetho nezinkantolo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela isizwe esilawulwa ngayo. Igatsha eliphethe iGaza aliwona nje umqondo ongabonakali; liwumsebenzi wansuku zonke wamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezisebenzi zomphakathi ezisebenza ukugcwalisa imithetho ebusa idemokrasi endala kakhulu yomhlaba.