Umqondo wokulingana uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo eminyakeni edlule, uguqula isimo somthetho emazweni ahlukahlukene. Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka, ukuthambekela okuvelayo ekuvikeleni okungokomthetho kuya kuba okubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni amalungelo abo bonke abantu. Lesi sihloko sihlola ikusasa lokulingana nge-lens yentuthuko yamuva noshintsho olulindelwe ezimisweni ezingokomthetho. Kusukela ezingqondweni ezingokomlando kuya kubuchwepheshe bokusika, indlela yokufinyelela ukulingana kwangempela iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyathembisa.

Umlando Wokulingana

Ukuqonda ikusasa lokulingana kudinga ukubheka emuva emongweni walo ongokomlando. Isivikelo esingokomthetho siye sakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sathonywa yizinhlangano zezenhlalo nayizinguquko ngokombono womphakathi. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuqedwa kobugqila ekhulwini le-19, izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi zekhulu lama-20, kanye nokusungulwa kwemithetho elwa nokungalingani kwezizwe eziningi.

Izisekelo Zangaphambili: Ukukhishwa Kwemihelo Nokuthungatha

Ukuqedwa kobugqila ngawo-1800 kwaphawula inguquko ekulinganani okungokomthetho. Amazwe anjengeUnited Kingdom (enoMthetho Wobugqila 1833) ne-United States (neSichibiyelo sekhulu le-13 ngo-1865) aqala ukuhlukanisa ubugqila babantu. Nokho, ukulingana okungokomthetho kwahlala kungaphelele, njengoba izigqila nabesifazane ababekhona ngaphambili babebhekene nemingcele enzima yokuvota, amalungelo empahla, kanye nokuhlanganyela emphakathini. Umzabalazo wabesifazane ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 wanezela omunye uhlaka, ekugcineni walondoloza amalungelo okuvota abesifazane emazweni anjenge-New Zealand (1873), iUnited States (1920), kanye neUnited Kingdom (1928).

Imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi yekhulu lamabili

Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka laba nempumelelo enkulu yezemithetho esemthethweni. I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 yenqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wezwe emsebenzini nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Ngaso leso sikhathi, i-United Kingdom yaqala ukudlulisa i-Race Relations Act ka-656, ne-South Africa isusa ubandlululo phakathi nawo-1990. Lemithetho ayizange iqede ukucwasa ngomnyaka, kodwa yamisa ukukhomba okungokomthetho nokubeka izindinganiso zomphakathi zokulingana. AmaMelika anobunzima obungamele i-Act (AAA) ka-19909 andisa isivikelo kubantu abakhubazekile, ithonya imithetho efanayo emhlabeni wonke.

Imisebenzi Yokulwela Amalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukulingana kwathuthukiswa futhi ngemishini yomhlaba wonke. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (1948) samemezela ukuthi “bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belingana ngesithunzi namalungelo.” Izivumelwano ezilandelanayo, njengeSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawobupolitika (1966) neSivumelwano sokususwa kwaMahlelo Onke Obandlululo Kuwo Amahlelo Olwabesifazane (19979), sakha izibopho ezibophayo zemibuso yokusayina.

Ukuthambekela Kwamanje Ekuvikelweni Okungokomthetho

Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, kuvela izici eziningana ezingokomthetho ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukulingana.

Ukwanda Kwemithetho Emelene Nokuhlukana

Amazwe amaningi andisa imithetho yawo elwa nokuhlukana kwemithetho ukuze ahlanganise isivikelo esisekelwe ekuzimeni kwezesilisa, ubulili, nokukhubazeka. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. 2020 yesinqumo se-20C.Bostock v. Clayton County yachaza iSihlomo VII se-Civil Rights Act sokwenqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi esekelwe ekubukelweni kwenkanuko yobulili nasemgabeni we-omkhakhakha. EYurophu, i-Ofezi ye-Edicity Ercement Ercedificive inqabela ukucwa kwezisekelo yobulili, inkolo, ubudala, nokukhubazeka emsebenzini. Okwamanje, njengamazwe aseNdiya naseNingizimu Afrika asungulile imithetho eqaphele ukubulili kobulilini kanye nokuphatha ngokobulili njengezimpawu ezivikela ubulili.

Ukugxila Okwandayo Ekuthintekeni

Amapulani angokomthetho aqala ukuxazulula ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlangana kwemiyalo, ukuqaphela ukuthi izimpawu ezilingana kanjani njengokungathi uhlanga, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, kanye nesimo sezenhlalo .(-"igama, eliqanjwe isazi esingokomthetho uKimberlé Crenshaw, liye lasuka ezifundweni zemfundo zakhona laya engxoxweni yezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-European Institute for Gender Eality ihlanganisa ukuhlangana okucacile ekucwaningeni nasekutuseni kwazo. Ezinye izinkantolo manje zicabangela ukuthi izimbangela eziningi zokucwaswa, kunokuba ziphathe umuntu ngamunye ngokwehlukana. Lokhu kuthembisa ikhambiso elihlukene kakhulu elingokomthetho kulabo ababhekene nokungalingani.

Izinyathelo Zokuqala Zamalungelo Abantu Embulunga Yonke

Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zisungulwa ukuze zithuthukise ukulingana embulungeni yonke, zithonye imithetho yezwe. I-United Nations’s Sustatable Development Meend 10 ifuna ukunciphisa ukungalingani phakathi naphakathi kwamazwe. Izindikimba zezifunda ezinjenge-Africa Commission on Human and People’s Rights neNkantolo yaseMelika eMelika yeNkantolo yamalungelo abantu ikhiphe izinqumo eziphawulekayo zokulingana, kusukela kumalungelo ezwe elikhona kuya ku LGBTQ+ isivikelo. Lezingcindezelo zezizwe zamazwe zikhuthaza ukuguquka kwezindawo futhi zinikeza uphawu lokuhlola intuthuko.

FALT: Ngokwe-World Justice Project’s Launce of Law Index, amazwe anemithetho eqinile emelene nobandlululo avame ukuba namazinga aphezulu okulingana okucatshangelwa. Kodwa izikhala zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa zikhona zihlala zisakazeke kakhulu.

Intuthuko Yobuchwepheshe Nokulingana

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa izitshalo nomzimba bunendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ikusasa lokulingana.

Imininingwane Nezinto Eziningi

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka, ukukhathazeka ngemininingwane yezindaba zomuntu siqu nokuhlola kukhuthaza izingxoxo eziphathelene nokuvinjelwa okungokomthetho ekukhetheni ubandlululo olusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kokwaziswa. Amanani asetshenziswa ekuqasheni, ukuboleka, nokuphatha amaphoyisa angaqhubekisela phambili ubandlululo uma lungalawulwa ngokucophelela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-General Data Protection Regial (GDPR) ihlanganisa amalungiselelo avimbela ukwenza izinqumo ezizenzekelayo ukuba zibe ukuphela kwesisekelo sezinqumo ezibalulekile ngaphandle kokuqondisa komuntu. Abenzi bomthetho ezindaweni eziningi zase-U.S. bacabangela umthetho ofanayo. Ukuvikela imfihlo kuba yindaba yamalungelo ezakhamuzi lapho ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane ye-data ihlasela ngokungemuva.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Ama-opera e-intanethi enza ukuba imithombo yezomthetho itholakale, isiza amaqembu ahluliwe ukuba aqonde futhi aqinise amalungelo awo. Ukuqulwa kwecala okungathwini, izigijimi ezingokomthetho, namathuluzi okuzisiza kuwe-webhusayithi kuye kwandisa ukufinyelela, ikakhulukazi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19. Nokho, ukuhlukanisa ngolwezi manani kusho ukuthi labo abangenakho ulwembu jikelele noma abangafundile ngokwezimiso zobuchwepheshe bangashiywa. Izinhlangano ezingangenisi njenge-Opentic Services Corporation e-U.S. zisebenza ekuvaleni leligebhulo, kodwa izimiso zobuchwepheshe ezibanzi ezisemthethweni zidingeka ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela isilinganiso ekutholeni ubulungisa.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nobulungisa Bemithetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Al ekwenzeni izinqumo kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nobandlululo nokulunga, kumisa izimiso zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukulandisa. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso ze-Al ezisetshenziswa ekufushaneni i-Al ezikhomba ngokufakelwa ziboniswe ezindaweni ezimbalwa ezibhekene nezisulu ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ngokufanayo, ukuqasha amanani kungahlunga ngokungaqondi abafaneleki abamele ukuthathwa ngaphansi kwesigaba. Ekuphenduleni, i-European Union yahlongoza i-Active Intelligence Act, ehlela izinhlelo ze-AIA ngokufaka isilinganiso sengozi futhi ibeka izimfuneko eziqinile ezimiphakathi kwezimiso eziphakeme ze-risk. I Canada futhi iye yasungula i-Dathonsivete instionementeved Inquit-evement ezenzekelayo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni isobala futhi iyafaneleka. Le mizamo yokuhlela i-algilective Active Active ihlela ekuklance.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuthuthukiseni Ukulingana

Imfundo iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa ukulingana. izikhungo ezingokomthetho kumelwe zihlanganiswe nezifundo ezikhuthaza ukuqonda nokuhlonipha izinhlobonhlobo zezinto.

Ukuthuthuka Kwemfundo

Izikole zihlanganisa izifundo eziqhubekayo ngezinhlobonhlobo, ukulingana, nokufakwa ezifundweni zazo zesikole. Izifundazwe eziningi zase-U.S. manje zigunyaza ukuba kufundiswe i-LGBTQ+ noma kudinge ukuhlolwa kobuzwe. E-United Kingdom, uMthetho we-Eality Act ka-2010 udinga ukuba izindikimba zomphakathi ziqonde ukuqeda ukucwasana, ukuthuthukisa ukulingana kwethuba, kanye nokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo obuhle obuklama izinto zokufundisa. Izifundo ezibonisa imibono ehlukahlukene zisiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukubaluleka kokulingana kusukela ebudaleni.

Ukuqeqeshelwa Abafundisi

Izinhlelo zentuthuko yochwepheshe zisungulwa ukuze zihlomisele abafundisi ngamakhono okusingatha izindaba zobandlululo nobandlululo. Ukuqeqeshwa kwemfundiso esabelayo ngokwesiko, ukuqaphela ubandlululo olucacile, nemikhuba yekilasi eligcwele iyakuba indinganiso ezifundeni eziningi. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi othisha abathola ukuqeqeshwa okunjalo bakwazi kangcono ukwakha izindawo zokufundisa ezilondekile futhi bangenele ngokuphumelelayo lapho ukuqinela noma ukucwasa kwenzeka. Ukusekela kubucayi ngoba ubandlululo lungagxila kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezikole nemiphakathi bubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuqapha nokuphatha iziqu ukuze kuvumelane. Ngemva kwezinhlelo zesikole, amashabhu, namaqembu ezisebenzi zobufundisi bendawo angaqinisa izimiso zomthetho futhi akhuthaze ukuthatha iqhaza komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Southern Polity Law Center’s Teaching Contivation Colence inikeza abafundisi nemikhaya imithombo yokuxoxa ngezihloko ezinzima. Uma imiphakathi ibophe ibophe izivumelwano, isivikelo esingokomthetho sizuza ukwamukeleka nokuhlala negunya.

Izinselele Zokulingana

Naphezu kwentuthuko, izinselele zisekhona ekufuneni ukulingana. Ezinye zezithiyo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa ukwenqaba ukushintsha, ukungalingani kwezimiso nesimo sezombangazwe esiya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya phambili. Ukuqonda lezi zithiyo kubalulekile ekuklameni amasu aphumelelayo.

Ukumelana Nokushintsha

Imizamo yokwandisa isivikelo esingokomthetho ngokuvamile ibhekene nokuphikiswa okuvela emaqenjini amelana nokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Ukumelana ne-LGBTQ + amalungelo, uvuma, nokuthatha isinyathelo sokulwa ne-racism kungabambezela noma kunciphise umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, imibuso eminingana yase-U.S. iye yamisa imithetho evimbela abadlali abathatha imidlalo yesikole ngokungena ezikoleni, ukulwa nokuthambekela okubanzi kokufakwa. Ukumelana nomthetho kungavela futhi ezithakazelweni zezomnotho, futhi kuvela emabhizinisini okwesaba izindleko zokuvuma noma ukulawulwa yizenkolo namasiko. Abaphathi bezomthetho kumelwe balindele lokhu kuphoqelela futhi bakhe imifelandawonye ukuze baqhubeke.

Ukulingana Kwesimiso

Ukungalingani okujulile okusekelwe ekujuleni kwezimiso kuyaqhubeka kuthinta imiphakathi encishisiwe, efuna izinguquko ezibanzi. Ngisho nalapho imithetho ivimbela ukucwaswa kobandlululo, ukwahlukana kwengcebo, impilo, izindlu, nokwahlulela kobugebengu kuyaqhubeka. E-United States, igebe lengcebo yezinhlanga lihlala liqinile: umkhaya ovamile omhlophe unengcebo ephindwe kasishiyagalombili yomkhaya wabe-Black, ngokwe-Federal Reserve. Ngokufanayo, abesifazane emhlabeni wonke bazuza imali engaba ngu 77% yeholo lamadoda ngomsebenzi ofanayo, ngemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe zonke. Imithetho yokuhlukanisa idinga le mibangezwa ayidingi nje kuphela ukulwa kwemithetho emelene nokungahlanga kodwa futhi nemithetho eqinile enjengezilinganiso ezingoko ezempilo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo yonke, nezinhlelo zezindlu ezibizayo.

Isimo Sezombangazwe

Izwe lezombangazwe lingakuthonya ngokuphawulekayo ukuthuthukiswa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo noma amalungelo emibuso ukulingana. Ukusekela okuhlukahlukene kwezesivikelo esingokomthetho. Ukushintsha kukahulumeni kungaholela ezinguqulweni ezisheshayo . Ukunyuswa noma ukuncishiswa kwamalungelo. Ukukhethwa kwabaholi abathuthukayo kungaletha isivikelo esisha, kuyilapho abaphathi abathatha imingcele eqinile bengabeka phambili enkulu enkulu enkululekweni engokwenkolo noma emalungelweni ezwe ngaphezu kokulingana. Ukumiswa komthetho kuneziphene ezihlala isikhathi eside; izinkantolo zingachaza imithetho ekhona ukuze kwandiswe noma imingcele yazo. Amaqembu esizwe angazibandakanya kuzo zonke izinganiso, izifundazwe, nezizwe zonke, futhi .

Bheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lezivikelo Ezingokomthetho

Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, ikusasa lokulingana liyololongwa yimizamo eqhubekayo yokulawula izivumelwano nemithetho. Izindawo eziyinhloko ezingagxila ekuguquleni izimiso, ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, nokunyakazisa utshani. Ukusetshenziswa kwalamandla kuyonquma ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho siphumelela kanjani ekubhekaneni nezinselele ezivelayo.

Inguquko Yesimiso

Ukusekela izinguquko ezibanzi zesimiso ezisingatha izidingo zamaqembu ahluliwe kuzodingeka. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuguqula imithetho elwa nokungahlangani kwezimiso ezintsha ukuhlanganisa izimo ezintsha . Njengezindawo ze-amanani(ne menu) kanye nokuqinisa inqubo yokusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Elity Act e-U.S., uma idluliswa, ingathuthukisa i-Civil Rights Act ukuhlanganisa ngokuqondile ukukhuliswa kwesimilo sobulilini nobulili. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaningi ahlola ukusungulwa kwezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ezinamandla okuhlola nokulungisa izindleko zomthetho wezentengo yomnotho ngokungalingani kwentela eqhubekayo, inzuzo eyisisekelo yendawo yonke, kanye nezinhlelo zezenhlalo.

Ukubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Amazwe kumelwe asebenze ndawonye ukuze ahlanganyele imikhuba emihle futhi athuthukise izindinganiso zembulunga yonke zokulingana. Ukubambisana kwesiphambano kungasiza ekulweni nezindaba ezinqoba imingcele yobuzwe, njengokushushumbisana kwabantu, ukucwaswa kwabantu, nokukhuluma nge-intanethi. I-United Nations Human Rights Office [ isiza ukubambisana okunjalo ngezinhlangano zesivumelwano nangemifelandawo ekhethekile. Izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu, njengeNkanto yeNkantolo YaseYurophu Yenkululeko Yabantu, inikeza izibopho ezibophayo ezithonya umthetho wezwe. Ukuqinisa lezi zinhlangano nokuqinisekisa ukuxhaswa kwemali okufanelekile kubaluleke kakhulu esikhathini esizayo sokulingana kwembulunga kwembulunga embulungeni.

Imizabalazo Ye - Grassmpande

I- Grassroots iyokwenza umsebenzi wobufazi obunempumelelo ozoqhubeka ufeza indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni kokushayela futhi ukwenze ohulumeni babe nesibopho sokulandisa. Izinhlangano ezinjenge IMatter yabalimi I-Matter ne[FLT]]#Wes Hasfix[[ i-oxwerective [[[[FLT]]] ifuna ukuhlelwa kwemibono yomphakathi, ukushintsha umbono nokucindezela abenzi bemithetho. Uhlelo lwendawo lungazuza ukuwina ngokushesha, njengokubuyiselwa amalungelo okuvota noma imithetho ephikisa i-divtimentina. Amathuluzi e-meographic avumela ukuhlanganiswa ngokushesha, kodwa idinga ukuhlelwa kwenhlangano kanye nokuholwa phakathi kwemiphakathi ethintekele. Isivikelo esiqinile ngokuvamile kuvela ekujuleni phezulu, hhayi phansi.

Quote:[ “Asikhululekile kuze kube yilapho sonke sesikhululekile.” — Pauli Murray, umshisekeli wamalungelo omphakathi nesazi somthetho

Isiphetho

Ikusasa lokulingana liyindawo eshukumisayo neshintshayo. Ukuthambekela okuhlangene ezivikelweni ezingokomthetho, okuqhutshwa izinguquko zomphakathi nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe, kunikeza isithembiso somphakathi olinganayo. Ngokusingatha izinselele nokuqondisa imfundo, ukulingana, nokubambisana, singasebenzela phambili esikhathini esizayo lapho ukulingana kungelona nje ithemba kodwa okungokoqobo kubo bonke. Umgwaqo ongaphambili udinga umzamo ophikelelayo, kodwa isiqondiso sicacile: Izimiso ezingokomthetho kumelwe ziqhubeke zandisa, zivumelane, futhi ziqinise isivikelo esidumisa isithunzi somuntu ngamunye.