Isisekelo Somlando Somhlangano Nesokuzihlanganisa

Ilungelo lokuhlangana alizange livele endaweni engenalutho; kwakwenziwa ubuciko phakathi namakhulu eminyaka okulwa nomthetho we-autocracy. Ukuhlola kobudemokrasi kwakudala e-Athene yasendulo kwakuhlanganisa ukuhlangana komphakathi egqumeni lasePnyx, lapho izakhamuzi zaphikisana khona futhi zavota imithetho. Nokho, umbono wanamuhla wenkululeko yokuhlangana phakathi noKukhanyiselwa, lapho izazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau zaphikisa ukuthi isenzo esibumbene siyinkululeko engokwemvelo. Ngekhulu le-18, imihlangano emikhulu yaba yithuluzi lokulawula amandla aphikisayo, ngokuphawulekayo emakoloneni aseMelika ngeSiphakamiso seStamp Act Act (175) nale mikhosi yaseBoston (1777). Le zenzakalo zabonisa ukuthi imikhosi ehleliwe yayingabusa ngokuqondile.

INguquko yaseFrance ka-1789 yathatha lomqondo futhi, yaguqula iziteshi zomphakathi zaba izigaba zobukhosi obuvamile. ISimemezelo samalungelo abantu nesaseSizwe samemezela ukuthi "ukukhulumisana ngokukhululekile ngemibono nemibono kungelinye lamalungelo ayigugu kakhulu kubantu" — amazwi avikela izinhlangano zezakhamuzi. Ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka, iNguquko Yezezimboni yazala umzabalazo wezisebenzi, nezisebenzi ezihlangene emafektri nasezinhlangothini zomgwaqo ukuba zifune iholo elifanele, izimo ezilondekile, nelungelo lokuhlanganisa. Peterloo Massacre ka 18 eManberg, lapho amahhashi amangalela khona umbutho onokuthula, ahlala isikhumbuzo sokusebenza kwezikhulu kanye nezokuhlangana. — Inhlangano ye-Expt.

Ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic, umzabalazo wokunqanda ukunqandwa kanye nokubuthwa kwabesifazane wancike kakhulu emibuthanweni yomphakathi. I-Seneca Falls (1848) yasebenzisa umhlangano ukuze iqalise inhlangano yamalungelo abesifazane, kuyilapho imiphakathi enqabela ukuqedwa kwemisebenzi yahlela imibuthano yokulwa nobugqila. Lezenzakalo ezingokomlando zigcizelela iqiniso elisemhlabeni wonke: ilungelo lokuhlangana alikho nje ukubonakala komthetho; liyinjini yentuthuko yomphakathi.

Isivikelo Somhlaba Wonke Nomthetho - sisekelo

Namuhla, inkululeko yokuhlangana ifakwe ohlwini lwezivumelwano zamazwe nakumthetho-sisekelo wasekhaya. Isimemezelo esihlangene samalungelo abantu (i-Actle 20) sithi: "Wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokuhlangana ngokuthula nenhlangano." Lesimiso siqiniswa yi-International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR, Isigaba 21), esihlanganisa amaqembu ombuso 173 ukuhlonipha imihlangano enokuthula, ilinganisela imingcele kulawo abekwe "emiswe umthetho nesidingo sombuso wentando yeningi" kuphela emphakathini wentando yeningi.""""

Amathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu enezela ezinye izingqimba. I-Eupan Convention on Human Rights (Umqondo 11) iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula nenkululeko yokuhlangana, kanye neNkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ikhipha izahlulelo ezingokomthetho ezisukela ekuvinjelweni kwezombangazwe kuya ekugqilazweni kwenyunyana. Ngokufanayo, i-African Chater on Human and People’s Rights (Actle 11) ne-American Convention on Human Rights (icle 15) inikeza isivikelo esifanayo.

Imithetho-mthetho yesizwe inikeza amazinga ahlukene okuchaza. ISichibiyelo sokuqala se-United States — "ISiphendulo somthetho se-Conreferia asisoze senza ... sibhidliza inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo" — iphakathi kwesithiyo esikhulu esikhonjiwe kakhulu. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-Ndiya (u-19(b) awuyikho ukuqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula nangezikhali, ubekelwe imingcele enengqondo ezithakazelweni zomphakathi. UMthetho obalulekile waseJalimane (i-Actle 8) uvikela ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngokuthula nehlonzekile ngaphandle kwesaziso noma imvume, nakuba imihlangano yangaphandle idinga ukubhaliswa kusengaphambili. Lokhu kubonisa indlela yokulinganisela kwezimiso ezingokomthetho ngokumelene nokunye ukulingana nokunye ukulingana kwezindawo.

Inkathi Yezibalo: Umhlangano Ezindaweni Ezingokoqobo

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha kakhulu indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo ilungelo lokuhlangana. Amaqonga ezokuxhumana — i-Twitter, i-Facebook, i-Telegram, kanye nama-option abhalwe ngokupeka amagama — kwenza abahleli bakwazi ukuhlanganisa ukubhikisha ngesivinini nangesilinganiso esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili. [[FLTL:0] Arabib Spring Replugingss (2010-2012) babonisa indlela ingqungquthela yezibalo ezingabangela ngayo abashiqela, ngokusebenzisa izishoshoshoshozeli ze-Facebookat kuhlela imicimbi yangempela ne-Twitterce ehlela izenzakalo zangempela naphezu kokuhlola kukahulumeni. Muva nje, [[FLTLT:]] IMattermoth Hat [[FLD:] ngo-20], eyaqala ngayo ukubulala uGeorge Flod, imbulunga yonke, phakathi kwezinsuku eziphakathi kanye namavidiyo #-Thagnethi.

Nokho, ukuhlangana kwezindawo ngemishini kubhekene nezinselele ezihlukile. Ohulumeni baye basungula amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi okuqondisa ukuhlelwa kwe-intanethi, besebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-metameter, ukuqashelwa kobuso, ukulahlwa kwemidlalo yezokubhikisha, nokulahlwa kwezembubhiso. Ezizweni ze-athoritation njenge-China, "Great Firewall" ivimbela ukuhlukana kwezindawo zangaphandle nokuvimbela ukulandelana kwemigqa ye-mitatho-at. Ngisho nasemithethweni ehleliwe — njengamaPrice, iCrime, i-Sendensigment and Courts Act 20222 — iye yamisa imingcele eqinile emibhikisweni, kuhlanganise nezijelo zezenzo zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nesijeziso sezenzo zobugebengu zecala "noise" ezibangela ukuba kube "ukuhlelwa" nalokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo onzima: ilungelo lokuhlanganisa inombolo yenombolo, noma ihlanganisa njalo?

Amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise neUN Special Rapportur amalungelo enkululeko yokuhlangana ngokuthula kanye nenhlangano, aye aphikisa ngokuthi ilungelo lisebenza kuyi-intanethi njengoba nje lisebenza ngaphandle kolayini. Kodwa ukugcinwa kwaleso simiso kuhlala kungafani, kanye nezigodlo eziningi zithi izikhala ezikhona akuzona "umphakathi" ngomqondo ovamile. Njengeqiniso nokwanda okungalinganiyo, indawo engokomthetho kuyodinga ukuzivumelanisa nokunye.

Izinselele Zamalungelo Emihlangano

Ukuwohloka Kwemithetho Nemingcele Engokomthetho

Ukuthambekela kwembulunga yonke ekuphambekeni kwentando yeningi kuye kwasongela ngokuqondile inkululeko yokuhlangana. ERussia, ngemva kuka-29202, imithetho yenza noma yimuphi umbuthano obhekwa njengowephula umthetho "impi ekhethekile" e-Ukraine, okuholela ekuboshweni kwezinkulungwane ekuvimbeleni i-prostance. E-Belarus, umbuso we-Lukashenko ubulokhu usebenzise ukuvalelwa okungaqinisekiyo ukuze uvimbele ukuphikisa kokuphikiswa. Okwamanje, eHungary, ukubuyiselwa eMthethweni woMyalo eMhlanganweni kudinga abahleli ukuba bazise iziphathimandla amahora angu-48 ngaphambi kokuba bavimbele izenzakalo zokuvinjelwa komphakathi. I-"i-“olate kuziphatha kwabantu" — isilinganiso esingaqondakali esingoko sokuxhashaniswa kokuphathwa kabi.

Imithetho ivame ukuthatha uhlobo lwesikhathi, indawo, nezimiso. Nakuba izinkantolo zisekela imithetho engathathi hlangothi (umz., zifuna imvume yemibuthano emikhulu, zilinganisela umsindo ngemva kweshumi p.m.), izinkinga ziphakama lapho iziqondiso zisetshenziswa ngokukhetha. Ngokwesibonelo, zivumela izindleko ukuba zibe nokweqisa, zisuse izimpande zotshani. Noma iziphathimandla zingakhetha "izindawo ezikude" kude nezilaleli ezihloselwe ukuthatha uhlangothi lwengqungquthela. INkantolo YaseYurophu Yelungelo Lomuntu iye yathola isho kaningi ukuthi imithetho enjalo ishayelwe ngokulandelana.

Ukuphatha Inhlonipho Nokusebenzisa Amandla

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaphoyisa nababhikishi buye baba yindawo ebanzi emazweni amaningi. Imibiko evela ku-Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch iveza ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwegesi yezinyembezi, izinhlamvu zenjoloba, ne-hansi yamanzi ngokumelene nabaqondisi abanokuthula ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene njenge-Hong Kong, Chile, ne-United States. Jorgeyd] Floyd ukulwa kwamacala [[[FLT: 1] kwabona ukuvalwa kwe-National Guard dirementss kanye nemithetho ezindaweni eziningi ze-U.S., ngokuphoqelela komthetho ukusebenzisa amaqhinga ahlangene. Ekuphenduleni, eminye imithetho iye yamukela "dehafuze" ukuqeqeshwa nokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi ye-kletis. Kodwa ukuxabana phakathi kwemicimbiswa kwemiya-'injini ne-'injini.

Ingxenye enkulu yababhikishi ingenye into ekhulayo. Iminyango yamaphoyisa incike ngokuqhubekayo kubafundi bezincwadi zelayisense, ekuhloleni imithombo yezokuxhumana, ngisho nasemoyeni ukuze ilandele abahilelekile. Amaqembu asebenza ngendiza njenge-Electronic Frontinement Foundation axwayisa ngokuthi lobububukhandli obuqapheli obunjalo bupholisa amakhaza, njengoba abantu besaba ukuphindisela kubaqashi, abanikazi, noma iziphathimandla zokuthuthela kwamanye amazwe. Ilungelo lokuhlangana okungaziwa aliqinisekisiwe ngokuqondile ezimisweni eziningi ezingokomthetho, kodwa libalulekile ekuvikeleni amaqembu amancane asengozini.

Ukumelana Nezenzo Zobungqingili Nokuzonda Inkulumo

Akuyona yonke imihlangano elungile. Imihlangano yabamhlophe yokuhlobanisa ubudlova, imibuthano elwa ne-ALGBT+, kanye nokuqhaqhazela okunobudlova kuvivinya imingcele yokuvikela. Isimiso se "ukwenqabela ukungathathi hlangothi" sisekela ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuvimbela ukuhlangana ngenxa nje yombono oshiwoyo, kodwa okuhlukile kubangelwa ukuvuselelwa ubudlova nezinsongo zangempela. Ukwamukela umbuthano wesokudla eCharlottensville (2017)) uveza ubunzima bokulinganisela amalungelo emihlangano yomphakathi ngokuphepha, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlanganiswa izigebengu zomphakathi. Amazwe amaningi manje adinga amaphoyisa ukuba alondoloze "indawo emelene neqembu eliphikisanayo" kodwa lokhu kungaholela ekumangaleleni ukuphatha ngokungafanele.

Imithetho yokuzondana iyahlukahluka kakhulu. E-United States, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ngisho nenkulumo ecasulayo kakhulu ngaphandle kokuba ingena ezinhlotsheni ezilinganiselwe (izinsongo zangempela, amagama okulwa). Ngokuphambene, iJalimane neFrance yenza ukulahlwa kweNkathi Yokuqothulwa Kwesizwe kube nobugebengu nokuvuselelwa kwenzondo yobuhlanga, okungaholela ekuvinjelweni kwemihlangano ekhuthaza imiyalezo enjalo. IKomiti yamaLungu e-UN igcizelele ukuthi imingcele kumelwe ibe yiyo kokubili okudingekile nokulinganayo, futhi leyo nhlangano enokuthula akufanele yenqatshelwe ngenxa yemibono yeqembu elingathandwayo.

Indima Eshintshayo Yezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Ngomhlangano, abantu abavamile baye balungisa isimo sezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Inhlangano yama-Civil Rights Movement (1954-191968) eUnited States inikeza isibonelo esifana kakhulu. Kusukela eMontgomery Busbott (19555), imibuthano enokuthula — ngokuvamile ihlangana nombuso okhungethwe ubudlova — ushintsho lwemithetho, oluphoqelelwe eMthethweni we-Ovinial Rights Act ka-19649 nakuMthetho we-Voting Rights Act ka-65. Ukusebenzisa kwenkululeko yokuhlala e-Geneganti, ukuhasha, nokubhalisa i-mbhalisa kubonise ukuthi ingqungquthelana nje ayihlangene; kudala lokho usosayensi uSinardenney "odk'odk'odk'irtist" okuphazamisa amandla enqubo yezimiso ze-Overtive.

I-LGBTT+ inhlangano yamalungelo ngokufanayo ithembele engqungqutheleni ukuze ibonakale futhi ibe nobunye. I-Stonewall Riots (1969) yayiyizivukeli ezizenzakalelayo, kodwa imiboniso yokuqhosha eyalandelana — eyaqala njengemicikilisho emincane, ngokuvamile eyingozi — yakhula yaba imikhosi yembulunga yonke. Emazweni amaningi, ilungelo lokubamba umbukiso wokuqhosha lisasele; ePoland, inqwaba yama-Masallallans iye yamemezela ukuthi "LBBTY Freehooce," nezenzakalo zokuqhosha zihlanganelwa njalo ngemikhosi ephikisana nezindawo zokulwa. Nokho isenzo sokuhlanganisa kuyaqhubeka njengokuzibeka isithunzi.

I- ye-mote commosfera ye-global, eholwa yintsha efuna ukulwa nesikole, iye yavuselela isiko lokuhlasela nokumasha kwesikole. Izinsuku zekusasa [[ imiboniso, eyaqala ngoAugust 2018 egcwele umbhikishi ongaphandle kwephalamende laseSweden, enwebezelwe ukuhlanganisa izigidi zabantu emazweni angaphezu kwekhulu. Lemihlangano iye yabeka ushintsho lwesimo sezulu ephepheni elingaphambili futhi yacindezela ohulumeni ukuba bamemezele izimo zenhlekelele. Nokho, lo mnyaka uqokomisa inselele yonyaka osekelayo: imibuthano emikhulu idinga ukuxhasa imali, nokusekela imithombo yezimiso, engekho njalo emiphakathini etholakalayo ezindaweni ezinsulwini.

Imingcele Engokomthetho Nesivikelo Esidingekayo

Nakuba ilungelo lokuhlangana liyisisekelo, alikhona okuphelele. Umthetho wezizwe zonke uvumela imingcele esekelwe ezimisweni ezingokomthetho: ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukulondeka komphakathi, ukuhleleka komphakathi, impilo yomphakathi, noma isivikelo samalungelo nenkululeko yabanye. Ubhadane lwe-COVID . I-COVID .19 lwaba yisivivinyo olunzima, njengoba ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke abalinganiselwe ekunciphiseni ukudluliselwa kwamagciwane. Izinhlangano eziningi zamalungelo abantu zamukela imingcele esekelwe eqeshiweni kodwa zagxeka ukuvinjelwa okungathathwanga ezinye izikhundla (umz., imibuthano engaphandle yezifihla - buso). I-Oclovaleeur benkululeko yokuhlangana yakhipha iziqondiso zokuvimbela ukuthi noma iziphi izigalelo ezihlobene ne-aglovlene "edelie, ngokwesilinganiso, ngokwesilinganiso, futhi ezinganciphindwa kwe-65666, futhi ezincishisiwe."""

Okunye ukungezwani okungapheli kuhilela [[FLT: 0] embonini yomuntu siqu. Izitolo zebhizinisi, izindawo ezisebenzela inkampani, namayunivesithi akuzenzakaleli ngokuzenzekelayo. EUnited States, icala leNkantolo Ephakeme Marsh v. Alabama[FLT] [1946] [1946]) babekholelwa ukuthi idolobha elizimele lisebenza emphakathini, kodwa imithetho elandelayo ilinganiselwe ekutheni abani bempahla okumelwe bahlalise izikhalazo. Ngokuphakama kwe "izezezomphakathi" emadolobheni, abashisekeli ngokuvamile bazithola beboshwe ngokusemthethweni ekuqoqweni ezitebhiyo ezibonakala zivulekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphakama kwezigodi ezihlanganisa izingqungquthela zezombangazwe, imidlalo, kanye nezindawo zezivakashi kuqeda amalungelo enhlangano. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi ne-2016 Republican National Convention eCleveland, idolobha elikhethe u "ukwehlukanisa" elavimbela ngokuphumelelayo noma isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphithiphithi phakathi komhlangano. Izinkantolo ziye zasekela abaholi abanjalo lapho bephonswa ngokuqinile — kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi baphula injongo eyinhloko yenhlangano: ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nalabo abaphethe.

Izimemezelo Zokuqinisa Amalungelo Omhlangano

Ukuvikela ilungelo lokuhlanganisa kudinga isenzo emazingeni amaningi. Isigaba senguquko ye-Legal isiqalo: izizwe kufanele zibukeze imithetho yazo yokuhlangana ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi zihambisana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, zisusa izinombolo ezingacacile nezimfuneko ezinzima zokuvumela. [[FLT:] I-OSCE ye-DEXIStions kanye namalungelo abantu (ODIHR)[[FLT:]] ikhipha incwadi yenkululeko yenhlangano nemithetho enikeza umthetho wesibonelo. Izwe futhi kufanele lifake wonke amalungelo abantu futhi likhiphe imibiko yezivumelwano zezivumelwano zezizwe.

Amalungelo omgomo kanye nemibhalo kubucayi. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Amnesty International ne Ilungelo lomuntu lenhlangano eliphethe umkhondo elihlobene nokuboshwa kobudlova bamaphoyisa. Imibiko yazo ingadalula izindlela zokuxhaphaza nokucindezela ohulumeni ukuba bashintshe. Ngezinga lendawo, izingqapheli ezingokomthetho nezishisekeli zevidiyo zisebenza njengezivimbele ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa kokuvinjelwa okungavunyelwe umthetho.

Imfundo ye-Public ibaluleke ngokufanayo. Izakhamuzi eziningi aziwazi amalungelo azo — noma zikholelwa ukuthi noma ikuphi ukuphika kuzenza ngokuzenzekelayo kwenza ukubhikisha kube okungekho emthethweni. Amaqembu omphakathi kufanele azi . Amaqembu omphakathi ayakwazi . amashabhu akho e- ACLU] iziqondisi zamalungelo ababhikishikishi [[ zisetshenziswa kabanzi eUnited States.

Ekugcineni, [ isakhiwo sokuthola inzuzo phakathi kwezinhlangano ziqinisa ukuqina. Uma umzabalazo wezisebenzi umi ngezishisekeli zesimo sezulu, noma lapho izinhlangano zobulungisa zobuhlanga zisekela i-LGBTQ+ ukuziqhenya, ilungelo lokuhlangana liba nzima ukuhlasela. Ubumbano lwezizwe zonke — njengo UN isicelo sembulunga yonke sezenzo [ — lungahlanganisa izingxabano zendawo futhi lwenze umbango ohlangene ngokumelene nokucindezelwa.

Isiphetho: Isithembiso Somhlangano Esingaphoqelelwanga

Ilungelo lokuhlangana alikaze lilondeke ngokugcwele. Kusukela ekuvukeleni kwezinguquko eziyisikwele zekhulu le-18 kuya ekuvukeleni okuphakanyiswayo kwekhulu lama-21, isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siphinde sivume lenkululeko. Umhlangano uyisici esicitshwayo lapho intando yeningi ivivinywa khona: lapho izakhamuzi zingahlangana ngaphandle kokwesaba, zingaziphikisa, ziphikise, futhi zifune ukulandisa. Uma ingqungquthela incishisiwe, indlela incishwananisa ukucindezela.

Kodwa ilungelo lingaphezu kwesiqinisekiso esingokomthetho; liwumkhuba ophilayo. Kudinga isibindi ukuphuma ekhaya umuntu ahlangane nabanye endaweni yomphakathi. Kudinga ukuthemba ukuthi umbuso uzokuvikela kunokuba ushushise. Futhi kudinga izinhlangano ezihlonipha amandla ezwi elihlangeneyo. Njengoba amazwe angokonyaka nawokusebenza kwemvelo ehlangana, futhi njenge-pholialistism ibuye ivuselele ezimweni ezintsha, ilungelo lokuhlangana liyohlala liqinile futhi libalulekile. Ukuvikela akuyona into yokunethezeka engokomthetho — kuyisimo sawo wonke amanye amalungelo okuchuma.