Ayini Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo?

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States awuyona nje into engokomlando; uhlaka oluphilayo olulolonga ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi nsuku zonke. Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awuzivikeleko eziqondile ezibekwe eMthethweni we-Cycrini nokulungiswa kwawo, eziklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuqinisekisa inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lamalungelo awawona amalungelo anikezwa umbuso kodwa ayisisekelo segunya, asekelwe ezimisweni ezisekelwe ekukhanyisweni komthetho wemvelo nenkolelo yenhlalo. Aqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki isizinda, angaphila ngesithunzi, akhulume ngengqondo yakhe, akhulekele (noma angakhulekele) njengoba ekhetha, futhi ethola ukuphatha okulungile ngaphansi komthetho.

Ekujuleni kwayo, uMthetho-sisekelo umisa uhulumeni wemibuso ebalayo. I-Bill of Rights .Intestections yokuqala eyishumi . yanezelwa ngokuqondile ekukhulumeni ngokwesaba ukuthi uhulumeni omusha ungayinyathela imvume enqotshwe phakathi neNguquko yaseMelika. Lokhu kulunganiswa kuveza ngokucacile amalungelo uhulumeni angenakuwephula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iSimemezelo se 145 seSimemezelo seSimo soMnyango neSivikeli sika-Celacle samanani sasetshenziswa ukusebenzisa eziningi zalezisivikelo kuhulumeni nasehulumeni bendawo, imfundiso eyaziwayo njengenhlanganisela ne-Rogravition. Ukuqonda amalungelo omthetho kusho ukuthi akusho ukuqonda lokho okushiwo nguhulumeni kuphela kodwa futhi nendlela izinkantolo ezichaze ngayo lawo mazwi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ukuhlangabezana nezinselele ezintsha.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Isisekelo Senkululeko

I-Bill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo - 1791, imelela i-compact phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni wabo. Yabuthelwa uJames Madison ekuphenduleni izingcingo ezivela ku-Antifereralists owayekhathazekile ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawungenazo izivikelo ezicacile zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngamunye walezi zindawo eziyishumi zokulungisa ubhekene nendawo ethile lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni onamandla angasebenzisa kabi amandla akhe. Ngezansi ubhekise ezinye zezingcingo ezithinta kakhulu, kanye nezizicelo zawo zesimanje.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Eyisihlanu

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko ehlobene ezinhlanu: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa. Sivimbela uMkhandlu ekumiseni inkolo noma ekusebenziseni inkolo ngenkululeko, futhi senqabela imithetho yokuthi inkululeko yokubhaka noma yokunyathelisa. Lokhu kulunga kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "iSikolo sentando yeningi" ngoba ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigxeke uhulumeni wazo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yeNkantolo ka-1969 [i-19969] [i-TY] i-Tinkir v. Des Independent Community School School [ iqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi abawamukeli amalungelo abo omthetho womthetho ukuba bakhulule inkululeko yokukhuluma noma ukuveza izinkulumo zesikole." Leminyaka yesilinganiso, lezekelo ihlanganisa ukuvikela [FLT] isigaba se-index, nakuba iyaqhubeka ukuzonda inkulumo yezentethe yomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: "Indawo elawulwa kahle ye-Gibray/Militia, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha izikhali, ngeke incishiswe." Isilinganiso esiqondile salelilungelo siye saphikiswa kakhulu. Kuyi-Gritanture of Columbia v. Heller [2008] [iNkantolo Ephakeme], iNkantolo ebambelele ukuthi ukunqanda ukuvikelwa kwelungelo lomuntu lokuthola isibhamu ngokwesiko, njengokuzimela kwakhe siqu ekhaya. [iminyaka emibili kamuva] [FLT] [FLD] [FOLD] [FFF:2] [FFF:3] [iright [F]] isebenzisa izigwebo zomthetho ze-omgamscle, iyaqhubeka ngokuncibili, ngokuzibeka kwemicimbiso, ngokuzimisela, ngokuzimisela ngezindlela zokuvikela, ngokuzimisela, ngokuzimisela, ngokuzimisela, ngokuzimisela, ngokuzimisela, izimpawu. [i

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuba Wedwa Nokulondeka

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekufuneni amakoloni angenangqondo nokuquleka. Kudingeka ukuqikelelwa komthetho ukuze uthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ukuthi ibangelwa yisizathu ngaphambi kokuhlola ikhaya lomuntu, amaphepha, noma imiphumela. Lokhu kulungisa kuyimpendulo eqondile yemvume nezindawo zosizo iziphathimandla zaseBrithani ezazisebenzisayo ukuhlasela amakhaya amakoloni. Kulelikhulu lama-21, iSichibiyelo sesine sesitha sithathe ukubaluleka okusha ngokuphathelene nemfihlo. INkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo (Calprinto) 2018 [FL:0] e-Carenter v. United States yanquma ukuthi izikhulu zaseBrithani zidinga isiqinisekiso sokungena kwendawo yocingo, ukuqaphela lokho kulindele okungasese.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sihlanganisa izivikelo eziningana eziyisihluthulelo: ilungelo lokuthola isigwebo esikhulu, isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili, ilungelo elimelene nokuzimela ("ukuzifaka kweyesihlanu"), isiqinisekiso senqubo efanelekile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni aphuce noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, kanye nokwenqabelo lokuthatha impahla yangakhokhwa ngaphandle kokukhokhwa (indawo ebanzi). Inqubo efanelekile yokukhipha umthetho iye yaba nethonya kakhulu; ivimbela izenzo ezingekho ngokomthetho zikahulumeni futhi iqinisekisa izinqubo ezilungile. [[FLT: 0] [I Arizona[FLT:][FLD] [6] (6] ezidumileyokufunwa amaphoyisa ukuba atshele amalungelo awo (indawo ephezulu) ukuwazisa isilinganiso sokuthula.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okungenaphutha Kuqinisekisa

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi yijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ukubhekana nofakazi abakholekeli, ukuphoqelela ofakazi abakholekayo, nokuba nosizo lweseluleko. Ilungelo lokweluleka lanwetshwa Gideon v. Wainwright [1963], elithi kumelwe linikeze ummeli kubamangalelwa abangenakuba nemali. Le mvume iqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sobulungisa sisobala futhi abamangalelwa banethuba lokulwa ukuze bazivikele.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, amafa eqile, nezijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile. Lenkulumo ibiyindaba eyinhloko yokuphikisana ngesijeziso sokufa, ukuvalelwa komuntu yedwa, nezimo zasejele. Attins v. Virginia [2002] [iNkantolo Ephakeme] yanquma ukuthi ukubulala abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni kuphula iSiphenduko Seziphendulo Sesishiyagalombili, kubonakalisa izindinganiso ezisekelwe ekuhloniphekeni.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nokungavumelani

I-Exct iqiniswa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSichibiyelo se 14th siyisiqalo esinembeko enkulu kuMthetho-sisekelo. Amalungiselelo aso ayinhloko ahlanganisa amalungelo noma ama-Immunitunie Claus, i-Sect Procession Claus, ne-Exlimate Protection Clausle. I-Exctal Protection Claus idinga ukuba abantu baphathe ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi iye yaba isisekelo sokubusa amalungelo ezwe, kuhlanganise [[FLT: 0] ibrown v. ibhodi yemfundo[[FLT] [[54] [1], eqeda ukucwa kwezikole zomphakathi, futhi [FLT] i-Ocrefel. [2] v.[FLT] [5], eyaziwa ngokufanayo [i-extername-extivesting] ngemfundiso ekhethekile, ye-equast Courtment i-ection, i-Expt provision of Doupt" yeNstting i-Group

Ukusebenza Kwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Kwansuku zonke

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awayona imiqondo engokomthetho engekho; ayithinta ngokuqondile indlela osebenzelana ngayo nohulumeni nomphakathi nsuku zonke. Ukuqonda lezi zinhlelo ezisebenzayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele lapho amalungelo azo ehlonishwa, noma ephulwa.

Ekhaya Nasobala

Amaphoyisa awanakungena ekhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume ngaphandle kokuba kunezimo ezizimele noma uvuma. Lokhu kuwukusetshenziswa okuqondile kweSichibiyelo sesine. Uma umiswa emgwaqweni, unelungelo lokuthula (Inguquko yesihlanu) nokwenqaba ukuphenywa uma kungekho sizathu esilindelekile. Imvume nokubhaliswa kwemvume akudingi imvume, kodwa ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside kumelwe kusekelwe ekusoleni okunengqondo.

Emsebenzini Nasesikoleni

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo yakho ekuvinjelweni uhulumeni, abaqashi abangabodwa nezikole ezingabodwa zingaboshelwa uMthetho-sisekelo (sazezwe) nemithetho kahulumeni inganikeza isivikelo esifanayo. Nokho, izisebenzi zomphakathi nabafundi besikole somphakathi banawo amalungelo okuQala ISichibiyelo, ngaphansi kokulinganiselwa okuthile. Ngokwesibonelo, othisha abanakuxoshwa ngenxa yokukhuluma ngasese ezindabeni zomphakathi, futhi abafundi abanakujeziswa ngenxa yokukhuluma okungaphazamiseki.

I - Internet Nasezingeni Lokuxhumana

Amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo adlulela ku-Internet. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ukubonakaliswa kwe-inthanethi, kuhlanganise nezikhungo zomphakathi, izinkulumo, ngisho nenkulumo engashiwongo nhlobo uma ingangeni ekuziphatheni kobugebengu njengokusongela noma ukuhlukunyezwa. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela imishini yakho yobuchwepheshe nemininingwane. Ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola ucingo lwakho noma i-computer yakho, ngisho noma bekubopha. Nokho, imfundiso yesithathu iphethe lokho kwaziswa ngokuzithandela neqembu lesithathu (njengezisebenzi zakho zenkonzo ye-intanethi) ingaba nesivikelo esincane esiyimfihlo.

Esimisweni Sezempilo

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo ahlangene nezindawo eziningi zobudokotela. ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seminyaka Eyisine nesiqinisekiso esilinganayo sithonye amalungelo okuzala, ukuphela kwezinqumo zokuphila, nokukwazi ukunakekela amaqembu anciphileyo. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela amarekhodi ezokwelapha ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli. Futhi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivumela iziguli ukuba zenqabe ukwelashwa okusindisa ukuphila okusekelwe ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo, okungahloselwe ukukhathalela imibuso ekulondolozeni ukuphila.

Indlela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Ancishiswa Ngayo Izinkantolo

Umthetho-sisekelo uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "incwadi ephilayo" ngoba ukuchaza kwayo kushintsha ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. INkantolo Ephakeme inendima enkulu ekuchazeni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngamacala aphawula izenzakalo, iNkantolo ivumelanisa ulimi lweshumi nesishiyagalombili nekhulu nesekhulu nezimo zanamuhla.

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

  • [FLT][FOLT]n v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): yajika imfundiso "ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo" yamemezela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphansi kwesivikelo esilinganayo u-Clausle.
  • ROE v. [77]]: waqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kweNkathi ka-Claus, kamuva wagumbuqelwa [ Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022], wabuyisela udaba ezimisweni.
  • [FYN][FLT'V. FEC [2010]: yasho ukuthi ukuxhasa kwenkampani ukukhangisa okuzimele kwezombangazwe kuyavikelwa ukukhuluma ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala.
  • [[I-FLT:0] obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ithole leyomibhangqwana efana neyobulili inelungelo lomthetho-mthethweni lokushada ngaphansi kweNkathi elindelekile neSivikeli sika Claus esilinganayo.
  • [FLT]Bostock v. Clayton County [20] : yabusa leyosihloko VII samaLungelo e-Civil Act enqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ekuthandekeni kobulili noma ebukhoneni, ukuchazwa komthetho ngokusekelwe ekusekelweni komthetho-mthetho.

Njengoba ushintsho lukhona, izinkantolo ziphinde zisho izinto ezandulele, ngezinye izikhathi zigumbuqela inqubo eqhubekayo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ayisona isici somthetho - sisekelo.

Izinselele Nosongo Lwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kwezimo eziyisisekelo, amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo abhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezivela kuhulumeni nakubadlali abazimele.

Injabulo Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe yenze ukuba kuqashelwe kakhulu ngesilinganiso esingakaze sibonwe. Ukuqoqwa kukahulumeni kwemetameter, izinhlelo zokuqaphela ubuso, nokusetshenziswa kwemishini ye-stingray konke kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka kweSichibiyelo sesine. I-USA PATRIOTT Act futhi kamuva i-USA INFUX Act iye yazama ukulinganisela ukulondeka nokungafihli muntu, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinhlelo zokuhlola ezingekho ngokomthetho ziphula umsuka weSimemezelo se-Drayment. Kwezinye izimo, izinhlangano zisebenzisa izikhalazo ezinjenge "imfundiso yesithathu-partry" ukuze zingene ngendawo ngaphandle kwemvume.

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Enkathini Yezinombolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sibhekene nezingcindezi ezintsha ezivela kumasiteshi ezokuxhumana angadambisa abasebenzisi bezokuxhumana noma acindezele okuqukethwe. Nakuba lezizenzo zingahloli uhulumeni, ubukhulu bezindawo zokuhlala njenge Facebook ne-Twitter ziphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi azinandaba yini nomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho elawula inkulumo ye-webhusayithi ye-webhusayithi `ezondama inkulumo'' noma "intela" noma "i-misformation" kumelwe iklanywe ngokucophelela ukuze igweme ukucwaswa kombono ongokobukhombana. INkantolo Ephakeme iphikisanayo manje ukuthi ingenza izinkampani zezokuxhumana zifunela izinto ezithile.

Ukwenziwa Kwesimiso Esingokomthetho Sezikhali

Amalungelo omthetho angalulazwa uma isimiso somthetho sisetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni ekuthuleni abagxeki. Ukumangalelwa okuhleliwe ngokumelene nokuhlanganyela komphakathi (isudi le-SLAP) kuyisu lokusongela izakhamuzi ekusebenziseni ilungelo lazo lokunxusa. Izifunda eziningi ziye zakhipha imithetho emelene ne-SAPP ukuze zinikeze isivikelo, kodwa inkinga isaqhubeka. Ngokufanayo, ibheyili ephakeme nejele langaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala kungajezisa abantu ngaphambi kokuba babekwe icala, kusongelwe ukubekwa kwecala, kufaka usongo lokungabazeki kwecala neSiphendulo se-8.

Ukuncipha Kwamalungelo Okuphana

Ilungelo lokuvota alishiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni kodwa liye lavikelwa ngokulungisa nangokubeka imithetho. Umthetho we-Voting Rights wango-1965 wawuwumsebenzi ophawuliwe, kodwa izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme njengo Shelby County v. Isiqinisekiso sokuzivikela okulinganayo (20203) siye sawenza buthaka amalungiselelo ayinhloko okuqinisekisa. Namuhla, imithetho yamavoti, ukukhishwa kwemivoti evotayo, nokubekwa i-gereji iyaqhubeka ibekela inselele ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuhlanganyela edemocrity. Isiqinisekiso somthetho-mthetho-mfakelo wesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi kweSimemezelo se-14, sivame ukubekela lemigoqo.

Isimo Senkululeko Ephuthumayo Nengokwemiphakathi

Phakathi nezinhlekelele − njengemiqedazwe, izinhlekelele zemvelo, noma izinsongo zobuphekula . Ohulumeni bavame ukwandisa amandla abo. Umthetho-sisekelo awuziqedi ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziye zathatha isinyathelo sokulawula. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ikholelwa ukuthi ngisho nangesikhathi sempi, inqubo eyisisekelo iyasebenza (bona HAmdi v. Rumsfeld, 2004). Izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale ziqaphe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo zesikhashana azingeni ekutholeni inkululeko.

Indlela Yokumelela Amalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo

Ulwazi luyindlela yokuqala yokuzivikela. Ukuhlala wazi ngamalungelo akho kukwenza ukwazi ukuwaqinisa ngokuphumelelayo. Nazi izinyathelo ezithatha isinyathelo ukuvikela nokuthuthukisa inkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo.

Zifundise Wena Nabanye

Funda uMthetho-sisekelo nezinguquko zawo. I-Chonsitition Anvocated eMtatsheni we-Congress inikeza ukuhlaziywa kochwepheshe kwecala ngalinye lecala lecala lecala neleNkantolo Ephakeme. Hlanganisani lokho enikufundayo nabangane nasemndenini.

Yazi Amalungelo Akho Lapho Uhlanganyela Nomthetho Ophoqelelwayo

Uma umiswa amaphoyisa, khumbula: Unelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lokwenqaba ukuvuma ukuseshwa, nelungelo kummeli. Akudingeki ukuba uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokuzichaza. ACLU's Known Your Rights[ ikhasi linikeza iziqondiso ezisebenzayo namakhadi ezikhwama. Ukuhlanganisana (lapho kusemthethweni) kunganikeza ubufakazi uma amalungelo akho ephulwa.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuphileni Kwesibili

Qonda kuzo zonke izinqumo, kusukela ezigungwini zesikole sendawo kuya ezinhlangeni zomongameli. Izikhulu zendawo zivame ukuba nethonya eliqondile kumaphoyisa, izindlu, nezimiso zemfundo ezithinta amalungelo omthetho-mthetho. Yiba khona emihlanganweni yasemahholo, ubhalele abameleli bakho, futhi uhlanganyele ekubhikisheni ngokuthula. Ilungelo lokucela uhulumeni alisona nje isidala esingokomlando; liyithuluzi eliphilayo loshintsho.

Izinhlangano Ezisekela Amalungelo

Izinzuzo eziningi ezingekho semthethweni zisebenza ukuvikela inkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo. [[FLT:] Inkululeko yomphakathi yaseMelika i-Union Icala lemali elihlanganisa ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukuzifihla, nenqubo efanele. I-Bill yeSiko sama - Rights Institute [ inikeza amathuluzi okufundisa abafundi nothisha. Amanye amaqembu agxila ekulungiseni izivumelwano ezithile, njengeSiphendulo Sesibili noma iNhlangano Yesizwe Yezentengiselwano eLawulweni. Cabangela i-acrective noma i-ofective.

Ukubekela Imithetho Engekho Ngokomthetho

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi umthetho wephula amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo, ungawubekela inselele enkantolo. Nakuba ukumangalela ngakunye kungabiza, ungakwazi ukujoyina isenzo sekilasi noma ukusebenza neqembu lezemfundo engokomthetho. INkantolo iqophe umlando omude wamacala alethwa yizakhamuzi ezivamile ezimele amalungelo azo. Ngisho nokunqoba okuncane kungamisa imizekelo evikela izigidi.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke: Ukuqhathanisa Izivikelo Zamalungelo

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unethonya embulungeni yonke, amanye amazwe amaningi anezimiso zawo zomthetho-sisekelo ngezinye izikhathi ezinikeza isivikelo esibanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, iChater of Rights and Frees yaseCanada ivikela ngokucacile amalungelo okulinganayo nenkululeko yabantu. I-European Convention on Human Rights ihlanganisa ilungelo lokufihla izinto zomuntu siqu elivame ukuchazwa ngokungqongqo kuneSichibiyelo se-U.S. Sesine. Ukuhlola ezinye izimiso kungakhuthaza izinguquko futhi kuqokomise izindawo lapho isivikelo saseMelika singaqiniswa khona. Nokho, i-U.S. isibonelo somthetho wezomthetho uhlale sihlukile ekugcizeleleni kwayo inkululeko engafaneleni, kodwa kumele ukuba uhulumeni ubeke imingcele yezenzo ezifaneleke kakhulu kunezemisebenzi esemthethweni yezemisebenzi.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wenkululeko Wansuku Zonke

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awakona ukuziqeda. Adinga ukuzivikela okunenkuthalo ngesakhamuzi esinolwazi. Ngazo zonke izikhathi lapho ukhuluma ngokumelene nokungabi nabulungisa, ukubuza uhulumeni, noma ukuphathwa ngendlela elungile, usebenzisa wona kanye amalungelo izizukulwane ezalwayo ukuze zilondoloze. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo, kodwa kuxhomekeka kithi ngabanye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi luhlala lunamandla. Ngokuqonda indlela amalungelo akho asebenza ngayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, phela egumbini lesikole kuya enkantolo ye-teography.