Imiphumela yokususa inqubo iyisisekelo sempumelelo yokubusa nokuphathwa komphakathi. Idlulela ngalé kokulinganisa imiphumela; ihilela ukuhlaziya imiphumela ehlongozwayo nengahlolwanga yezimiso, izinhlelo, kanye nokungenela emphakathini. Kulenkathi yobunkimbinkimbi obukhulayo nemithombo elinganiselwe yomphakathi, ukuhlaziya okunzima, ukuhlaziya kusiza abenzi besinqumo baqonde ukuthi yiziphi izimo, futhi kubiza malini. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okwengeziwe ngempumelelo, ukuthengiseka, nemikhuba emihle kakhulu ekuxazululeni imiphumela yezimiso, ukudwebela ezibonelweni kwezibonelo zangempela nezindlela zobuchwepheshe zokwelapha ukuze banikeze isiqondiso esibanzi sodokotela nezazi.

Indima Yokuhlola Uhlelo Lomthetho Ebufakazini (6) Obusekelwe Kuhulumeni

Ubufakazi obusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni okuhleliwe kokwaziswa nokucwaninga ukuze kuthole izinqumo zenqubo. Ukuhlola komthetho yinjini elawula lendlela. Ngaphandle kokuhlola, izinqubo zingaqhubeki zisekelwe ekubikweni noma ekuhlolweni kwengqondo kunokuboniswa. Ukuhlola kunikeza inqubo yokubuyisela edingekayo ekuqondiseni okuvumelanayo, kuvumela ohulumeni nezinhlangano ukuba bacwengisise izinhlelo, imithombo yeze-odolocate, futhi kulinganise ukuthi yini esebenzayo.

Izizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani ukuhlolwa kwesimiso kubalulekile zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukuqulisa ukulandisa nokubona. Izakhamuzi nabagcini baleli tshe balindele ukuba imali yomphakathi isetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuhlola komphakathi kubonisa ukuthi izithembiso zigcinwe yini.
  • [ Izifundo ezithathwe ekuhloleni kwangaphambili zinikeza umklamo wendlela entsha, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuphinda amaphutha.
  • Ukuveza imiphumela engahlolwanga. I-Picies ivame ukuveza imiphumela yamaza] okulungile nokubi, okungashaywa indiva ngaphandle kokuhlaziya okunzima.
  • [ Ukuhlola kusiza ekufakeni inzuzo engcono kakhulu. Ukuhlola kusiza ukungenela okubeka phambili okuveza inzuzo engcono kakhulu ekubekeni imali.

Ohulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga, kanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, inzuzo engahlangani, nezisekelo zomuntu siqu, manje bavame ukubheka izimfuneko ukuba zinikeze izivumelwano nemithetho emisiwe. Ukuphoqelelwa kwesimiso esisekelwe kubufakazi [1] kuye kwaphakamisa ukucatshangelwa kwemfundo yemfundo eyisisekelo sokuphatha umphakathi kwanamuhla.

Imishini Eyinhloko Yesimiso Sokukhipha Imali

Izindlela eziningana ezimisiwe ziqondisa lenqubo yokuhlola, ngayinye inikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle yokubuza imibuzo efanele nokuqoqa ubufakazi obufanele.

Isibonelo seCIPP (Umbhalo, Ukukhishwa, inqubo, umkhiqizo)

Iqaliswe nguDaniel Stpulbeam, i-CIPP inikeza ilens ebanzi yokuhlola. Ihlola umongo lapho inkambiso isebenza khona, izilinganiso (imithombo kanye namasu), izinqubo zokusetshenziswa, nemikhiqizo (imiphumela nemiphumela). Loluhlelo luwusizo kakhulu ekuhloleni okuhloselwe ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo phakathi nebhayisekile yazo, hhayi nje ukumane zihlulele ekugcineni.

Izibonelo Ezinengqondo Nezici Zoshintsho

Isibonelo sokucabanga esibonisa impumelelo sibala imithombo, imisebenzi, okukhishwayo, nemiphumela yenqubo ethile. Icacisa ukuqagela okusemqoka okusekelwe ekungeneleni. Imfundiso yoshintsho ijula ngokuchaza izinqubo okulindeleke ukuba ushintsho luvele ngazo. Lamathuluzi asiza abahloli ukuba bathole ukwaziswa okuzoqoqwa futhi bafune ukuthi kuphi impumelelo noma ukuhluleka. Isetshenziswa kakhulu emfundweni, empilweni, nasemikhankasweni yokuthuthukisa umphakathi.

Ukuhlaziya Okubizayo Nokubizayo

Izimiso ezicacile ngokomnotho, zibiza izindleko zokuhlola i-monefit (CBA) ukuze kubonwe inani lenani lezenhlalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko ze-CEA, kuqhathanisa izindleko zenani ngalinye lemiphumela (umz., izindleko zokuphila kusinda, izindleko kumfundi ngamunye). Lezizimo zibalulekile lapho kuhlolwa isakhiwo, impilo, nezimiso zendawo lapho umnini wempahla ikhathale ikhathalelwa kakhulu khona.

Izindlela Zokuxhumana Nezindlela Zokuhwebelana

Ukukhetha indlela yokuhlaziya kushintsha indlela etholakele.

Ukuhlaziya Okubangela Ukwehluleka

Ukuhlola i-Quantitive kuxhomeke ekwazisweni kwezibalo nasendleleni yokubala. Ukuhlola okungalawuleki kubhekwa njengendinganiso yegolide ye-causal, kodwa kuyabiza futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngokwezimiso noma cishe ngokungaqondakali. I-Quasiextexperierithriams (umz., umehluko 76ingradiffinections, Rerefentination discture) inikeza ezinye izindlela uma kungenakwenzeka.

  • Izinga:[ Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwangaphakathi; ikhono lokuhlela okutholwa abantu abaningi kakhulu; ubukhulu bemiphumela.
  • Izibalo:[ kungasho ukulahlekelwa yi-asmosfects, idinga isampula elikhulu; ingabiza futhi ikhiphe isikhathi.

Ukuhlaziya Okubalulekile

Izindlela zokuhlanganisa zihlola okuhlangenwe nakho, imibono, nezincazelo ababambi bomthetho abazihlanganisa nenqubo ethile. Izindlela zobuchwepheshe zihlanganisa izingxoxo ezishubile, amaqembu agxilayo, ukuphawula okuhilelekile, nokuhlaziya izincwadi.

  • I- Ukuqonda okucebile okusekelwe kukho; ukuthatha imiphumela engahlolwanga; ukunikeza amaqembu agwegwile.
  • Imiphumela: Imingcele elinganiselwe; imiphumela ingathonywa ubandlululo lomcwaningi; kunzima ukunqamula ezintabeni.

Izindlela Ezixubile Zokuxhumana

Ukuhlanganisa izindlela zokulinganisa kanye nezingakhanyisa kunganikeza umfanekiso ophelele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola (ongaqashelwa) kungabonisa ukuthi uhlelo lokuqeqesha umsebenzi luthuthukisa amazinga emisebenzi, kuyilapho izingxoxo zembula ukuthi abahlanganyeli bazisa isosha lokusekela umphakathi njengalokhu kuqeqeshwa kwamakhono.

  • I-Strengths:[ Ukuvumelana kokuthola; ikhono lokuphendula kokubili “yini” ne“ kungani” imibuzo; ithandeka kakhulu ezibukelweni ezihlukahlukene.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Incazelo:[ Ubunkimbinkimbi obukhudlwana; idinga ubuchwepheshe ezindleleni eziningi; kungaba inzuzo.

Abahlaziyi kumelwe balinganise lemishini yokuhweba ngokumelene nomongo oqondile, imithombo ekhona, nezidingo zokwaziswa zabenzi besinqumo. Ukuhlaziya okuhlelwe kahle ngokuvamile kusebenzisa izindlela eziningi ngendlela ehlelekile.

Impumelelo Ekuhlolweni Kwezimiso Zokusetshenziswa Kwamaqembu

Izindlela zokuhlela ezinengqondo ziye zaholela entuthukweni esobala ezindaweni eziningi.

Izinguquko Ekunakekeleni Impilo

I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) e-United States iye yaba indaba yokuhlola kakhulu. Abacwaningi baye bafaka ukunciphisa okukhulu kwezinga elingakhokhwanga, intuthuko ekutholeni ukuvinjelwa, kanye nempumelelo elinganiselwe yempilo. Ukuhlola futhi kwathola izindawo ezidinga ukulungisa, njengokukhokha imali emali egciniwe yemikhaya ephansi. Lokhu kutholakele kuye kwaveza ukuncitshiswa kwenqubo eqhubekayo ethuthukisiwe kuwo womabili amazinga ezwe nawamazwe. Ngokufanayo, kuhlola izinhlelo zempilo zembulunga yonke (ezifana no-Malaleariatic noGavi, i-Vaccine Alliance, , i-evelvelvel ibonisa ukuthi ukuthengiselwa kwezentengo ehlolwayo kunganciphisa kakhulu uma kuhlangene nokuhlola nokulungisa i-molimo.

Izinyathelo Zemfundo

Kulemfundo, ukuhlola ukungenela kobuntwana obufana ne-Perry Preegiery Program ne-Abecedarian Project kwabonisa inzuzo enkulu ekutshaleni, okwaholela ekunyulweni kwezinhlelo ze-pre "%K emazweni amaningi. Muva nje, ukuhlola okunzima kwezimiso zokuhlola othisha, iziteshi zomthetho wesikole, nezinhlelo zokuthola ulwazi zasekolishi ziye zanikeza ubufakazi bokuthi yimaphi amasu athuthukisa imiphumela yabafundi ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, “Izinhlelo zemfundo zaso sonke” zatholakala ziphumelela ngokulingwa okungahleliwe, okuholela ekutholeni kwazo amakhulu ezikole ezweni lonke.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwendawo Ezungezile Namandla Amandla

I-Environmental Protection Agency yase-U.S. ihlola njalo imiphumela yemiphumela ye-Ceac Air Act encitshiswayo, iveza ukuthi izigidi zabantu abafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi nezigidi zezinzuzo zezomnotho zinciphisa ukungcola komoya. Engxenyeni yamandla, ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuvusenekayo nokusebenza kahle kwamandla kuye kwasiza uhulumeni ukuba atheze izakhiwo ezikhuthaza amandla angu-25 ezisheshisa ukushintshela emkhakheni wezomnotho we-62carbon.

Ukuhweba Nezinselele Ezingokwemvelo Ekuhlolweni Kwezimiso Zokuhwebelana

Ukuqaphela lezi zindlela zokuhweba kusiza odokotela ukuba bakwazi ukusingatha izinto abazilindele futhi baklame izinhlelo eziqinile.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwemithombo

Ukulinganisela kakhulu kudinga isikhathi esiningi, imali, nobuchwepheshe. Le mithombo ivame ukuba inqabekile, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni eziphansi zokuthola imali. Ukuhweba kuphakathi kokutshala imali ukuze kuhlolwe kuqhathaniswa nokutshala imali ezinkonzweni eziqondile noma kwezinye izidingo eziphuthumayo. Izinhlangano kumelwe ziqale zihlole izinto ezingcono kakhulu ezinganikeza ulwazi olunenani eliphakeme futhi zicabangele izindlela eziphansi (umzk., ngokusebenzisa imininingwane yokulawula, ukuhlola okusheshayo) lapho kufaneleka khona.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemininingwane

Ukuthola ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, okufike ngesikhathi, nokuhlangane nezindlela ngokuvamile kuyisithiyo esikhulu kakhulu ekuhlolweni okuphumelelayo. Imininingwane ingaba engaphelele, iqoqwe ngokusebenzisa izincazelo eziphikisanayo, noma ingekho emaqenjini ayinhloko. Izinkinga zomuntu siqu nemingcele engokomthetho kungalinganisela ukuhlangana kokwaziswa. Uma izinga lokwaziswa liphansi, ngisho nezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokuhlola ziveza imiphumela engathembekile. Ama- Evaluator kumelwe abe sobala mayelana nokulinganiselwa kokwaziswa, futhi uma kungenzeka, asebenzele ukuthuthukisa izimiso zokwaziswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Iminikelo Nezikhali Ezilwayo

Ukunquma ukuthi inqubo ethile yabangela umphumela oqanjiwe yini, kunezici ezingaphandle, ukwakha i-projectal esemthethweni: okungenzeka lapho ingekho inqubo. Ezimweni eziningi zomhlaba, ukwakha izimpawu ezithembekile ezivumelanayo. Ukuvimbela kwezesayensi noma kwezombangazwe kungavimbela isabelo esihleliwe, futhi ukuhlola okungokwemvelo kungase kungabi khona. Ngakho abaqondisi-zinqumo kumelwe bakhethe ngokucophelela amaqembu aqhathanisayo futhi basebenzise izindlela zezibalo ukuze balawule ukuphikisa okuguquguqukayo, njalo bavume ukungaqiniseki okusele.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nenhlangano

Ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela kungaba usongo kubabambi bemithetho ethile. Kungase kube nokucindezela kokucindezela okufihlwayo, ukuklama izindlela ezingathandeki zokubona ukuhluleka, noma ukushalazela imiphumela ephikisana nokulandisa okuthandwayo. Ukulondoloza ukuzibusa nokuthembeka kudinga izakhiwo eziqinile zokulawula, amapulani abhaliwe, nokubika ngokucace kakhulu. Izinhlangano ezifana ne .S. Ihhovisi Lokuphathwa kwezisebenzi nesimiso se-World Bank sobuln

Ukusebenzisa Isikhathi Nokuziphakamisa

Izinqumo zomthetho ngokuvamile zidinga ukwenziwa ngokushesha, kuyilapho ukuhlaziya okunzima kungathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlolweni ukuba kuqedwe ngemva kokuba zingasasebenzi. Enye impendulo ingukwamukela indlela yokuhlola “isikhathi sangempela” noma“ i-rapidplacycle”, ngokusebenzisa iqoqo lemininingwane e-injini nokuhlola ukuze kunikeze ukuvunyelelwa lapho isimiso sisasetshenziswa. Enye ukuhlela ukuhlaziya okulindelekile, ukuzifaka enqubweni yokuklama kusukela ekuqaleni.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuhlola Umthetho Ophangayo

Isebenzisa amashumi eminyaka okuhlangenwe nakho okuvela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, ezinhlanganweni zokucwaninga, nasezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke, imikhuba elandelayo engcono kakhulu ingandisa amathuba okuba ukuhlaziya kube okunokwethenjelwa nokuwusizo.

  • Abasekeli be-engition phakathi nenqubo yokuhlola. Ukuhlela labo abaklama, abasebenzisa, futhi abathinteka yinqubo kuqinisekisa ukuthi imibuzo yokuhlola iyasebenza, izindlela zingenzeka, futhi okutholwayo kuthathwa.
  • Imigomo ecacile nemiphumela ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuhlola. Imigomo ye-Vague iholela ekuhlolweni okungacacisi. Izinjongo kufanele zibe eziqondile, ezikwazi ukufezeka, ezifanelekayo, ezifanelekile, nezikhathi ze-"%T (SMART).
  • [[[IQUMT:0] hlela indlela exubile yokuqonda okubanzi. Izinombolo zodwa azivamile ukulandisa indaba ephelele. Izindlela zokuhlanganisa zinikeza kokubili ububanzi nokujula kokuqonda.
  • Pregister uhlelo lokuhlola. Ukubhalisa obala uhlelo oluhlongozwe indlela, imiphumela, kanye nokuhlaziya kunciphisa ingozi yokuthatha imiphumela noma ukushintsha i-protography ngemva kokubona imininingwane.
  • Imivubukulo etholakele ngokuphumelelayo kubo bonke abaphethe imibiko ye-irlator, izintshumayelo, kanye nemifushane ezilalelini ezihlukahlukene /ipolicy maker, odokotela, nomphakathi. Sebenzisa ulimi olucacile kanye nokubona ukuze udlulisele imiyalezo eyisihluthulelo ngaphandle kokuyidlulisa ngokweqile.
  • Yakha ulwazi oluthathayo emjikelezweni wenqubo. Ukuhlolwa akumelwe kube umsebenzi owodwa ku-66]. Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo nokuthatha futhi isikhashana kuvumela izinqubo ukuba zivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo.
  • [ ekuhloleni amandla. Ohulumeni nezinhlangano kufanele baqeqeshe izisebenzi, basekele amaqoqo okuhlola okuzimele, futhi basungule isiko elinikeza ubufakazi obubalulekile. izincwadi ezifundisa ngenhlangano [ ziqokomisa ukubaluleka kwemithombo enikezelwe ukuze ihlolwe.

Ikusasa Lokuhlolwa Kwezimiso Zokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso

Ubuchwepheshe buyanda ngokushesha amathuba okuhlola isimiso. Ukwanda kokwaziswa kokuphatha okuxhunyaniswa ngaphesheya kwezi zimiso (ezinezikhungo ezifanele zomuntu siqu) kuvumela ukucusumbula okuphansi, ukuhlola okukhulu. Ukufunda kwemishini nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kungasiza ekuboneni imiklamo nokubikezela imiphumela, nakuba kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokukhetha nokuchaza. Ukuhlola kwesikhathi esingokoqobo ngokusebenzisa imishini ye-cell kunye nezinzwa kunganikeza ukulandisa okusheshayo ngezinga lokusetshenziswa kwenqubo.

Enye inqubo eyandayo ukuhlanganiswa kokuqonda kokuziphatha ekuhlolweni. Ngokuhlola indlela ubandlululo lwengqondo nezimiso zomphakathi okuthinta ngayo ukuziphatha, abahloli bangadweba izinqumo ezicaciwe ukuthi kungani izimiso ziphumelela noma zihluleka. Ekugcineni, abahloli abahlolayo kanye nezakhamuzi bathola izimpawu, imiphakathi enika amandla okuchaza impumelelo ngokwezinqumo zabo futhi babambe abakhi besinqumo abazolandisa.

Umkhakha wokuhlola isimiso usuka ekukhetheni ubuchwepheshe ube umsebenzi oyinhloko wokubusa. Njengoba kudingeka ukuze ukukhanya kukhule futhi kuphumelele, ikhono lokuhlola inqubo lizodingeka kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Imiphumela yesimiso inzima kodwa ibalulekile ekulawuleni kwanamuhla. Ukuphumelela kobufakazi obushintshayo ekunakekeleni impilo, imfundo, nendawo ezungezile kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlolisisa ngokucophelela kungaholela ekuphileni okungcono nasekusebenziseni imithombo yomphakathi ngokunenzuzo. Nokho ukuhweba nge(resourcess) ukuvinjelwa, ukulinganiselwa kolwazi, izinselele zokunikeza, kanye nezingcindezi zezombangazwe, kusiqaphelise ukuba singazilinganisi. Ngokusebenzisa amapulani aqinile, ukusebenzisa izindlela ezifanele, ukufaka abafaki maphepha, nokusebenzisa ukuveza imithombo yemithetho, abamisi-mthetho nabaqondisi bangakwazi ukuqondisa lezi zinselele futhi baveze ukuqonda okufundisa ngempela izinqumo ze-66. Ngokuyisisekelo, umgomo awukona nje ukuphumelela, kodwa ukwenza ukufundwa kwempucuko okuqhubekayo kusiza ukuxazulula izinkinga zabo eziningi.