I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esikhethekile sokubusa okubizwa ngokuthi ukubusa ngentando yeningi, okuphawulwa ukulinganisela kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha ayo amathathu: ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuphatha, namagatsha okwahlulela. Lesi sakhiwo siklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekutholeni amandla amakhulu kakhulu futhi siqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo ezakhamuzi avikelekile. Umqondo wokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, owaqanjwa kuqala isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uMontesquieu, wafakwa ngamabomu eU.S. Umthetho-Constitution ngoFathers ukuze bagweme ubushiqela ababuseke ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, lesi sici sesakhiwo siye saqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili ukuphila okuqinile nokuvumelana, okusebenza kwezombangazwe futhi sisebenza njengesibonelo sezwe elingumhlaba wonke. Ukuqonda indlela ukulinganisela kwemisebenzi yemisebenzi ebaluleke ngayo abafundi abangaphansi kukahulumeni bonke kodwa abasebenzela izakhamuzi abahlanganyela enqulwini lwezenzweni.

Izimbangela Ezingokomlando Zokulinganisela Kwamandla

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo ababuthene ePhiladelphia ngo-1787 benomgomo ocacile: ukwakha uhulumeni kahulumeni onamandla kakhulu kuyilapho usalondoloza inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Besebenzisa ifilosofi yezombangazwe ekhanyiselwe kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu kwamakoloni, bakwenqaba kokubili ukufakwa kwamandla kumbusi oyedwa nobuthakathaka beZihlomelo zeNhloko zeNhloko-mthetho. UJames Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi uYise woMthetho woMthetho woMthetho-sisekelo, ophikiswayo kuFederalist No. 51 ukuthi " kumelwe kwenziwe ukulwa kwesifiso sokuthathelwa isikhundla. Lokhu kwaba yisimiso setshe lesimiso sawonke isimiso: ngokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo futhi anika amagatsha onke amandla okumelana nokumelana nabanye, uhulumeni uzakuhlala uhulumeni ulinganiselwe futhi ubeke icala.

UMthetho-sisekelo owaba umphumela, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wasungula irepublic kahulumeni eyayihlukanisa imibuso eyayingakaze ibonwe ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokungafani nezimiso zephalamende lapho umphathi ephuma khona esigqeni somthetho, uMongameli wase-U.S. ekhethwa ngokuzimele futhi efeza igama elimisiwe. Ijaji, elimiswe ukuba liphile, lisebenza ngaphandle kokucindezela okuqondile kwezombangazwe. Lomklamo uqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingabusa abanye, futhi lesosimiso senziwa ngokuxoxisana, ukuhlehliswa, nokuhlola kwezinhlangano.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Ukuqonda ukulinganisela kwemibuso kuqala ngokuqaphela izindima ezihlukile zegatsha ngalinye likahulumeni. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwegunya elikhulu kunoma yiliphi iqoqo.

  • [ Igatsha elinomthetho: Isibopho sokwenza imithetho. UKhongolo luyi-bidamal, oluhlanganisa iSigele nendlu yabameleli.
  • Igatsha elisebenzayo: Icala lokumisa imithetho. Liholwa nguMongameli, lisekelwa nguMongameli ongumsekeli noMphathi.
  • Igatsha le-judicial: Isibopho sokuchaza imithetho. Yakhiwa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni zamiswa yi-Congress.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Amandla Okubeka Imithetho

Igatsha lemithetho lakhiwa yizindlu ezimbili: iSigele nendlu yabameleli. Bobabili, bakha i-United States Congress. Leligatsha linamandla okwakha umthetho, ukumemezela impi, ukulawula ibhizinisi lamazwe ahlukene nakwamanye amazwe, imali, nokulawula imali kahulumeni. ISishaya-Mkhandlu siphethe amandla esikhwama semali, okulawula ukubizelwa kwentela nezindleko zezikhulu. Ngokusho kwe-Congregational Research Service, iqala izinkulungwane zezindleko zesimiso ngasinye, nakuba ingxenyana encane nje iba umthetho, ibonisa isimo sokwenza umthetho ngamabomu futhi ngokuvamile.

ISigele

ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu, isifundazwe ngasinye simelelwe yizigebengu ezimbili, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyini inani labantu. Ama-Senator asebenzisa izinqumo zeminyaka eyisithupha, nengxenye eyodwa-mitha-mitha yeSigele ukuze akhethe njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lesi sakhiwo esisheshileyo sinikeza ukuqhubekeka futhi sikhuthaze ukuhlobisa. ISigele sinegunya eliyingqayizivele, kuhlanganise negunya lokuvumela izivumelwano ngenani elikhulu eliyisithathu futhi aqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli njengabahluleli bezwe, amajaji baseCompris, onomabhalanethi, namanxusa. ISigele siqhuba futhi ikomiti siqhuba ukuqungamela ngemva kwemizalelo lendlu, sifuna ukuvota izivumelwano ezimbili ezithatha ama-3 enkantolo.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu yabameleli yakhiwa amalungu ayizi-455 okuvota, enamanani avela esifundazweni ngasinye asekelwe emphakathini wayo njengoba kunqunywa ukubalwa kwabantu okuthatha iminyaka emibili. Abameleli basebenza izivumelwano zeminyaka emibili, bebenza balandise ngokuqondile kukhetho. Indlu inamandla okuphela okusungula izikweleti zemali (izibhamu eziphakamisa imali ngentela noma ngezikhulu) futhi bangayiphathi izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo nobuninzi babo bokhetho, ngokuvamile iNdlu lwendlu ibonwa njengeyamukela umbono obala, nakuba ingaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu kakhulu kwezikhulu.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Amandla Aphoqelelwayo

Igatsha eliphethe liqondiswa uMongameli we-United States, okhonza igama elithatha iminyaka emine futhi okhethwa yi-Electoral College. UMongameli unomthwalo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho kahulumeni, uqhubela imithetho yakwamanye amazwe, futhi akhonze njengoMphathi-Mphathi wamabutho ahlomile. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa futhi uMphathi woMongameli, umnyango weKhabhinethi (njengezwe, iDefense, iCenter, neJaji), kanye nezinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni namanxusa.

Amandla KaMongameli

UMongameli unamandla amaningana ayinhloko asiza ukubusa ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa ngalinye lingaphansi kokuhlolwa amanye amagatsha:

  • Amandla: UMongameli angawudlulisa umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Izishaya-mthetho zingadlula iveto ngenani eliphindwe kabili nesithathu kuzo zombili izindlu.
  • Iziqondiso ezisebenzayo: UMongameli anganikeza iziyalezo ezilawula ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Nakuba kungewona umthetho, iziyalezo eziphethe zinamandla omthetho ngaphandle kokuba zishaywe izinkantolo noma zikhishwe umlandeli.
  • Amandla okumisa: UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, amalungu eKhathene, nezinye izikhulu eziphakamisayo, ngaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigele.
  • Imithetho elawulayo: UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano (ezidinga ukuvunyelwa kweSigele), uqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle, futhi wenza njengoMkhuzi-myali.
  • [ Amandla: UMongameli anganikeza ukuthethelelwa kwamacala kahulumeni, ngaphandle kwalapho kungenziwanga lutho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Amandla Okuchaza

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokufanelekile. Yakhiwa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni ezamiswa yiSishaya-mthetho, kuhlanganise neziNkantolo zeZikhalo neNkantolo yeSithili. Abahluleli bamaFederal bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa iSigele, futhi bakhonza ukumiswa kokuphila konke phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle. Lokhu ukuzibusa kuyazivikela ekuphindiseleni kwezombangazwe futhi kuzivumela ukuba zenze izinqumo ezingakhethi ezisekelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni.

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni futhi inegunya lokubukeza imithetho nezenzo eziphetheyo zemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo `a' eyaziwa njengokubukeza komthetho-mthetho-siseko, eyamiswa enkantolo engu-1803 Marbury v. Madison. INkantolo ilalela izikhalo zezinkantolo eziphansi nezinkantolo eziphezulu zezwe ezindabeni ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni. Izinqumo zayo zibopha zonke ezinye izinkantolo futhi zimise izehlakalo zesikhathi esizayo. INkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokuthi:

  • Ukuhumusha uMthetho - sisekelo nokunquma incazelo yomthetho womthetho.
  • Imithetho yokushintshashintsha ekhishwa yizishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni eziphula uMthetho - sisekelo.
  • Siza ekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe naphakathi kwezifunda nohulumeni.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela: Indlela Amagatsha Alinganisela Ngamanye Ngayo

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zikahulumeni wase-U.S. isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Lesisimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu ngokuvumela igatsha ngalinye lilinganise amandla amanye. Nakuba ukwehlukaniswa kwemibuso kuchaza imisebenzi ehlukile, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwakha igunya elihambisanayo eliphoqelela ukubambisana nokulandisa. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza amathuluzi amaningi egatsha ngalinye ukuba liphindisele emuva ekuphambaneni nelinye.

Izibonelo Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela

  • Ikhonthi lihlola uMongameli: ISishaya-mthetho singadlula umongameli ngenani elingu ntathu emagumbini amabili; ingamisa futhi isuse uMongameli; kumelwe iqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ze-ranity; futhi ilawula ukuxhaswa kwezimali zikahulumeni ngenqubo yokuhlela.
  • Isihloli somphathi: UMongameli angakhipha izikweletu ezigunyazwe yizo zombili izindlu; uMongameli angabiza i-Congress ukuba ibe seqenjini elikhethekile; futhi uMongameli angakhipha iziyalo eziphethe eziqondisa indlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo.
  • Ikhonfomu ihlola i-Judiciary: ingenza izivumelwano zomthetho-mthetho ukuze igumbuqele izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme; ingamisa futhi ikhiphe amajaji kahulumeni; imisa inani lamajaji eNkanto ePhakeme namajaji enkantolo ephansi; futhi ilawula ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni.
  • Ukuhlola kobucukubhede noMongameli: INkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho (ukubukeza okungokomthetho); ingabulala izenzo zezikhulu eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo; futhi abahluleli bakhonza ukuphila, ngaphandle kokucindezela kwezombangazwe.
  • Presidenti uhlola i-Judia: uMongameli uveza amajaji, alolonga uqambiso lwejaji iminyaka ezayo.

Izithobo zangempela zomhlaba zo namasheke nokulinganiswa

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa indlela amasheke nezimiso ezisebenza ngayo. Ngo-1973, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wasikisela "ukupakisha inkantolo" ukuze afake amajaji engeziwe ngemva kokugadla kwezinhlelo eziningi ze-New Deal. UKhongolo lwalenqaba izinhlelo eziningi, futhi kamuva iNkantolo yasekela izingxenye eziyinhloko zomthetho we-New Deal [1] ukuboniswa komthetho owenziwe ngempoqo. Ngo-19796, uMkhandlu Ephakeme yayala uMongameli uRichard Nixon ukuba akhulule amakhasethi eWatergate, okwaholela ekuyekeni kwakhe. Ngo-202020, iNkanto ephakeme yasekela i-Afford Care Act ngokumelene nenselo, okubonisa ukuthi ngisho nemithetho yezombangazwe ingasinda ekuhlolweni kwezomthetho. Muva nje, uKhomishane, umthetho ka-Congralsonmenterreant Acreal Act womthetho wobuncitooldgatemplist womthetho wobuzweyo womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wo

Okwenza Ukulinganisela Kwamandla Kubaluleke Kuhulumeni Wentando Yeningi

Ukulinganisela kwemibuso kubalulekile ekulondolozeni uhulumeni wentando yeningi. Kuvikela ekubuseni nasekusebenziseni kabi amandla, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zinezwi elinezwi ekubuseni kwazo. Ngokusakaza igunya ezinhlanganweni ezihlukene ngokuhlukana, isimiso silinganisela ijubane loshintsho kanye nethonya. Lokhu akunazindleko: i-racklock ingabhuntshisa izikhundla ezithandwayo futhi ivale izinguquko ezidingekayo. Nokho, ngamabomu abalawuli bakhetha isimiso esishintshayo, ukuze bavikele izifiso zesikhashana ezingase zisuse amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Umbiko wamashumi amabini23 ovela [ku- Internationalpolate Institute for Democratic and Electoral helper wabeka i-United States ngokwesilinganiso se 25 embulungeni yonke ngemisebenzi yentando yeningi, uphawula amandla ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni kodwa ubuthakathaka ebuqothweni bokukhetha nobulingana kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi lesi simiso sinamandla kuphela njengabantu abasigcinayo. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela nentando yeningi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise:

  • Ukukhuluma ngokhetho lwendawo, lombuso nolungohulumeni.
  • Sihlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomphakathi nasemahholo amadolobha.
  • Ukuxhumana nabameleli ababekhethiwe ukuze baveze imibono engomthetho owawusazomiswa.
  • Ukugijima ufune izikhundla noma abazosekela abasekela inqubo yentando yeningi.
  • Ukuhlala waziswe ngemithombo yezindaba ethembekile kanye namasiteshi emfundo kahulumeni anjenge USA.gov.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Ekulinganiseleni Amandla

Nakuba uhlaka lomthetho-mthetho luhlala lungaphazanyiswa, ikhulu lama-21 liye laletha ukucindezela okusha ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso. Ukunyuka kwemiyalo yezikhulu nokusetshenziswa kwenhlangano yokuqondisa kuye kwandisa amandla omongameli ngaphezu kwalokho abasunguli abakucabangayo. ISigele i-filbuster, sake saba yithuluzi elingavamile, manje kudinga ukubekwa kwemithetho emikhulu, okuholela ekuncikeni kwemigqa yemali nokuncika ekuhleleni izimali zokubuyisana noma isenzo sobuphathi. I-judicariary iye yandisa amandla okulawula, ngokuqinisekisa izimpi ezibonisa ukuhlukana okujulile kwe-RB. NgokweSikhungo sokucwaninga [[FLT:] , ukuthemba umphakathi kuwo onke amagatsha amathathu kuye kwehla kakhulu phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule.

Nokho isimiso siye sabonisa ukuqina. IziKhongolo ziye zabuyisela igunya lazo ngokuqulwa kwecala nangokuphenya. Izinkantolo zamaFederal ziye zaphindisela ukumelana nokuphambana kwezikhulu, njengasendabeni ka-2018 Trump v. Hawaii [ukuvinjelwa] kanye nemithetho elandelanayo ekubekeni i-partment ukugcinwa. Ohulumeni nomphakathi bayaqhubeka benza indima ebalulekile ekuhloleni amandla kahulumeni, ngokumangalelana kanye nezinyathelo zokulwa komba izimali ezinikeza izingqimba ezengeziwe zokulandisa.

Indima Yomphakathi Wezindaba Nezakhamuzi

Izintatheli namaqembu azimele asebenza njenge-"FLT" kahulumeni, embula ukuxhashazwa nokutshelwa umphakathi. I-unigatidifiding project, inqola yamatanki efuna izinqumo, nezinhlangano ezizimele zokuhlola (njenge-]] ACLU kanye ne- Center yeJaji [FLT] Brenan ye- Justice [[)) inikeza ukwengamela okugxekayo okuhambisana nokuhlola okusemthethweni okwakhiwa eMthethweni. Umshini wesimende uvikelwa ngokucacile yiSimende sokuQala, futhi iNkanto ePhaka iNkakhulu uye yaqinisekisa indima yayo ekubekeni icala likahulumeni.

Isiphetho: Ukuphakama Okuhlala Njalo Kwezinga Lamandla

Ukulinganisela kwemibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi e-U.S. kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo esiqinisekisa uhulumeni ukuba uhlale unomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu. Ngokuqonda indima nemithwalo yemfanelo yegatsha ngalinye, izakhamuzi zingakuqonda kangcono ukubaluleka kokuhlanganyela kwazo enqubweni yentando yeningi. Isimiso asiphelele; ngokuvamile asiphelele, siyashesha, futhi singaphansi kokulawula kwezombangazwe. Kodwa njengoba uMahluleli weNkantolo ePhakeme uLouis Brandeis ephawulwe kanye, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kwakuklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa impumelelo kodwa kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla angenalusizo olunobuqili. Enkathini yembulunga yonke, kusukela ekushintsheni isimo sezulu kuya ekuphazamisekeni kwezobuchwepheshe, ikhono likahulumeni wase-U. U.S. uhulumeni wamabondlightial Justicerier Louis Brangey uyavuma, noma ukwamukela ukuhleleka kokuhlakanipha kokusungula. Wonke umuntu ovota, uveza ukulinganisela ekusebenziseni ukuphila komphakathi.