Kuzo zonke izinqumo, izigidi zabantu zifaka amavoti, kodwa indlela lawo mavoti ahunyushelwa ngayo ezihlalweni noma ezinqumweni iyahluka kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Imithetho yokuvota − imithetho nezinqubo ezilawula indlela amavoti afakwa ngayo, alinganiswe ngayo, futhi ashintshwe abe yisithombe esimele. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela abafuna ukuphumelela ngayo ekutholeni ukuthi bahlolwe ukuvota. Ukuqonda lamakhenika kubalulekile kubafundisi nabafundi abafuna ukungaziqondi nje ukuthi ukhetho lusebenza kanjani, kodwa indlela izimiso ezihlukene zingakhuthaza noma zinqande ngayo ukuthatha isinyathelo, ukuhlanganisa noma ukuvala amazwi amancane, nokuqinisa noma ukuqinisa i-glock. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinqubo zokuvota eziphambili zokuvota, ezohwebo, ezohwebo, nemiphumela yabo yangempela yezwe empini efuna ukuvota kanye neyo.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zokusakaza Izindawo

Phakathi nendawo, isimiso sokuvota siyimithetho ehlela ukuba umuntu akhethele ukuhlangana. Ukukhetha kwesimiso kuthonya ukuziphatha okuhlelekile, ukuncintisana kweqembu, nezinga lokubonisa kwentando yokhetho kuhulumeni. Nakuba kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningi, izizwe eziningi zentando yeningi zisebenzisa enye yemikhaya emikhulu: eyokuqala elandelanayo, ewuphawu lwesilinganiso, ehlelayo, ukuvota, noma izimiso zesigaba ezixubeneyo. Ngazinye zinemiphumela ecacile yendlela uvotivezi oluziveza ngayo nendlela ukukhetha kwazo okuguqula ngayo amandla.

Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zokusakaza Izindiza

  • Eyokuqala-Past-the Post (FTP)[[FTP:1] – Voters zikhetha umjongisi oyedwa esifundeni esisodwa; ozothatha amavoti amaningi uyaphumelela.
  • [ Ipropaticational i-directoration (PR) – AmaSett abelwa amaqembu ngokusekelwe engxenyeni yawo yevoti ephelele, ngokuvamile esebenzisa izigodi ezinezingxenye eziningi.
  • I-Choice Voting (RCV) – Voters abathathi besigaba ngokulandelana kwentando; imiphumela inqunywa ngokukhipha okungaxegiyo nokukhipha.
  • [ I-MEMber Propotionel (MMP)[[FT:1] - Voters ziphonsa amabhola amabili: elinye lommeleli wesifunda elinye i-parti; isihlalo silinganiswa ukuze kufinyelelwe ukulingana.

Isimiso ngasinye sisabela ngendlela ehlukile kuvoti abafanayo. “ikhokhi” lovoti akakona nje ukuthi yimuphi umvoti noma isigaba abafuna ukuvota kuso, kodwa futhi ukuthi ivoti yabo izolahlwa yini, ukuthi bangasekela iqembu lesithathu ngaphandle kobungozi, nokuthi banethonya elingakanani ngaphezu komphumela wokugcina. Masihlole isimiso ngasinye ngokujula.

Isiqalo-Past-the Post (FPTP)

I-step yokuqala iyindlela yokuvota elula neqashelwa kakhulu, esetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni anjenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, iCanada, neNdiya. EFPTP, izwe lihlukaniswa libe yizifunda eziyingxenye eyodwa. Umvoti ngamunye uvotela ibhola elilodwa lomvoti oyedwa, futhi ovotayo ovame kakhulu, cishe uma lokho kungaphansi kakhulu kweningi. Iqembu eliwina izihlalo eziningi lakha uhulumeni.

Izinzuzo Ze - FPTP

  • Ukuzinza[: Ibhola licacile---(voters) likhetha igama elilodwa. Akukho zinombolo zesigaba, akukho zinhlu zeqembu, akukho ukubala okuyinkimbinkimbi.
  • ijubane lemiphumela: Ngenxa yokuthi amavoti aqalayo ukubalwa, imiphumela ivame ukwaziwa ngobusuku bokhetho.
  • sho ngokusobala ukulandisa [: Isifunda ngasinye sinommeleli oyedwa, okwenza kube lula ngabameleli ukwazi ukuthi ubani onecala ngezindaba zendawo.
  • Ohulumeni abathatha ingxenye eyodwa : I-FPP ivame ukuveza umnqobi ocacile, ukunciphisa isidingo semifelandawonye futhi ngokunokwenzeka isheshisa ukwenza uhlelo.

Izingozi Ze - FPTP

  • Yavota [: Noma yiliphi ivoti eliboshelwe umlandeli olahlekile (noma onqobile ngephepha elikhulu) alithinteli indawo ebekelwe isifunda esivamile. Ezizweni eziphephile, amavoti amaningi awasho lutho.
  • umthetho we-Monority[: Umbheje angawina kahle ngaphansi kwe 50% yamavoti uma ukuphikiswa kuhlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, emjahweni wendlela ezintathu umncinti onezi-35% anganqoba abaphikisi ababili abano-33% no-32% ngamunye.
  • Ukubusa okunezigaba ezimbili: i-FP ikwenza kube nokuvota okusemthethweni. I-voter ivame ukushiya izingxenye zesithathu ukuze igweme “ukwenza amavoti ahlukane,” iholela esimisweni esinezigaba ezimbili esingase sibonise ukuhlukahluka kombono womphakathi.
  • Gerrymaning: Ngenxa yemingcele yesifunda ebaluleke kakhulu, amaqembu anamandla angawalawula ukuze aqinise inzuzo ehlukanisayo.

FPTP ithambekele ekuvezeni imiphumela engalinganiseki. Ku-2015 ukhetho lwe-UK oluvamile, i-Conservative Party yawina 36.9% yevoti kodwa 50.8% yezihlalo, kuyilapho i-UK Independence Party yawina 12.6% yevoti kodwa 0.15% yezihlalo. Lokhu kungasusa abavoti abanomuzwa wokuthi abakhethi babo ababali. Kwesinye isandla, abavikeli baphikisa ukuthi i-FPTP ikhuthaza ohulumeni nezimfuneko eziqinile. Funda okwengeziwe kukuhlolwa kwe-FFLT:0 [electal Reformation Society's [[FPFLT:1]]

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Izimiso zokumelela ze-Propotionel zijonge ukuhlanganisa isilinganiso sezihlalo ezamukelwa umkhakha nengxenye yaso yevoti ethandwayo. Indlela evame kakhulu yi-PR, lapho abavoti bekhetha khona umkhakha (noma ngezinye izikhathi abavoti phakathi kohlu lweqembu) futhi izihlalo zihlukaniswa ngokwesilinganiso, ngokuvamile ngomnyango omncane (umz., 3-5% wevoti yezwe lonke). I-PR isetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi ze-Europe, kuhlanganise ne-Jalimane, i-Sweden, ne-Netherlands, kanye namazwe amaningi e-Latin America nase-Afrika.

Izinzuzo Ze - PR

  • I-Fair: Izindawo zamukela izihlalo ngokulingana namavoti, ngakho iqembu eliwina i 10% yamavoti lithola cishe 10% yezihlalo. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuchitha amavoti.
  • iveza imibono ehlukahlukene yezombangazwe[: Amaqembu amancane : kuhlanganise lawo amelela amaqembu amancane esizwe, amaqembu endawo ezungezile, noma amaqembu azimele angathola ukumelelwa, anwebe ingxoxo yezombangazwe.
  • Umvoti ophezulu uvotayo: Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi izimiso zePR zixhunyeniswa nonyuko oluphezulu ngoba abavoti banomuzwa wokuthi amavoti abo acishe abalele emphumeleni onenjongo.
  • IRepuces gerrymaning: Njengoba izifunda ezinezingxenye eziningi zivamile, imingcele yesigodi ayinamiphumela etheni ezihlalweni.

Izingozi Ze - PR

  • [ Ukulandelana [: Amavoter angadinga ukuqonda uhlu lweqembu futhi mhlawumbe nokuvota okuthandwayo. Inqubo yokubala ingafiphaza kakhulu.
  • Ohulumeni abanobunkomfa: I-PR ayivamile ukuveza iningi eliyingxenye eyodwa, iholela ezingxoxweni ezihlangeneyo ezingathatha isikhathi eside futhi ziphumele kohulumeni abangahlelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Italy, iye yabhekana nezinguquko ezivamile zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-PR.
  • Ingozi ye-Extremism[: Iqembu elincane kakhulu elishiseka ngokweqile lingathola indawo uma umnyango uphansi. Isimiso sakwa-Israel, esinomnyango ophindwe ka-3,25%, siye savumela amaqembu ama-Orthodox nama-Arabhu ukuba asebenzise ithonya elikhulu.
  • [[QULT:0] Izikhombo zophawu lwendawo [: Ohlwini oluhlanzekile PR, abavoti bangase bangabi nommeleli wesigodi okhethekile abangasondela kuye ngezinkinga zendawo.

Izimiso zePR zivela ngezindlela eziningi ezingafani-hlukene − opens (amavoter angakhetha abazobhapathizwa), izinhlu ezivaliweyo (ingxenye enquma uhlelo), kanye nevoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV) yezifunda ezinezingxenye eziningi. i-trot ngayinye ithinta ukukhetha kovoti. Isibonelo, umqulu ovulekile PR unikeza abavoti amandla engeziwe okuhlela abazocela umkhakhakha phakathi kweqembu. I-International I-IDEA inikeza i-Electal System Device Device Device [[ Ukuqhathanisa izimiso zePR]

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV)

Uvota okunevota elisusiwe, futhi okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo. Inqubo iphinda iphinde isho ama-composi afuna ukuvota. Uma kungekho mvoti othola iningi lamavoti okuqala, umvoti ovota ngevoti yokuqala embalwa kakhulu iyasuswa, futhi amabhola abo adluliselwa kulawokhetho lwesibili. Inqubo iphinda futhi kuze kube yilapho omunye umvoti efinyelela iningi. I-RCV isetshenziswa eMaine (ukhetho lokhetho olungokomthetho), e-Alaska (ukhetho lwezikhundla), amadolobha amaningana, nase-U.S.

Izinzuzo Ze - RCV

  • [ iqinisekisa ukuvota ngokwethembeka[: Imishini ingabeka intando yazo yeqiniso kuqala ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuthi “iyayilahla” ngoba ukukhetha kwayo kwesibili kungasabala uma ukukhetha kwayo kokuqala kulahleka.
  • inciphisa umkhankaso wokukhankanya okubi: Izihloko zinamandla okunxusa abasekeli babanye abazobhapathizwa ukuba babe abakhethayo okwesibili noma abesithathu, ngokunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukuhlasela komuntu siqu.
  • Igunya lokuthola inzuzo ligunyazwe [: Owinayo ekugcineni uthola ukusekela okukhulu, njengokukhetha kokuqala noma ngemva kokukhipha i-redis.
  • Imiphumela elimazayo: Abazovota ngengxenye noma abazimela bangagijima ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa ivoti ngendlela esiza umvoti okhulu kakhulu.

Izingozi Ze - RCV

  • Ukulandelana [: Inqubo yokubala ihileleke kakhulu kune-FPTP; kungadinga imijikelezo eminingi yokuvala futhi kungabambezela imiphumela yokugcina, ikakhulukazi emijahweni emikhulu.
  • ukudideka kwevoluter: Abanye abavoti bazama ukubeka izigaba ngokufanele, baholela kumavoloti angasebenzi. EDolobheni laseNew York angu 2021 eliyinhloko, amabhola angaphezu kuka-50 000 ancishiswa ngenxa yamaphutha.
  • Ukukhathala okungalawuleki: Uma umvoti engabahleli bonke abavoti, ibhola labo lingase libe “nokhalo” (alukho ukhetho olusele) phakathi nokubala, ukulilahla ngokuphumelelayo.
  • isigaba esiphezulu: Nakuba inciphisa amasu athile, ingase ingenza abavoti bafake umphikisi onamandla onamandla onamandla ukuze avimbele umuntu abangamthandi.

I-RCV iyanda njengendlela yokuveza imiphumela eminingi emelelwayo lapho igcina izigodi eyodwa. FairVote, inhlangano engaphathi-bupiti, abameleli be-RCV futhi inikeza ukuhlola okuningiliziwe kokusetshenziswa kwayo, njengaku- Alaska noMaine. Ukhetho olukhethekile lwase-Alaska lwe-U.S. indlu yaba yiyo yokuqala ukusetshenziswa kwe-RCV ihlangene ne-ortican eyinhloko, okwaphumela ekunqobeni kwe-Democrat encia encike eRepublica eyagunyazwe ngu-Donald Trump.

I - member Proportigal (MMP) exutshiwe

Izimiso ezixubene nezingxenye eziphakathi zizama ukuhlanganisa izihlalo ezingcono kakhulu ze-FPTP ne-PR. Voters zavota kabili: enye ye-voti efundeni labo elinelungu elilodwa (isebenzisa i-FPTP) nenye ye-opera yeqembu. Iqembu lisetshenziselwa ukuhlela izihlalo eziphezulu ezihlalweni eziphezulu ezihlelweni zesifunda noma zesizwe, iqinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo sonke sendlu yomthetho-mthetho siveza isabelo seqembu. I-MMP isetshenziswa eJalimane, eNew Zealand, e-South Korea, nasemigwaqweni eminingana. (um., amabhodi omphakathi weDolobhanobhula i-New York City).

Izinzuzo Ze - MMP

  • I-balland memode: Izincwadi zithola imimelelo yendawo ngamalungu esigodi, kuyilapho iqembu levoti liqinisekisa ukulingana phakathi kwesiphambano somthetho.
  • wawalahla amavoti alahlwayo: Ngisho noma umvoti othandwayo elahlekelwa, ivoti yeqembu labo isafaka isandla engqikithini yesihlalo seqembu.
  • Ivumela ukuvota okuhlukene kwe-tiket: Amavoter angavuza umjoyiwe othandwayo weqembu elilodwa lalapha ngenkathi esekela iqembu elihlukile ngokwesizwe.
  • Izindawo ezilinganiselayo [: Ngoba imibuthano kumelwe ikhange kokubili endaweni nasezweni, amaqembu agabadelayo ngokuvamile alinganiselayo ukuze anqobe imijaho yesigodi noma izikhundla zohlu.

Izingozi Ze - MMP

  • Ukulandela isampuli: amavoti amabili, amazinga amabili okumelela, nokubalwa kwesihlalo kungadida abavoti. I-Electoral Commission yaseNew Zealand iqhuba imikhankaso yemfundo ebanzi.
  • nokulinganisela izihlalo: Uma idipo liwina izihlalo zesigodi eziningi kunesabelo sayo esilinganayo, uhlelo lwenezela izihlalo ezengeziwe kwezinye iziqephu ukuze kubuyiselwe isilinganiso sokulingana, ukwandisa isishaya-mthetho. I-Bundestag yaseJalimane ikhule yaba amalungu angaphezu kuka-700 ngenxa yalokhu kulungisa.
  • Ohulumeni bezentengiselwano: NjengoPR, MMP ivame ukuphumela kohulumeni abahlangeneyo, abangangantengantengi uma amaqembu ephethe izikhala ezinkulu zemibono.
  • ukuvota okungathandeki ngamavoti amabili : Abanye abavoti bangacabanga ukuthi ukuvota kwabo kwesigodi kulahlwa futhi bagxile kuphela ekuvoteleni kweqembu, kunciphisa ukulandisa kwendawo.

INew Zealand yasuka ku-FPTP yaya ku-MMP ngo-1996 ngemva kwe-astempendim. Ushintsho lwandisa kakhulu inani lamaqembu asephalamende futhi lwaphoqelela ukwakhiwa kwemifelandawonye. I-New Zealand Electoral Commission inikeza umqondisi onamandla we-MMP ochaza indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo.

Ithonya Lokukhetha Imishini Yokuthutha Izindiza

Isimiso sokuvota asibali nje kuphela okuthandwayo . Uma abavoti beqonda omakhenikha, bavumelanisa ukuziphatha kwabo ngezinye izikhathi ngezindlela eziphikisana nalokho abakuthandayo. Ukukhetha kwesimiso kunemiphumela ephazamisa ukuvota, ukuhlanganisa kwezombangazwe, kanye nokuthatha imiphumela enengqondo.

Ukuhlanganyela Esontweni

Ucwaningo lubonisa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi umvoti uphakeme ngokwezimiso ezilinganayo kune-FPTP. Ngokwesibonelo, isilinganiso sokuvela emazweni e-OECD ane-PR sicishe sibe amaphesenti ayishumi aphakeme kunalawo asebenzisa i-FPTPP, ngisho nokulawula ezinye izici. Ngaphansi kwe-PR, abavoti abavoti abavamile ukuzizwa besaphazanyisiwe, ngakho banesisusa esinamandla sokuhlanganyela. I-RCV futhi yandisa ngokuzithoba ukuvuleka, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abashayo abazisa ikhono lokuveza izintando ezithandwayo. Ku-FPTPPP, i-reoutut, ingalahlekelwa kakhulu ezindaweni lapho isiphetho sikhona.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

I-FPTP ivame ukuveza ukuncintisana okunengxenye ezimbili, okungandisa ukuhlanganisa. Ama-PR asezindlini eziphephile ngokuvamile ayakhanga ekhoneni, kuyilapho ukhetho oluvamile luba impi yeqisayo. Ngokuphambene, i-PR ne MMP ikhuthaza izinhlelo eziningi lapho amaqembu efuna ukuhlangana. Nokho, i-PR ingavula futhi i-PR eyingozi ukuba ikwazi ukuzuza indawo ephezulu, njengoba kubonakala kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwesimiso kanye nokuthamba kwe-peapulanti bubonakala ngokunelisa: RCV, ngokuvuza abazofuna amavoti wesibili, abangenza abathandi be-ice bakhalele nje kuphela ukuba bafake isikhala se-galelo esincane.

Ukudla Nokwaneliseka

I-Voter project − inkolelo yokuthi izindaba zovota ziphakeme kakhulu mayelana nezimiso ze-MMP ezilinganisiwe nezinezinganayo. Ekuhlolweni kwango-2020 kwabavoti eMaine (esebenzisa i-RCV) kanye namazwe azungezile, uMainevotation wabika ukwaneliseka okukhulu ngenqubo yokukhetha ngisho nangemva kokukhokha izinqumo zokukhetha. Ngokufanayo, eJalimane system MMP, abavoti baveza ukuqiniseka ukuthi ivoti yabo iboniswa ekuqambeni kukahulumeni. Ku-FPTPP, ikakhulukazi emazweni anezingxenye ezimbili zelock-in, abavoti abaningi bazizwa bexoxiwe ngenxa yokuthi iqembu labo elithandwayo alivamile ukuzuza izihlalo.

Isiphetho

Amakhenikha evota awayona imininingwane yobuchwepheshe obungathathi hlangothi; angamandla amakhulu alawulayo awinayo, indlela amaqembu aziphatha ngayo, nokuthi izakhamuzi zizizwa kanjani izindaba zazo. I-oda-kesemuva inikeza ukulandisa okulula nokucacile kodwa iveza ukulandisa okungaqondile kodwa iveze imiphumela ehlukene kodwa ikhiphe ukuvota okungathandeki. Ukumelela okungaguquguquki kokuvota kuqinisekisa ukuhunyushwa kwezihlalo kodwa kungenza ukucutha okukhulu. Ukuvota okungalawuleki kokuzilawula. Ukukhetha kokuvota okuqotho kanye nokuwina okuningi, kodwa kuveza ukuyinkimbinkimbi. Izimiso ezihlanganisa izigaba zishaya ukulinganisela kodwa zingabangela ukudideleka nokuholela ekushisweni kwezindlu zomthetho. Kufundisa nabafundi, ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo lokuqala eziqondene mpikiswano ngokhetho. Isinqumo sokukhetha inqubo yokukhetha inguquko ekugcineni yikho okuvumelana nokuhleleka kwezimiso zentando yentando yentando yeningi, noma ezinye izimiso ezifuna ukuhlanganiswa, njengoba kusetshenziswa kwezinye izimiso zempilo, ezisebenza ngokulandela ezinye ezisebenza kwezinye izindlela zempilo.