Isingeniso: Umklamo Wombuso Wentando Yeningi

Isimiso sohulumeni banamuhla bentando yeningi sisekelwe esimisweni esiyisisekelo: ukwahlukana kwamagunya. Lomqondo, owadume kakhulu uchazwa isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uMontesquieu emsebenzini waso wonyaka ka-1748 Umoya woMthetho [[, uhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: ukubeka umthetho, umphathi, nowamahluleli. Igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo ekhethekile nemisebenzi ekhethekile, linesimiso sokuhlola nezilinganiso eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma isiphi isici esithile ukuba silawule abanye. Ngoba abafundi, abafundisi, futhi bathembise, ukuqonda ukungafani okukhethekile phakathi kwalamagatsha akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yokufundisa, futhi akubalulekile ukuqonda indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo, futhi ichazwe ngayo.

Igatsha Elisemthethweni: Izwi Lezwi Lesizwe ekubekeni imithetho

Igatsha lemithetho ngokuyinhloko linomthwalo wokwakha, ukuphikisana, nokumisa imithetho. Limelela isakhamuzi futhi lisebenza njengendawo eyinhloko yokukhulula umthetho womphakathi. E-United States, leligatsha lihlanganiswa nge-United States Congress United States Congress , isishaya-mthetho se-bidamaral esihlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli neSigeqe. Lesi sakhiwo se-camber sasiwukuhlehla ngenhloso eMhlanganweni woMthetho-mthetho ka 1787, kubekelwe izithakazelo zemibuso emikhulu nemincane.

Ukwakhiwa Nokuhlelwa Kwezakhiwo

Indlu yabameleli isekelwe ekumeleni okulinganayo, enamalungu okuvota angu-35 ahlukaniswa phakathi kwezifundazwe ngokwenani labantu. Ummeleli ngamunye ukhonza igama elithatha iminyaka emibili, lenza iNdlu isabelele kakhulu embonweni womphakathi. Ngokuphambene, iSigele sinikeza izimpawu ezifanayo kumbuso ngamunye, nezigebengu ezimbili kulelo nalelozwe ezisebenza ngokunyaka enyaka. Lomklamo uqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho namazwe angenabantu abaningi kakhulu anezwi elinamandla emthethweni wesizwe. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele seSishaya-Nkathi kodwa ukhetha kuphela ukuphula izibo zomthetho. Indlu isikhulu esingumongameli ukhetha olandela umongameli.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wegatsha lemithetho ukwenza umthetho, kodwa indima yalo idlulela ngalé kwalokho. Imithwalo yemfanelo engundoqo ihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukuhlanganisa nokungenisa Umthetho: Noma yiliphi ilungu loMkhandlu lingathi lihlongoze izindleko. Imali eningi isuka emakomitini, lapho ochwepheshe abakhokhela izihloko ezikhona behlola futhi bacwengisise. Ngokwe- Libertary of Congress[, izinkulungwane zezikweleti ziqala isiqephu ngasinye, kodwa ingxenyana kuphela iba umthetho.
  • I-Debet neSichibiyelo: Ngaphambi kokuvota, izikweleti ziyaphikisana futhi zingalungiswa. Indlu isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile evimbela impikiswano, kuyilapho iSigele sivumela ukuphikisana okuthé xaxa, kuhlanganise ne-fiblicbuster , icebo lapho isigele sikhuluma khona isikhathi eside ukuze libambezele noma livimbele ukuvota.
  • Ukuqinisekisa iHlawulo Lohlelo lokuHlela Imali: uMkhandlu unamandla esikhwameni semali. Kumelwe ugunyaze wonke amasheya kahulumeni nentela. Indlu iqala izikweleti zemali, kodwa womabili amagumbi kumelwe adlulise izinqumiso zemali kanye nezikweletu zemali ezifanayo.
  • Ukudlulisa igatsha Eliphethe: Umkhandlu uqhuba ukuzwa, ukuhlola, nokubukeza izenzo zezinhlangano eziphethe. Inganikeza ofakazi abangaphansi kwe-poena nezincwadi. Lomsebenzi wokwengamela ubalulekile ekulandiseni. [ Ihhovisi le-Governtament Accouncial [ [GAO] isekela i-Ampressssss joinies nen vincial.
  • I-Advice kanye ne-connect: ISigele sodwa siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (amalungu ekhabinethi, amanxusa, amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme) futhi sihlanganisa izivumelwano ngenani eliphindwe kathathu.
  • Amandla okuhlela: Indlu inamandla okuphela kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, "ngesizathu, ukufumbathisa, noma amanye amacala amakhulu namacala angafanele" iSigele siphethe icala ukuze sinqume ukususwa.

Inqubo Yemithetho Iyasebenza

Iphepha liba umthetho ngenqubo ethatha ama-grand abonisa isimo sikahulumeni ngamabomu. Ngemva kokuthulula, labelwe ikomiti. Uma kubikwa kahle, lishelela phansi ukuze kuxoxiswe futhi livote. Uma lidluliselwa kwelinye igumbi, lidlulela kwelinye. Zombili izitebhisi zidlula izinguqulo ezifanayo. Ukungafani kuyabuyisana ekomitini yengqungquthela. Ekugcineni, imvume ithunyelwa kuMongameli, ongase ayisayine emthethweni noma ewuyisa kulo. I-veto ingafakwa ngaphansi kwevoti yamagumbi amabili-3 emagumbini [1]A ivela kancane kodwa ihlolwe ngamandla.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukufeza Imisebenzi Nokuphatha

Nakuba igatsha lemithetho limisa imithetho, igatsha eliphethe libekwa icala lokuphoqelela nokuliphatha. Umandunankulu, igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa futhi uMongameli ongumsekeli, iKhabhinethi, namakhulu ezinhlangano neminyango kahulumeni. UMongameli usebenza kokubili njengenhloko kahulumeni nenhloko kahulumeni, indima ehlanganisa ukuhola kwesizwe okungokomfanekiso kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo yansuku zonke.

Ukwakhiwa Nokuhlelwa Kwezakhiwo

Igatsha elikhulu futhi liyinkimbinkimbi. UMongameli ukhethwa njalo eminyakeni emine nge-Electoral College, hhayi ngevoti ethandwayo ngokuqondile − iqiniso eliholela kumongameli olahlekelwe yivoti ethandwayo. IKhabhinethi ihlanganisa uMongameli omkhulu kanye nomholi weminyango engu-15 (umz., uHulumeni, uBangameli, uMahluleli, uMahluleli, uBumende noMnyango Wabantu). Lab ’ Laba onobhala bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa yi-Stellard. Ngaphansi kwabo bayizinqwaba zezinhlangano, amakhomisha, izikhundla zikahulumeni, njenge- i-APlatement Agementment (FLD) [FLDY:1], i-FURGreauvel Bureault (EFB), ne-Social Administration.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

  • Ukukhipha imithetho ye-Foderal: uMongameli nezinhlangano eziphetheyo banomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu iphuziwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhipha imithetho echaza indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Cealy Air Act inikeza i-EPA igunya lokumisa izindinganiso zokukhipha igesi.
  • Ukuhlanganisa i-Picolting Expand: UMongameli ukhonza njengomphathi omkhulu wesizwe, izivumelwano (ozithoba ekuhlaziyweni kwegele), ukumisa amanxusa, nokuhlangana nabaholi bakwamanye amazwe. UMongameli angakhipha futhi izivumelwano zezikhulu, ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSigele.
  • uComper-in-Chief: uMongameli uyisikhulu esithatha izigaba eziphakeme kakhulu emabuthweni ahlomile. Lokhu kunikeza ukulawula imisebenzi yezempi negunya lokuqondisa amabutho, nakuba uMkhandlu kuphela unamandla okumemezela impi.
  • Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezimisayo: uMongameli umisa abahluleli, amanxusa, nezikhulu eziphethe. Lokhu kumisa kudinga isiqinisekiso seSishaya-mthetho, kodwa uMongameli futhi unamandla okumisa izinqumo lapho iSigele singekho esiqeqeshini.
  • [[FLT: 0] IMiyalo ephetheyo ekhipha umthetho:[ UMongameli angaqondisa igatsha eliphetheyo ukuba lenze izenzo ezithile ngaphandle kokulinda uKhongolo. Lemiyalo inamandla omthetho kodwa ingagumbuqelwa ngemithetho yeSishaya-mthetho noma ibekelwe inselele ezinkantolo njengengavumelani nemithetho.
  • Pradon Power:[ UMongameli anganikeza ukuxolelwa nokubuyiselwa emacaleni kahulumeni (ngaphandle ezimweni zokungagunyazi). Lomandla aphelele phakathi kwesimiso sombuso.
  • I-Veto Power:[ uMongameli angadlulisa izikweletu ngemithetho ye-veto ngoKhongolo, aphoqelele amavoti amabili-3 ukuvota ukuze azimise. i-veto iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlela umthetho.

Indima yegatsha eliphethe kulesi simiso

Igatsha eliphethe liyigatsha elibonakala kakhulu ezakhamuzini eziningi, njengoba lengamela yonke into kusukela ekulondekeni kwesizwe kuya ekuqondisweni kwendawo ezungezile. Inhlangano yalo enkulu isebenzisa intando yeSishaya-mthetho kodwa futhi ichaza imithetho ngokumisa imithetho. Ikhono likaMongameli lokukhipha iziyalezo zokuqondisa liye lakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, liholela ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nesilinganiso esifanelekile samandla okulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, iziyalezo eziphethe zokufuduka, umthetho wendawo ezungezile, kanye nokunakekela impilo kuye kwabekwa inselele enkantolo, kubonise ukudlala okunamandla phakathi kwamagatsha.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nobulungisa

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, liqinisekisa ukuthi bayavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo, futhi lixazulula izimpikiswano. Ukuzimela kwalo kwamanye amagatsha kubalulekile ekulondolozeni umthetho. E-United States, isimiso sokwahlulela siqondiswa yiNkantolo yecala [ futhi sihlanganisa izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni.

Ukwakhiwa Nokuhlelwa Kwezakhiwo

Abahluleli abaphethe i-Federal bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswe yiSigele. Bathatha amahhovisi abo ngenxa yokuphila "ngendlela elungile," okusho ukuthi bangasuswa kuphela ngokujeziswa. Lokhu kuphila kuyabavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi bangazenza izinqumo ezingakhethi. INkantolo Ephakeme ihlanganisa amajaji angu-9: iSikhulu soMahluleli neSigqisi 8. Inani lamajaji limiswe yiSishaya-mthetho, okuye kwashintshwa izikhathi eziningana ngokomlando. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziwavikela ezinkantolo zezifunda ezingu-9, izinkantolo zecala ezingu-13, nezinkantolo eziningana ezikhethekile (umz., iNkanto ekhethekile, iNkantolo yeNkantolo Yezomthetho). Izinkantolo zikhona futhi zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho, kodwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izindaba ezihlangene, i-Consticialtic, i-Constitionstion, izifunda.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

  • Jodicial Review: Amandla abaluleke kakhulu egatsha lokwahlulela yikhono lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ngokungekho emthethweni. Lomandla amiswa embonini yendaba burybridge v. Madison. Ivumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede izenzo zombuso noma uMongameli ophula umthetho.
  • [[QUT:0] Imithetho edlulisayo: izinkantolo kumele zichaze imithetho engaqondakaliyo futhi ziyisebenzise ezicabeni ezithile. Izincazelo zazo zibeka iziqondiso eziqondisa izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo(imfundiso ye stare decisis[. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela emthethweni.
  • [[QUT:0] Ingxabano exazululiwe:[ Igatsha lokwahlulela lizwa kokubili amacala omphakathi nawobugebengu. Ezimweni zobugebengu, linquma icala noma ubumsulwa futhi liphoqelela izigwebo. Ezicabeni zomphakathi, lixazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni.
  • Ukuvikela amalungelo ngamanye:[ Izinkantolo zivikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inqubo efanele, nesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Angayala ukuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo noma awuvimbele lapho amalungelo esongelwa.
  • Ukubheka i-Adreagency Application:[ Lapho izakhamuzi zibekela iziqondiso zezinhlangano, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinquma ukuthi inxusa lenza ngokuvumelana negunya lalo elingokomthetho futhi lilandele izinqubo ezifanele.

Inqubo Yokwahlulela Negunya

INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe isigwebo esiphelele kuzo zonke izikhankaso zikahulumeni kanye nezimpikiswano ezithile zikahulumeni ezihilela imibuzo kahulumeni. Ikhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuzwa, ukunikeza i-certari kuphela ku-1% yezicelo. Izinqumo zeNkantolo zigcina, nakuba zingagumbuqelwa ngenkani yemithetho yesivumelwano noma ngeNkantolo ngokwayo ezicaleni ezizayo. Isibonelo, Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1195] [194]) ekwahlulele izilinganiso zezesikhathi sokuguqulwa kweze-Genethiwe'ijikethi. Incazelo evame yezeNkathiyo.[FLT]

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ubuhlobo Obuzimele

Ukuhlakanipha kokuhlukanisa amagunya akukona nje kuphela ukuhlukanisa igunya kodwa ekuvumeleni igatsha ngalinye ukuba lilinganisele elinye. Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekuqoqeni amandla eqisayo. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ngokucacile izinqubo eziningi zegatsha ngalinye ukuze lilwe nezinye, futhi izinhlolo eziningi ezengeziwe ziye zavela ngomkhuba namasiko.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

  • ISishaya - mthetho singayidlulisa i-veto engumongameli ngokuvota okungama - 3 kuwo womabili amakamu.
  • ISigele siqinisekisa noma senqabe ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano.
  • UKhongolose lulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali — lungakwenqaba ukukhokhela izinyathelo zezikhulu.
  • Indlu ingahlambalaza uMongameli noma ezinye izikhulu; iSigele sisingatha icala futhi singalikhipha ezikhundleni.
  • I - Congress ingahlola izenzo zezikhulu ngokuqulwa kwecala nangamaphepha angaphansi, futhi ingaphoqelela ubufakazi nezincwadi ngamakomiti ayo aqondisayo.

Ukuhlola Ukwahlulela Okungokomthetho

  • ISishaya - mthetho sinquma ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme nokwakheka kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi.
  • ISigele siqinisekisa noma senqabe ohulumeni abaphethe.
  • ISishaya - mthetho singabahlupha futhi sikhiphe amajaji kahulumeni ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.
  • UMkhandlu ungaveza izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ukuze ugumbuqele izincazelo zokwahlulela zoMthetho - sisekelo.
  • UMkhandlu ungaguqula igunya lezinkantolo zikahulumeni, nakuba ungenakuyiqeda iNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

  • UMongameli angakhipha izikweletu ezidluliswa uMkhandlu.
  • UMongameli angabiza uMkhandlu ngokuthi umhlangano okhethekile uma ungekho esiqenjini, nakuba kungavamile ukusetshenziswa la mandla.
  • UMongameli Oyisekela, njengoMongameli weSigele, anganqamula amavoti.
  • UMongameli angasebenzisa “ipulpiti eliqinile ” ekulolongeni umbono womphakathi noMkhandlu ocindezelayo.
  • UMongameli anganikeza iziyalezo eziphethe ezinamandla omthetho, ngezinye izikhathi ezigwema inqubo yomthetho.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Ukwahlulela

  • UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, abumba isahlulelo sezizukulwane.
  • UMongameli angathethelela ubugebengu bukahulumeni, agumbuqele ngokuphumelelayo eminye imiphumela yokwahlulela.
  • UMnyango Wobulungisa, ngaphansi kukaMongameli, ulawula izinqumo zomshushisi — amacala okumelwe alethwe nendlela yokuwaphishekela ngamandla.
  • UMongameli anganqaba ukuphoqelela iziyalezo zenkantolo, nakuba lokhu kuyinkinga yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi kungavamile ukuyenza. Phakathi nenkathi yamaLungu, uMongameli uEisenhower wathumela amabutho kahulumeni ukuba aphoqelele ukukhipha iziyalezo zokuhlela, ebonisa ukuthi umphathi angasekela futhi [[[FLT:] izinqumo zokwahlulela.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

  • INkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho engekho emthethweni (ukubukeza okungokomthetho phezu koMkhandlu).
  • Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingashaya indiva izenzo nezimiso zezikhulu eziphula uMthetho - sisekelo noma ezedlula igunya likaMongameli.
  • Izinkantolo zingakhipha imiyalo yokuvimbela izenzo zikahulumeni ezilindele ukubukezwa kokwahlulela ngokugcwele.
  • Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindlela ezishintsha umphumela walo ohlosiwe — IChorner ingawulungisa umthetho ukuze ucacise injongo yawo.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo Zemishini Enamandla

Ukuqonda imiqondo engaqondakali kuba lula nezibonelo ezingokoqobo ezingokomlando:

  • Umongameli Truman's Steel Seizure (1952): Phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, uTruman wakhipha umyalo wokuthatha izigayo zensimbi ukuze avimbele ukushaya. INkantolo Ephakeme yabusa intsha eqalayo ehlohla i- quall + Tube Co. v. Sawyer[FLT] ukuthi uMongameli wayedlulele igunya lakhe lomthetho-sisekelo wezomthetho, ebonisa izinhlelo zokwahlulela kumphathi.
  • Ukungasebenzisi i-Vito: Ngo-2021, uMkhandlu ongaphezulu kakhulu kaMongameli Trump's se-veto yeNational Defense Ivolution Act, eyokuqala ukudlula i-Trump Relation Act. Lokhu kubonisa amandla egatsha ahlola amandla okulawula uma eqoqa anele amandla esimiso sokulawula uma eqoqa anele.
  • Ukuhlobanisa kukaMongameli Clinton (1998-1999):[[FLT] Indlu engazange isolwe uMongameli uBill Clinton ngenxa ye-perjury nokuvinjelwa kobulungisa; iSigele simkhulula. Lokhu kubonisa amandla egatsha lemithetho okugcina umphathi omkhulu elandisa, kuyilapho kubonisa futhi ukuthi ukususwa akuzenzakaleli futhi kudinga amavoti amabili-3 eSigele.
  • Ukuqinisekisa Izeluleko zeMahlulelo eNkantolo Ephakeme: Ukulwa okubuhlungu ngemibhoshongo enjengoRobert Bork (wakhishwa ngo 1987) noBrett Kavaugh (oqiniswe ngo-50-48 ngo-2018) kuqokomisa indlela iseluleko seSigele nendima yemvume engasetshenziswa ngayo kakhulu.
  • Ingqungquthela Iwisa I-Line-Ime-Vto: Ngo-1998, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabulala i-Line Inter Veto Act, eyayinike uMongameli amandla okusula izinto ezithile ezisetshenziswayo. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi yayiwukwephula ukwahlukana kwemibuso ngokunika uMongameli igunya lokushintsha imithetho.

Ukugqashuka Kwezindawo Zombuso Esimweni Sezombangazwe Sanamuhla

Eminyakeni yamuva, imingcele phakathi kwamagatsha iye yahlolwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Iziqondiso eziphethe ziye zagcwala kakhulu, nabaphathi bazo zombili abasebenzisa iziphakamiso ukuze bamise umthetho lapho kumiswa izishaya-mthetho. Ukuqinisekiswa kokwahlulela kuye kwaphenduka izinkundla ezihlukene, futhi zombili izinhlangothi zimangalela ezinye ngokuzibeka imingcele. Izinhlangano ziye zazama ukuqondisa ngokuphumelela enkathini yokuthatha isigaba esiphezulu kakhulu futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ziye zanikeza igunya elikhulu izinhlangano eziphethe, kuholele ekuphikisaneni nge "isimo sezwe" nemfundiso engathembekile. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela nokulinganisela akuncikile nje kuphela ezimithethweni zomthetho kodwa ekuzimiseleni kwegatsha ngalinye ukuqinisa igunya lalo nokuhlonipha igunya lalo. Uma elinye igatsha linikeza igunya elikhulu kakhulu. Inqubo yempilo i-ccureanernernce.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Lokhu Kungafani Kubaluleke

Amagatsha omthetho, abaphathi, nahluleli akha isisekelo sikahulumeni waseMelika kanye nezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Amagunya nemithwalo yawo ehlukene ayiboshiwe ngo-(*) ahlolwa ngokucophelela ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi ukwenza umthetho ngamabomu, ukugcinwa komthetho kuyasebenza, futhi ukuchazwa komthetho akunanzuzo. Ukuhlola nokulinganisela okuphothiwe eqenjini loMthetho-sisekelo kunikeza indlela yokulungisa ebekezelekayo ebekezele isikhathi esingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka. Izakhamuzi, zazi ukuthi iliphi igatsha elibalulekile ekubekeni icala likahulumeni. Kusiza ukuvota, ukuthatha iqhaza elibalulekile ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi, nekhono lokuqaphela lapho elinye igatsha lingase lingene kwelinye. Njengoba indawo embulukeni, isimiso sezombangazwe esihlala sihlala siyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu ngokumelene nobushiqela nesithembiso senkululeko.