Imithetho KaHulumeni Elawula Amaphoyisa Ahlanganyela Abantu Abakhubazekile

Ngaphesheya kwe-United States, amaphoyisa avame ukuhlangana nabantu abakhubazekile ngokuhlukahluka kwe-(ADA) kusukela ekukhubazekeni okuhlukahlukene nokungezwani nokukhubazeka kwezindlebe kuya ekukhubazekeni kwengqondo, nasekukhubazekeni kwengqondo. Lokhu kusebenzelana kungakhula ngokushesha uma izikhulu zintula ukuqeqeshwa, amathuluzi, noma isiqondiso esingokomthetho esidingekayo ukuze ziphendule ngokufanele. Nakuba imithetho kahulumeni enjenge-American enezikhundla ezikhubazekile (ADA) kanye ne-Rehability Act ewudiss as siseko semithetho, imithetho yombuso iye yaba isisekelo esiyinhloko sokuqinisa isivikelo nezenzo ezithile ezikhethekile. Phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule, izimemezelo eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho edlula izindinganiso zikahulumeni, idinga ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile, ukuxhumana okungenekayo, nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zezinkinga zemithetho yokulawula amaphoyisa ngokukhubazeka kwabantu, ukucutshulwa kwezimiso zempi, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nemizamo eqhubekayo.

Ukuvikelwa Ngokomthetho Nezimfuneko Ezisezingeni LoMbuso

Imithetho yoMbuso ekhuluma ngokusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa nabantu abakhubazekile imane iwela ezigabani eziningi ezibanzi: ukuqeqesha, izimfuneko zokuxhumana, ukusebenzisa imingcele yamandla, kanye nezindawo zokuvikela. Nakuba okucacisweyo kuhluka ngokwezimiso, izici ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukuqeqesha ukukhubazeka kobudoda [ kuzo zonke izikhulu ezimisa umthetho, ezivame ukuphindaphindeka kanye nokubekwa kwesiboniso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isicelo sokunikeza indawo yokuhlala efanelekile [ phakathi nokuhlangana, njengabatoliki bolimi lwezandla, amanothi abhaliwe, noma amabhodi okuxhumana.
  • Amaphoyisa anqabela ubandlululo [ olusekelwe ekukhubazekeni phakathi nokuma, ukusesha, ukuboshwa, nokuphenywa.
  • Litts ekusebenziseni amandla kubantu abaziwayo noma abasolwayo ukuthi bakhubazekile, ikakhulukazi uma u-execreation kungenzeka.
  • Izinhlelo zokubona izidingo ezihlobene nokukhubazeka ekuqaleni kokwenzeka, njengokuhlinzwa kokuzithandela kwamaflagi emvumeni yomshayeli noma ukubhaliswa kwemoto.
  • [ Iqoqo le-data kanye nokubika izimfuneko ukuze kulandelelwe ukusebenzelana kwabantu abakhubazekileyo futhi baphawule indlela yokukhathalela.

La malungiselelo ngokuvamile agunyazwa ojenene bamazwe, ukuhlukaniswa kwamalungelo omphakathi, noma izikhundla zobubonisi ezizimele.

Ukuvumelana Nomthetho Wesifunda

I-ADA kakade idinga izinhlangano ezimisa umthetho wezwe nezomthetho ukuba zenze izinkonzo zazo, izinhlelo, nemisebenzi abantu abakhubazekile abakwazi ukuyenza. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhulumisana okuphumelelayo nokulungisa izimiso ezinengqondo. Imithetho yoMbuso inganezela i-ADA ngokuchaza kahle ukuthi iyiphi indawo yokuhlala edingekayo emongweni wobupolisa, ukubekela imingcele eqinile, noma ukwenza amalungelo abantu abacwaswayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izifunda eziningi manje zifuna izikhulu ukuba zisebenzise “olulimi oluchazayo” noma usizo lwezithombe lapho zisebenzelana nabantu abanolwazi oluthe ukuxhumana nomphakathi, ngokusho izinto ezingekhona nezindlela ezivamile zokuxhumana.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Nezinyathelo Eziphawulekayo

Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho ekhuluma ngokusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa nabantu abakhubazekile. Eminye imithetho ibanzi, ihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zokukhubazeka; eminye igxile ekusebenziseni i-autism, impilo engokwengqondo, noma ukukhubazeka kwezindlebe. Ngezansi kunezibonelo ezimelelayo ezivela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.

California

ICalifornia inesinye sezici ezibanzi kakhulu. i-Bill 1985 (2018) idinga zonke izikhulu zokuthula ukuze ziqede ukuqeqeshwa ekuxhumaneni nabantu abane-autism nokunye ukukhubazeka. Ukuqeqeshwa kuhlanganisa izimpawu ze-autism, amasuntry, nokuqonda ukuziphatha okuvamile njengokuthintana namehlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, SATE Bill 1192 [20,3] [[FLT]] izikhulu zigunyaza ukuthi izikhulu zithola iziyalezo kubantu abayizithulu noma abangakwazi ukuzwa, kuhlanganise nendlela yokusebenzisa izinkonzo zokuxhumana nokugwema amavidiyo nokugwema abantu abathembele ezinkonti zolimi. “kunye futhi, [[FTY] [ith:2] ukusabela kwezempilo yesifunda] kanye neqembu lezempilo.[FLT]

INew York

I- Iqembu le-CRISIS Intervetion yohlelo iyisibonelo sezwe lonke sokusabela kwamaphoyisa kubantu abanempilo yengqondo nokukhubazeka. Ekuqaleni kugxile empilweni yengqondo, iCIT manje ihlanganisa i-autism, ukuphambanisa, nokulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu. Uhlelo lugcizelela ukubambisana kokuzithandela, amaqoqo ahamba-hamba-hambayo, kanye nezinye izindlela zokuboshwa. Ngo-20222, i-New York i-gaddyation [[12], okudinga izikhulu zonke ukuba ziphele ukuhlolwa kokukhubazeka phakathi nokuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo nokusebenza komzimba okuqinileyo. Umthetho ufaka futhi isimo sokusebenza kwemisebe yezenzo zokuzithandela.

Texas

ITexas Indlu uBill 3185 (2085) walungisa uhlelo lwenqubo yobugebengu kazwelonke ukuze kufune ukuba izinhlangano zomthetho eziqapha umthetho zithathe izinqubo ezibhaliwe zokusebenzelana nabantu abakhubazekile. Phakathi kwezimfuneko: abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe bazame ukuxhumana sebenzisa indlela ethandwayo, banikeze ukwaziswa ngokomthetho wokuhlala, futhi babhale noma yisiphi isikhala esinikezwayo. ITexas igunya lokuthi izisebenzi zasejele zithole ukuqeqeshwa ekungeneni ekukhubazeni futhi abantu abakhubazekileyo bangaboshelwanga bodwa ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwabo.

Illinois

Illinois yadlulisa uMthetho wokwandiswa kwe-Community Reconstruction Act ngo-2022], okuhlanganisa amalungiselelo okuqeqesha ukukhubazeka kobuphekula nokukhubazeka kokuhlakanipha. Isenzo sigunyaza ukuba okungenani isikhulu esisodwa sishintshe indlela ngayinye yokuhlola kube isikhulu esisemthethweni se-CIT. Illinois futhi ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zigcine uhlelo lwazo zonke izingxoxo nabantu abakholelwa ukuthi zikhubazekile, kuhlanganise nesizathu sokuthintana nanoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala eyenzekayo.

IWashington State

I-S 522 (2023) ifuna izikhulu ukuba ziqeqeshe ukuqaphela nokusabela kubantu abalimala kakhulu ebuchosheni, ukuphambana ingqondo, nokunye ukungasebenzi kahle kokuqonda. Umthetho futhi uvimbela ukusetshenziswa kokusebenzisa “ukuvuma” izindlela (njengezithiyo ezivimbela ukucindezelwa) kubantu abangakwazi ukuhambisana nokukhubazeka. Ihhovisi le-Washington lika-Attorney General linikeza izinqubo zokuqeqesha nge-ielective nenqubo yezekhomfashini.

Izimfuneko Zokuqeqesha Ukuze Kube Nokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Ukuqeqesha kuyisisekelo sokusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa nabantu abakhubazekile. Imithetho yoMbuso inikeza izinqubo ezithile ezikhethekile zangemva kwesikole, ukuvivinya umzimba okusekelwe ezimweni ezilandelayo, nezifundo eziqabulayo. Izihloko eziyinhloko zokuqeqesha zihlanganisa:

  • Izaziso zokukhubazeka: izikhulu zifunda ukuphawula izimpawu ze-autism, i-ithumbu, i-PTSD, i-Alzheimer, nezinye izimo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqonda ukuthi ukuziphatha okufana nokungathintani emehlweni, ukunyakazisa izinyawo, noma ukusabela okubambezelayo akuzona izimpawu zecala noma ukudelela.
  • [[[NT.0] Izinqubo zokuthuthukisa: zigcizelela ukunqanda ukuxhumana, ukusebenzisa inkulumo ezolile, ukuvumela isikhathi esengeziwe sokusabela, nokugwema ukuhamba ngokuphazima kweso okungabangela inkinga.
  • Izindlela zokuhlanganisa: Izifundo zihlanganisa ukusebenzisa ulimi olulula, amaphuzu okubhala, ukusebenzisa uphawu noma ukukhomba, nokungena kumavidiyo axeshiwe nge-getbr noma nge-mamfono-mfono-mfono-mfono. Ezinye zifuna ukuba imoto ngayinye egadayo iphathe “ibhokisi lokuxhumana” ngamakhadi, ibhodi elimhlophe, nohlu lwemisebenzi yabatoliki bendawo.
  • [[INDANGO] Igunya lomthetho lamalungelo abantu abakhubazekile: abaphathi bafunda nge-ADA, izimfuneko zikahulumeni, nendlela yokuchaza amalungelo ngendlela efinyelelekayo.
  • Sebenzisa-inyanzelo yesinqumo:[ Ukuqeqeshwa kungathinta ukuqonda usongo, futhi lawomandla angase angasebenzi kakhulu noma abe yingozi kakhulu uma esetshenziswa kothile okhubazekile engqondweni noma onengqondo.

Ukuvunyelwa Nokulandisa

Inani elandayo lezifundazwe lidinga izikhulu ukuba ziphumelele ukuhlolwa okubhaliwe noma zibonise amakhono emifanekisweni engokokulinganisa. Ngokwesibonelo, iMigangaselo yoMahluleli yeFlorida noMkhandlu wokuqeqeshela ukuqeqeshwa ihlanganise ukusebenzelana kokukhubazeka ekuhlolweni kwe-simo sombuso. I-Colorado igunyaza ukuba zonke izikole eziyisisekelo zinikeze okungenani amahora amane ekuqapheleni ukukhubazeka. Amanye amazwe, njengamassachusetts, avices, avinye axhasa izinhlangano ezisekelayo ezihlulekayo ukuhlangabezana nokuhlolwa kwe-bestry.

Amaqembu Okungenela Izinkinga Nokusabela Kwezempilo Yengqondo

Imisebenzi eminingi yamaphoyisa ihilela abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni, − ukuhlanganiswa kwenani elikhulu labantu abakhubazekile. Imithetho yoMbuso iye yakhuthaza ukusungulwa kwezisebenzi ezikhethekile ezifuna ukusabela ezimweni ezibucayi. Isibonelo esivamile yi-Crisis Intervention Team (CIT), eyaqala eMemphis ngo- 1988 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yathathwa amakhulu ezindawo zokulawula. Imithetho yoMbuso ivame ukusekela izinhlelo zeCIT futhi inikeza izimali ochwepheshe bezempilo abazinikele ukuba bahambisane nezikhulu zezengqondo noma baphendule ngokuqondile.

  • Isiphazamiso seMobile Unit:[ Amaqembu odokotela bezempilo yengqondo nochwepheshe bontanga basabela ezingcingweni ezingenaziphathi ezihlomile uma kungenzeka. Amazwe anjengo-Oregon ne-New Mexico amise imithetho emisa izinhlangano zezinkinga ezihamba-hamba-hambayo zikahulumeni.
  • Amaqembu a-software: abaphathi abakanye nezisebenzi zomphakathi noma abahlengikazi abagunyaziwe baphendula ndawonye. HB 314[ yakha uhlelo lomshayeli we-co-pronse kunezilinganiso eziningana.
  • Izimo ezihambelana nokubanjwa: Abanye bathi abantu abanempilo engokwengqondo noma ukukhubazeka kokukhula kufanele baphambukiselwe ekwelapheni noma ezikhungweni zokuhlinza izinhlekelele kunokuba baboshwe. SB94][[FLT] ifuna amaphoyisa acabangele izindlela ezinjalo ngaphambi kokuba abophe amaphutha aphansi.

Ngombiko ka - 2023 weSikhungo Sokwelapha Ukubulala, imithetho kahulumeni iCIT iye yahlotshaniswa nokwehla kwamaphesenti angu - 21 ezingozi zokufa phakathi nokuhlasela kwamaphoyisa abantu abanesifo sengqondo.

Ukutholakala Kokuxhumana Ekuhlanganeni Kwamaphoyisa

Effective communication is critical for ensuring that individuals with disabilities understand their rights, can provide consent, and can participate in their own defense. State laws have addressed several aspects:

Izilandelo Zolimi Lwezandla

Okungenani izifunda-mazwe ezingu-20 zidinga amaphoyisa ukuba anikeze umhumushi ofanelekayo wolimi lwezandla phakathi ne-drame ethile yesikhathi esikhethekile (isinye isinye isigamu sehora) lapho exhumana nomuntu oyisithulu noma ozwa kakhulu. Umthetho waseCalifornia uphakathi kwenamandla kakhulu: izikhulu akumelwe zinikeze umuntu oyisithulu ngezandla ngendlela engazivimbeli ukuba zingasebenzisi izandla zazo ekusayineni noma ekubhaleni, futhi kumelwe zisebenzise ividiyo uma umhumushi ophilayo engekho. Ezinye izikhulu zifuna futhi ukuba zizame ukuxhumana namalungu omkhaya noma abangane abangase basize uma umuntu ngamunye esebenzisa indlela yokuxhumana ekhethekile.

Ukukhulumisana Okulotshiwe Namathuluzi Aphakeme

Izifunda-zwe eziningana, kuhlanganise ne-Arizona ne-Virginia, zinemithetho efuna izikhulu zinikeze izindlela zokuxhumana ezibhaliwe lapho ukukhulumisana kungaphumeleli. Kubantu abangakwazi ukukhuluma kahle, imithetho eNew Jersey nase Illinois, izikhulu zigunyaza ukuba zisebenzise izisetshenziswa zemishini yokuxhumana, izinhlelo zokuxhumana, noma izikhungo zokuxhumana. Kulezi zifunda kudingeka amaphoyisa agcine amathuluzi atholakalayo ezimotweni zamaqembu nakuzo.

Isaziso Samalungelo Ezinto Ezifinyelelekayo

Lapho zifunda izixwayiso zeMiranda noma ezinye izimpawu ezingokomthetho, izikhulu kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuqonda. Umthetho we-Connecticut [FL:0] u-Public Act 19-94 ufuna ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kunikeze ikhophi ebhaliwe ye-Miranda isixwayiso ngolimi olulula lokuqonda futhi, uma kudingeka, ukuqopha umsindo. Umthetho waseTexas ufuna izikhulu ukuba zichaze amalungelo ngendlela umuntu okhubazekileyo angaqonda ngayo, ngokusebenzisa amagama alula kanye nezenzo.

Izinselele Nentuthuko Eqhubekayo

Naphezu kwentuthuko, kusenezikhala ezinkulu ekumisweni nasekuqikelweni kwemithetho kahulumeni ekhubazekile yokuphazamiseka.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuqondiswa Okushintshashintshayo

Imithetho eminingi yombuso ayinazo izinqubo ezicacile zokugcinwa kwamalungelo. Uma isikhulu sihluleka ukunikeza umhumushi noma ukusebenzisa amandla kumuntu okhubazekile, umuntu angase abhekane nobunzima bokukhipha isikhalo noma ukubonakalisa ukucwaswa. Zimbalwa izifundazwe ezinikezele izilinganiso zamalungelo okukhubazeka ezisezindikimbeni zobuphathi bomthetho. Ukuhlola okungu-2022 okwenziwa yiNational Disability Rights Network kwathola ukuthi izifunda zika-12 kuphela eziye zabukeza izikhalo ezihlobene nokukhubazeka ngamaphoyisa.

Ukungakhokheli Ukuqeqesha Ngokunele

UKUCHULETHA, amathuluzi okuxhumana, nezinkonzo zokutolika kudinga ukuxhaswa ngokuqhubekayo. Eminye imithetho yombuso iyala ukuqeqeshwa kodwa ayiyabeli imali, ishiya izinhlangano zendawo ukuba zisebenzise izindleko. Iminyango emincane ngokuvamile ayinazo izimali zokukhulula izikhulu eziqeqeshelwa usuku oluningi. Amaqembu ezisebenzi zezemfundo aye acela usizo lwemali nombuso ngezinhlelo ezinjenge Bureau of Justice Assionation’s [[FLT:] i-Proriging and Technic Active Active [FLT]

Ukuntuleka Kokwaziswa

Ngaphandle kokwaziswa okungaguquki okuphathelene nokusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa nabantu abakhubazekile, kunzima ukukala ukuphumelela kwemithetho. Izifundazwe ezimbalwa zifuna ukuba isimo sokukhubazeka sibhalwe emibhalweni yezenzakalo. Ukungabikho kokwaziswa kuvimbela ukucwaninga nokulandisa. I-Oregon ne-Maryland muva nje ikhiphe imithetho eqoqa ukukhubazeka kokwaziswa, futhi izifundazwe eziningi zingalandela imibiko efanelekile.

Ukumelana Nokushintsha

Ezinye izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zimelana nemithetho ethi zibone ukuthi izifundo zangemva kwesikole aziklanywanga kahle noma ziphelelwe isikhathi. Kwezinye izimo, izikhulu zingaba nesimo sengqondo esingesihle ngabantu abakhubazekile ngenxa yokungachachi. Imizamo yamagunya akhubazeki yokubambisana nezinyunyana zamaphoyisa nokuqeqesha iziqu zomphakathi isuke ibucayi ekunqobeni ukunqoba.

Izinguquko Eziyandayo Nemikhuba

Izifundazwe eziningana zicabangela umthetho omusha ngo - 2024 no - 2025, kuhlanganise nezikweletu ezingathi:

  • Cela izikhulu ukuba zibuze ukuthi umuntu ukhubazekile yini futhi udinga indawo yokuhlala ngaphambi kokuba zithathe isinyathelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukhona.
  • Ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwemithi kubantu abakhulelwe abakhubazekile.
  • Yenza “umxhumanisi wempendulo enqamukile” phakathi kwamaphoyisa kazwelonke.
  • Ukugcinwa komthetho ngokusetshenziswa kwe - “choke ” noma“ imingcele yentamo” kubantu abanokukhubazeka okudumile kokuphefumula noma ukuphefumula.
  • Yandisa indima yabasabela ezinkingeni ezisekelwe emphakathini abangezona izikhulu ezifungelwe.

Izinhlangano ezididekile njenge- Council yesizwe ekudalekaleni kanye ne American Association of People of Disease iyaqhubeka isekela ukuqondisa okunamandla kakhulu kukahulumeni, kodwa isenzo sikahulumeni silokhu siyindawo enamandla kakhulu yoshintsho lwenqubo.

Isiphetho

Imithetho elawula ukusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa nabantu abakhubazekile iye yashintsha kakhulu, isuka ekutusweni okungacacile kuya ekuqondiseni okunemininingwane ehlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa, ukukhulumisana, nokusetshenziswa kwegunya. Nakuba kungekho mbuso osuke wafinyelela isimiso esiphelele, izibonelo ezibekwe nguCalifornia, New York, Texas, nezinye zinikeza indlela yokuthuthukisa. Ukuphumelela kwalemithetho ekugcineni kuxhomeke ekusekeleni imali eyanele, ukuqinisa izivumelwano, nokushintsha kwempucuko phakathi kwezinhlangano zamaphoyisa. Njengoba ukuqaphela amalungelo okukhubazekayo kukhula, futhi njengoba imiphakathi ifuna ukulandisa okukhulu, izishaya - mthetho zokulungisa ziyo ziyoqhubeka zidlala indima ebalulekile ekulungiseni indlela yokulawula ezinye izisulu ezilulaza. Imali ezisebenza ngayo. [FL:]