Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sobulungisa

Umqondo wobulungisa ubalulekile ekusebenzeni komphakathi nomthetho. Uhlanganisa izimiso zokulunga, ukulingana, nokulunga kokuziphatha. Ukuqonda ubulungisa kubalulekile kubafundisi nakubafundi ngokufanayo, njengoba kuthonya ukusebenzelana kwethu nezakhiwo esizisebenzisayo. Ubulungisa abusona isithembiso esiphelele kodwa ukuphila okunemininingwane eqondisa indlela imiphakathi esakaza ngayo izinzuzo, ukubeka izijeziso, nokuxazulula izingxabano. Ngaphandle kokuqondana ngobulungisa, ukuhlanganisa izenhlalo kuyasiphula, futhi umthetho uba yisithembiso esiyize. Kulokhu kuhlola okunwebile, sizohlola isimo sobulungisa, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukusebenza kwayo emhlabeni wesikhathi esikhona, izinselele eziphikelelayo, nezindlela zokufundisa ngokuphumelela.

Ukuchaza Ubulungisa: Umqondo Ohlukahlukene

Ubulungisa bungachazwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kodwa emnyombweni walo, bumelela umqondo wokuthi abantu kufanele baphathwe ngokulunga nokuthi amalungelo abo avikelekile. Izazi zefilosofi nezazi zomthetho ziye zaphikisana ngezici zobulungisa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, okuholela ekuchazeni izincazelo nasohlelweni lwezici eziningi. Ukuqonda ngokugcwele, kuwusizo ukuhlukanisa ubulungisa ngokwezigaba ezihlukene kodwa ezihlukene:

  • Ubulungisa obuphakanyiswayo: bugxile ekujezisweni ngenxa yokona. Lendlela igcizelela ukulingana kwesijeziso, qhaza lokuthatha isijeziso elilingana nobungangangecala. Likhipha emiqondweni enjengelex talionios (iso leso leso) kodwa liye laqala ukucabangela inhloso nezimo. Izimiso zokwahlulela zanamuhla zithembela ezimisweni ezivezayo, nakuba abagxeki bephikisana nalo kungaqhubekisela phambili imijikelezo yengozi.
  • Ubulungisa obuphakele: Ikhathalela ukwabiwa ngokufanele kwemithombo yemali, amathuba, nezinzuzo emphakathini wonke. Isazi sefilosofi uJohn Rawls, emsebenzini wakhe wengqophamlando ISivumelwano soMahluleli[ (1971], saphikisa ngokuthi ukulingana kufanelekile kuphela uma kuzuzisa kakhulu. Ukwahlulela kunikeza ingcebo, imfundo, izinkonzo zempilo, nezenhlalo, futhi kuhlala kusemqoka enkulu engxoxweni ngentela, inhlalakahle, nenkambiso yomphakathi.
  • Ubulungisa be-Treatortive Justice: Inhloso yokulungisa umonakalo obangelwa ukuziphatha kobugebengu ngokubuyisana phakathi kwezaphula-mthetho, izisulu, nomphakathi. Kunokuba ijezise nje kuphela, ifuna ukubuyisela ubuhlobo nokusingatha izimbangela eziyinhloko zobugebengu. Ukubuyisela imikhuba yobulungisa ihlanganisa ukukhipha izisulu, ukugweba, nokuhlukanisa izinhlelo. Lendlela izuze ukuvalwa kwemithetho esemthethweni eqenjini lentsha nezindlela zomphakathi.
  • Ubulungisa obungokwesiko: Abameleli bamalungelo amaqembu ahlukene nokuphathwa ngokulinganayo emphakathini. Bagxila emingceleni esekelwe ohlangeni, ebulilini, esigabeni, ekubutheni, nasekhonweni. Izinhlangano zobulungisa, njengenhlangano yamalungelo abantu kanye nemikhankaso yanamuhla yokulingana kwabesilisa, ibhebhebhethekisa ushintsho lokwakha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi wonke umuntu angahlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini.
  • Ubulungisa obungokwesiko: bugcizelela ukulunga kwezinqubo eziholela ezinqumweni. Ngisho nemiphumela engathandeki ingamukelwa uma abantu bebheka lenqubo njengebonisa ngalé, engenaso isimo, futhi enenhlonipho. Ubulungisa obungokwesiko bugxeka ezinqubweni zomthetho, ukuhlola umsebenzi, kanye nezimiso zikahulumeni.
  • Ukwabela, Ukwehlukanisa, nokubuyisela: Lezizinsika ezintathu zivame ukusebenzelana. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimpikiswaneni zendawo ezungezile, ekwahluleleni okusakazayo kubuza ukuthi ubani othwala imithwalo yokungcola, kuyilapho ukuvuselela ubulungisa kuzama ukulungisa umonakalo emiphakathini ethintekile.

Izazi zefilosofi ezinjengoPlato zabheka ubulungisa njengovumelana phakathi komphefumulo nombuso, lapho ingxenye ngayinye yenza khona umsebenzi wayo ofanele. U-Aristotle wahlukanisa phakathi kobulungisa bokulungisa (ukususa amaphutha) nobulungisa obuhlukanisayo (ukwabela izimpahla). Izazi ze-Contemporary, kuhlanganise noMartha Nussbaum, ziye zandisa le mibono ngokufinyelela ekwazini, ziphikisa ngokuthi ukwahlulela kudinga ukuba bonke abantu bafinyelele amakhono ayisisekelo njengempilo, imfundo, nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Ukuze banciphe kakhulu ezisekelweni zefilosofi, bona [[FLT] i-Prosophysical Encyclopedia ye-Prosophysies

Umlando Wobulungisa

Umqondo wobulungisa uye wavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uthonywe izinguquko ezingokwesiko, zezenhlalo, nezezombangazwe. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko ezingokomlando zibonisa indlela imiphakathi eye yalwa ngayo nokuchaza nokubonisa ukuthi abantu balungile:

  • IZimpucuko zasendulo: Izimiso zomthetho zakuqala, njenge-Code of Hammurabi (circ 1754 BCE) eBabiloni, zamisa izimiso zobulungisa ngemithetho ebhaliwe ehlela isijeziso nezindawo ezithile ezivikelekile, njengempahla nemikhaya. Lomthetho wasetshenziswa ngokudume kakhulu uhlobo lobulungisa obukhuthazayo, kodwa futhi wahlanganisa namalungiselelo alabo abangavikelekile, njengabafelokazi nezintandane. Ngokufanayo, amaMa’at st aseGibithe asendulo ahlanganisa uhlelo lwendawo yonke neqiniso, okwakulindeleke ukuba ababusi balusekele.
  • Ifilosofi yaseGreek: Abacabangayo njengoPlato no-Aristotle bahlola isimo sobulungisa nendima yabo emphakathini. i-Plato's public[ iveza ubulungisa njengobuhle bomphefumulo nesimo esilungile, lapho ababusi, amasosha, nezisebenzi ngamunye efeza khona indima yakhe. U-Aristotle, empacypan Ethicrect [, evelele phakathi kobulungisa obuvamile (umthetho) nobulungisa obukhethekile (umbuso) ekusakazeni nasekulungiseni). Imisebenzi yabo yabeka indawo yezeluleko lweze ngokomthetho nemibono yezombangazwe.
  • UMthetho wamaRoma nobulungisa bemvelo: Isimiso somthetho samaRoma, ikakhulukazi ngeCorpus Juris Civilis ngaphansi koMbusi uJustinian, izimiso ezigunyaziwe ezinjengo "kunikeza imfanelo yakhe" kanye nokucabanga ukuthi umsulwa. Abameli bamaRoma basungula futhi umqondo we-iathorius yemvelo [ ye-[FLT] , okuthiwazise ukuthi amalungelo athile angokwemvelo futhi asekelwe emhlabeni wonke, kuthonya imibono yamuva yamalungelo abantu.
  • Inkathi yasendulo: imibhalo yenkolo, ikakhulukazi iBhayibheli neQuran, eklanywe ngokokuziphatha nengokomthetho yokuchaza ubulungisa. Izazi zemfundiso yenkolo ezingamaKristu njengoThomas Aquinas wahlanganisa ifilosofi ka-Aristotalian nemfundiso yobuKristu, ephikisa ngokuthi umthetho womuntu kumelwe uvumelane nomthetho waphezulu nowemvelo. KumaSulumane u-jurispuldance, ubulungisa ([]adl[[FLT]]]]) iyi-tethithispiethi, edinga ukuphathwa ngokulungayo ngezivumelwano, izijeziso, isijeziso, nokubusa.
  • Modeln Era and Kukhanyiselwa: ngekhulu leshumi elinesixhenxe neleshumi nanye leminyaka laletha imibono eguquguqukayo mayelana namalungelo abantu ngabanye nokulingana phambi komthetho. Abacabangi njengoJohn Locke bahlongoza ukuthi ohulumeni bazitholele amalungelo angokwemvelo ngokuvikela amalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla. UJean-Jacques Rousseau inkolelo yesivumelwano senhlalo ubukhosi obuhlangene nentando kawonke. Lemibono yaphetha ezincwadini ezinjenge-U.S. ISimemezelo seNguqulo senkululeko (1766) neSimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu nesizwe (179), esiphethe ubulungisa njengomthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Intuthuko zamuva: Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka kwakhula ubulungisa ngomthetho wezizwe zonke, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. UBufakazi Bendawo Yonke Bamalungelo Abantu (1948) bamisa indinganiso yomhlaba wonke yesithunzi nokulingana. Izivivinyo zeNuremberg kanye nezinkantolo zomhlaba ezilandelayo zathuthukisa ukuvezela kobulungisa obumelene nomphakathi. Okwamanje, imiphakathi yezenhlalakahle incintilibazwe elifana nokulwa kobandlululo, amalungelo esizwe, kanye nokulingana kwezinhlanga, kuye kwandisa izinga lalokho okufunwa yizobulungisa.

Ukuze kucaciswe ubulungisa ezimisweni zomthetho zomlando, kubhekise ku- Isihloko se-Enclopedia Britannica esiphathelene nobulungisa.

Ubulungisa Kubantu Abaphila Ngesikhathi Esizayo

Ezweni lanamuhla, ubulungisa buwumqondo onamandla futhi onezici eziningi ogcwele zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi nokwangasese. Uhlanganisa amalungelo abantu, ubulungisa bezomnotho, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, kanye nokulandisa kobugebengu. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokugxila kuhlanganisa:

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu

Isimiso somthetho sokwahlulela ngokulunga − ukuhlanganisa ukugcinwa komthetho, izinkantolo, kanye nokuqondiswa kwemithetho ukuthi imithetho igcinwa ngokulunga futhi abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu bathola inqubo efanele. Nokho, izimpikiswano zamanje zigxile ekuboshweni kwabantu abaningi, ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga, nokuphumelela kwezindlela zokujezisa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States inenani elikhulu kakhulu lokuvalelwa emhlabeni wonke, futhi inamanani aphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abamnyama nabase-Spain. Abashisekeli benguquko basekela izikhombo ezifana nokulungisa inqubo yobulungisa, izinkantolo zezempilo, nokubulala izinhlanga, nokulinganisela kwecala.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Izinhlangano zamalungelo ezakhamuzi ziyaqhubeka zisekela ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Izinkinga zihlanganisa amalungelo okuvota, ukulingana komshado, ukuvuleka komzimba, nokukhululeka ekucalucalulweni. Umza we-Black Live Matter, owazuza ukuvelela ngo-2013, uqokomisa ubuhlanga phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezimiso zobulungisa. Ngokufanayo, inhlangano ye-MeToo iye yadonsela ukunakekela ebudloveni obusekelwe ebulilini nasekuhlukunyezweni emsebenzini, ibhebhebhezela ushintsho olungokomthetho nolwesiko. Ubulungisa bezenhlalo abudingi ukuguqula kuphela izinguquko ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi inguquko ezingokobusocikweni nasemikhundleni.

Ubulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile

Ubulungisa bendawo ezungezile bukhuluma ngokuhlukaniswa ngokufanele kwezinzuzo zemvelo nemithwalo. Imiphakathi efikayo neyabantu abanemibala ephansi ngokuvamile ihambisana nokuchayeka ngokungenakulinganiswa ekungcoleni, ezindaweni ezingcolisekile ezinobuthi, nemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, inkinga yamanzi eFlint eFlint (204-2019) yadalula indlela ukudebeselela izakhiwo zomphakathi ezingalimaza ngayo abantu abasengozini. Umqondo uhlanganisa ukutholakala komoya ohlanzekile, amanzi, izindawo eziluhlaza, nokuhlanganyela ekufezeni izinqumo zendawo ezungezile. Izivumelwano zomhlaba jikelele njenge-Climate Areacesss Inhloso yokulungisa isimo sezulu (204-2019) ziqaphela ukuthi amazwe asathuthuka abhekenemiphumela emibi kakhulu yokukhishwa kwegesi anikela kancane.

Ubulungisa Bezomnotho

Ubulungisa bezomnotho bugxile ekunciphiseni ukungalingani futhi kuqinisekiswe iholo elifanele, izimo zokusebenza, namathuba. Igebe phakathi kwabacebe kakhulu nabampofu liye lanwetshwa emhlabeni wonke, labangela izingxoxo eziphathelene neholo lokuphila, inzuzo eyisisekelo, nentela eqhubekayo. Izinhlangano zezisebenzi zisekela amalungelo ezisebenzi, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi ephephile, ukuthengiselana, nokuvikelwa ekuxhashazweni kwezomnotho. Inkinga yezezimali nemqedazwelo ye-COVOVID yagcizelela indlela ukushayeka kwezomnotho okungalawuleki kakhulu ngayo izisebenzi ezisebenzayo, ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwesimiso sezomnotho esingcono kakhulu.

Ubulungisa Bomhlaba Wonke Namalungelo Abantu

I - International Criminal Court (ICC) iqunga amacala lapho izinkantolo zezwe zingakwazi noma zingazimisele. Nokho, izinselele zihlanganisa ukuphoqelelwa kwamalungelo, ukugxambukela kwezombangazwe, nokumangalelwa kobulungisa obungakhethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusakaza izimpikiswano zobulungisa emhlabeni wonke ezigxile ekuhwebeni okungakhethi, ukukhulula izikweletu, nokusakaza imijovo nemithombo yemali phakathi kwamazwe acebile nasathuthuka.

Izinselele Zobulungisa

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo, ukuphishekela ubulungisa kubhekene nezithiyo eziningi.

  • Isithiyo sobunganiselo: Izakhiwo ezisekelwe ekucwaseni okungokomlando ziyaqhubeka zivimbela amaqembu ahluliwe ekunikezeleni ubulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni amaningi, abantu bemibala, abantu bomdabu, kanye nabantu abambalwa benkolo babhekene nomthetho ondlululwayo, imigwebo enokhahlo, nokunciphiswano okulinganiselwe ngokomthetho. Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kuqhubekisela phambili ukungabi nabulungisa, njengoba abantu abacebile bengakhokha ukumelela kangcono ngokomthetho kuyilapho abampofu bethembele kubavikeli bomphakathi abaphansi.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezimiso zomthetho ukuze umuntu athole inzuzo yakhe siqu yezezimali noma yezombangazwe] kululaza ukwethemba ubulungisa. Ukonakala kungaba nezindlela eziningi: abahluleli abaphambayo, ukuthonya umthetho, noma ukuphanga amaphoyisa. Ukungalungi kwe-International Pections Index kubonisa njalo ukuthi amazwe anenkohlakalo ephakeme anokungakhohlakali okukhulu anokungakhonzi okungcono komthetho nokwehlisa ukwethenjwa emphakathini. Ukuguqula izinhlangano nokumisa imithetho emelene nokonakala kubalulekile, kodwa intuthuko ivame ukuthatha ijubane.
  • Baias and Prejudice: ubandlululo olucacile nasemithethweni engokomthetho lungaholela emiphumeleni engalungile. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ubandlululo lobuhlanga luthonya yonke into kusukela ekunqamukeni kwezimoto ukunikeza izinqumo zokukhetha abahluleli. Ubandlululo luthinta ukukhomba okuthembekile ezicatshangelweni zokuhlaselwa ngokobulili nobudlova basekhaya. Ngisho nabahluleli abanezinhloso ezinhle bangase bathande ngokunganaki amaqembu athile. Ukuqeqesha, amathuluzi okwakha izinqumo, nokuqondisa kudingekile ekunciphiseni lokhu bandlululo.
  • Abantu abaningi abanazo izindlela zokuthola ukumelelwa okungokomthetho noma ukuqonda amalungelo abo. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, njengezindlu, umsebenzi, noma izenzakalo zokufuduka, ukungabi naseluleko kushiya abantu besengozini yokuxhashazwa. Izimiso zosizo ezingokomthetho zincishiswe ezindaweni eziningi, zidala igebe lobulungisa. Amakhambi asekelwe kumthetho, njengesinqumo se-inthanethi ye-inthanethi kanye nosizo lwayo, ayanda kodwa angakwazi ukuthatha indawo yeseluleko esingokomthetho.
  • I-Politation and Populist: Lapho ohulumeni belulaza izigebengu ezizimele noma bengazinaki izimemezelo zenkantolo, isisekelo sobulungisa siyawohloka. Abaholi bePopulist bangase balulaze izinhlangano ezivikela amalungelo amancane, bacaphuna intando ethandwayo njengezabathethelela. Inkululeko yomthetho iyisivikelo esiyinhloko, kodwa iyasongela kakhulu emazweni amaningana. Ukuwohloka kokubusa komthetho kungaholela ekusebenziseni impoqo kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu.
  • Ukulandelana kwezinkinga zanamuhla: Ubulungisa enkathini yenombolo kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha: Imithetho-algoriths esetshenziswa ekugwebeni isigwebo noma ekuqashweni kufanele iqondiswe kanjani ukuze inqande ubandlululo? Sizibheka kanjani izinkampani ukuba zilandise ngokuphulwa kwezindawo ngasese? Imithetho yempahla engokolwazini ingazilingana kanjani nokusungulwa komphakathi? Lemiba idinga ukuhlelwa okungokomthetho okuhambisana nobuchwepheshe.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa ngezinselele zobulungisa bembulunga yonke, bheka i-World Justice Project Rulance of Law Index, elinganisa izici ezifana nokuvinjelwa kwemibuso kahulumeni, ukungabikho kokonakala, nobulungisa bezwe.

Ukufundisa Ubulungisa Ekilasini

Othisha banendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda ubulungisa phakathi kwabafundi. Ngokufundisa abafundi ngezindlela eziningi, othisha bangabenza balungele ukuba izakhamuzi ezinolwazi, uzwela, futhi ezikhuthele. Amasu aphumelelayo okufundisa lo mqondo ahlanganisa:

Ingxoxo Nempikiswano

Khuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlaziye imibono ehlukene ngobulungisa. Izimpikiswano ezihleliwe ngezihloko ezifana nethi "Ingabe isigwebo sokufa silungile?" noma "Ingabe izimvume zasekolishi kufanele zicabangele umjaho ukuze zikhuthaze ukuvumelana," sisiza abafundi ukuba bahlakulele amakhono okugxeka nokuphikisa. Sebenzisa ukucwaninga okuvamile, njengenkinga ye-trolley noma i-slems of the comporances, ukuveza isimilo. Izingxoxo zihloniphekile futhi zisekelwe ebufakazini.

Ukuhlola Icala

Sebenzisa izibonelo ezingokoqobo ukuze ubonise ubunkimbinkimbi bobulungisa. Hlola amacala angokomthetho aphawulekayo anjengeBrown v. Board of Education (dise Contration), Miranda v. Arizona (ilungelo lokuthula), noma i-Obergefell v. Hodges (umshado ofana nowe-wesilisa). Hlola izenzakalo zamanje, njengokulingwa kwe-Derek Chauvin ngokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, ukuhlola iprocedal ne-surest. Izifundo zecala zisiza abafundi ukuba babone indlela izimiso ezingaqondakaliyo ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni zikakhonkolo.

Ukudlala Indima Nezifaniso

Ukusekela izimo zomthetho zokusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde inqubo yokwahlulela kanye nezindima zabahluleli, abameli, abamangalelwa, namajaji. Amacala angokomlando noma ezindaba eziqanjiwe angafundisa ngobufakazi, umthwalo wobufakazi, nokulunga kwezenhlalo. Izihloko zobulungisa, imidlalo edlala indima lapho abafundi besekela khona abaxhasi abahlukene beminyango yokugodla imvelo, − njengokuhlala emphakathini obhekene nengozi yendawo ezungezile noma inyunyana yezisebenzi ezihlanganisa izivumelwano zezivumelwano zezenhlalakahle nemisebenzi.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokufunda Inkonzo Komphakathi

Ihilela abafundi ezithakazelweni zobulungisa zendawo noma imisebenzi yenkonzo. Bangase basebenze ngokuzithandela emitholampilo esemthethweni, bahlanganyele ekulungiseni izikhungo zobulungisa, noma umkhankaso wezinguquko zenqubo ezindabeni ezinjengokungalondeki kokudla noma izindlu. Ukubophana komphakathi kuhlanganisa izifundo zasekilasini ukuze kuphile okuhlangenwe nakho futhi kubonise abafundi ukuthi ubulungisa buwumthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene. Izikole zingabambisana nezinhlangano ezinjenge American Civil Liberaties Union, amahhovisi abavikeli bendawo, noma inzuzo engabhekiselwa elungelweni labafuduki.

Indlela Yokuqondisa Icala

Ubulungisa abugcini nje ezifundweni zezenhlalo noma emakilasini omthetho. Ezincwadini, abafundi bangahlola izihloko zokungabi nabulungisa ezincwadini ezinjenge Ukubulala i-Mockingbird [ noma i-Shemo U Pace[. Esayensini, baxoxa ngezindaba ezingokokuziphatha njengemfihlo yezakhi zofuzo noma imiphumela yendawo ezungezile. Ezibaloni, ihlaziya imininingwane yezibalo ngenzuzo yemali ehambisana nenzuzo noma isilinganiso semali. Indlela ehlangene iqinisa ukuthi ubulungisa buyikhathazo lokuqeda.

Ukufunda Okuphambili Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Fundisa abafundi ukuba bahlaziye imithombo yezindaba yobulungisa. Bacele ukuba baqhathanise ukuhlanganiswa kwezindaba zobugebengu obuhlukahlukene noma bahlole indlela amabhayisikobho nethelevishini okubonisa ngayo izimiso zomthetho. Lokhu kusiza abafundi ukuba baqaphele ubandlululo, inkulumo ephakamile, kanye nokungaqondi kahle. Bangazenzela futhi imisebenzi yabo siqu yezindaba, njengemikhakha yezindaba noma amavidiyo, besekela indaba yobulungisa abayikhathalelayo.

Isiphetho: Ubulungisa njengokuphishekela Okuqhubekayo

Umqondo wobulungisa ubalulekile emphakathini wethu nasezimisweni zomthetho. Ngokuhlola izincazelo zawo, umongo ongokomlando, izindaba zamanje, nezinselele, othisha bangahlomisela abafundi ngolwazi namakhono adingekayo ukuze basekele ubulungisa nokulingana. Ukuqonda ubulungisa akuyona nje indlela yemfundo ephambili; kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesizwe esikhuthele. Ubulungisa budinga ukuqapha njalo, njengoba isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sichaze futhi sisebenzise izimiso zaso ezimweni ezintsha. Kusukela kuma-'izimiso kuya kumalungelo ehlanekezelweni, ukulwela ubulungisa kuyimfanelo yentuthuko yomuntu. Ngokufundisa abafundi ukuba bacabange ngokunenkani, benze izinto ngendlela efanelekile, futhi bahlanganyele nemiphakathi yabo, singathuthukisa ikusasa lapho ukulunga kungalungile kodwa kungenayo into engokoqobo kuzo zonke izinto. Ukuhambela phambili kwezemfundo, ukuhambela i-[FL:[F] [F]