Isingeniso

Ababambi bemithetho nabahluleli basendaweni yokuthemba okukhulu esimisweni somthetho. Izinqumo zabo zithinta impahla, inkululeko, ukuhleleka komkhaya, nomphakathi. Ngaleligunya kuvela iqoqo elinzima ngokulinganayo lemithwalo yemfanelo yezimiso. Ukusekela lemithwalo yemfanelo akuyona into engakhethi − itshe elifanele ukumiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni yamajaji. Uma amajaji enamathela ezindinganisweni eziqinile zokuziphatha, alondoloza ukuqiniseka komphakathi, aqinisekisa ubulungisa obulinganayo, futhi aqinisa ukubusa komthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziyisisekelo zezimiso zokuziphatha eziqondisa abameleli bezakhamuzi, imisebenzi ewusizo abamelwe bayenze, nezinselele ababhekene nazo ezweni elishintsha ngokushesha.

Iziqondiso zezimiso zamajaji zikhona hhayi ngemithetho yokuziphatha kuphela kodwa futhi nakwezilindelwe ezingabhaliwe zomsebenzi. Isinqumo ngasinye, isenzo, namazwi kuyacutshungulwa. Ngakho - ke, umahluleli kumelwe aqaphele njalo ukuthi isilinganiso sokuziphatha kwendima yabo. Izingxenye ezilandelayo zinikeza ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwalemithwalo yemfanelo, okudwebela ezimisweni ezimisiwe nasemongweni wezwe wangempela.

Isisekelo Sezimiso Zokwahlulela

Umlando

Izimiso zokwahlulela ziye zavela kanye nezimiso zomthetho ngokwazo. Umthetho wakuqala wesiNgisi wafuna ukuba abahluleli bathathe isinyathelo “ngaphandle kokwesaba noma ukuvunyelwa,” isisho esisazwakalayo emibhalweni yanamuhla. Umthetho we 17-century Act of Settlement (701) oqinisekiswe ngokuziphatha okuhle, obeka isisekelo sokuzibusa. E-United States, i-American Bar Association (ABA) yokuqala yamukela i-Canons of Judicial Ethics ngo-1924, kamuva yathathelwa indawo yi- Umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho [ ngo-1971], oye wabukezwa izikhathi eziningi ukuxoxa ngezindaba zezenhla ka-A.

Izwe lonke, iBangalore Principles of Judicial Avement (2002]] yavela njengephawu lembulunga yonke. Izimiso eziyisithupha (ezibekwe yiZizwe Ezihlangene), ezincike ngokungakhethi, ukungakhethi, ukulingana, ukulingana, nokusebenza nokukhuthala) zenza kube nokwakheka okuvumelanayo namasiko ahlukene angokomthetho. Izimiso zezizwe eziningi, kuhlanganise nalawo ase-Afrika, e-Asia, nase-Europe, ziye zamukela lezi zimiso njengesisekelo sazo.

Okwenza Izimiso Zokuziphatha Zibaluleke

Ukwethenjwa umphakathi kuyinto eyigugu kakhulu ehlawulwa amajaji. Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi amajaji angobandlululo, akhohlakele, noma angenandaba, ziyolahlekelwa ukholo kuyo yonke inqubo yomthetho. Izimiso zisebenza njengesivikelo ekukhukhulekeni okunjalo. Ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa kusekelwe emthethweni nasebufakazini, hhayi ekuzikhetheleni komuntu siqu noma ekucindezeleni okungaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amajaji angokokuziphatha athuthukisa ukubikezela nokuzinza komthetho wesizwe ("imfanelo yezentengiselwano, amalungelo empahla, nobuhlobo bomuntu siqu).

Izimiso Ezingokwezimiso Ezingokwesiko Zabahluleli Bomphakathi

Ukungakhethi Nokungakhethi

Isimiso sokungakhethi sidinga umahluleli ukuba angabi nobandlululo, ubandlululo, noma ukukhetha. Lokhu akusho ukuthi umahluleli kumelwe abe yisikwele esingekho lutho; wonke umuntu unobandlululo olungekho lutho. Kodwa umahluleli kumelwe aqaphele futhi amelane nabo abandlulukele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uthola ukuqulwa okulungile. Imithetho ephathelene nokuqulwa kwecala iphakathi lapha: umahluleli kumelwe athathe idle indle lapho ukungakhethi kwawo kungangatshazwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uma ijaji line qulumza enkampanini, linempahla eseduze nomngcele ophikiswanayo, noma linobuhlobo bomuntu siqu noyedwa wabameli, kudingeka likhulunyelwe.

Ubulungisa buhlanganisa nokuphatha inkantolo. Abahluleli kumelwe baphathe wonke amaqembu ngenhlonipho, bagweme ulimi olunenzondo noma oludedayo, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi abachazi banethuba elibalulekile lokuveza icala labo. Ngisho nombono wokukhetha ungalimaza abahluleli. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abathathi-nxaxheba abanomuzwa wokuthi bezwiwe (nakuba belalelwa) uma belahlekelwa ngokukhululekile.

Ubuqotho Nokwethembeka

Ubuqotho bufuna ukuba ukuziphatha komahluleli kungasolwa kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwenkantolo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwethembeka ekudalulini ngokwezimali, ukugwema izipho noma imifelano engadala ukunganaki, nokugwema ukuxhumana okungahlangani (izingxoxo zomuntu siqu nomunye umuntu ngaphandle komunye). Ijaji elivuma iholide elikhululekile kummeli ovame ukuvela phambi kwabo lilulaza ukuthenjelwa umphakathi, ngisho noma kungadingenwa ngokuqondile.

Ukwethembeka kuyasebenza futhi ezitatimendeni zokwahlulela. Uma umahluleli enza iphutha, inkambo efanele iwukulivuma ngokulungisa noma ngokulicabangela. Ubuqotho budlulela ekuziphatheni komuntu siqu: abahluleli kufanele bagweme ukuziphatha okubonisa ukungakuthandi kahle enkantolo, njengokushayela ngokunganaki, ukudakwa kwasobala, noma ulimi oluhlambalazayo. I-ABA Model Codel ithi umahluleli “uyokwenza njalo ngendlela ekhuthaza ukuthembela komphakathi ekuzimeleni, ebuqothweni, nasekungakhethi kwejaji.”

Ukuzimela

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kusho ukuthi umahluleli unquma amacala asekelwe kuphela emthethweni nasemaqinisweni, akhululekile ekuphazanyisweni amagatsha aphethe noma awezomthetho, ngezithakazelo ezinamandla, noma ngombono womphakathi. Ababambi beminyango yezembutho kumele bamelane nokucindezela kwezombangazwe ezingasongela ukusika imali, emikhankasweni yezokuxhumana efuna umphumela othile, noma ezinhlanganweni ezifuna ukubusa. Inkululeko idinga futhi isivikelo sezinhlangano, njengenqubo elondekile, iholo, kanye nenqubo yokunikeza izijeziso ezibonisa ngokucacile.

Isenzo sokuzimela singaba esicashile. Ngokwesibonelo, ijaji elahlulele icala eliphakeme lezemvelo lingase lizizwe licindezelwa umphakathi ukuba libuse embonini engcolisayo. Umsebenzi ongokomthetho uwukubekela eceleni lokho kucindezela futhi usebenzise umthetho ngokungathathi hlangothi. Ngokufanayo, abahluleli kumelwe bagweme ukuba amalungu ezinhlangano ezikhetha ubuhlanga, ubulili, inkolo, noma indlela yobulili, njengoba ukuzihlanganisa okunjalo kungahlehlisa ukuzimela nokungakhethi.

Ukuzikhandla

Abahluleli banomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza ikhono lobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kusho ukuhlala uhambisana nezinguquko ezisemthethweni, ezinqubweni, nasebucikweni bobuchwepheshe. Ukuqhubeka nemfundo engokomthetho akuyona into ezikhethela; kuyimfuneko ezindaweni eziningi. Ukubambisana kuhlanganisa nekhono lokusingatha icala eliyinkimbinkimbi, ukubhala imibono ecacile nenengqondo, nokuphatha izindaba ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle kokulahla ubulungisa. Ukuba nobulungisa kusho ukunquma izindaba ngokushesha kuwuhlobo lokungabi nabulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, umahluleli womkhaya othatha iminyaka eminingi ukuze alawule isibopho sokuwina kungabangela ukulimala okungalungiseki ezinganeni nabazali.

Ikhompathimenti idlulela ekuqondeni izindawo ezintsha ezinjengobufakazi be-minuber, impahla, nobubanzi obungaqondakali. Ababambi-zincwadi namuhla kumelwe balwe namathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi angokwezimali, imithetho yokwaziswa, nokwenza izinqumo zomthetho-mthetho wezomthetho. Ukuhluleka ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe kulezizindawo kungaholela ekunqumeni okunephutha nasekulahlekelweni kwethemba lomphakathi.

Udumo Nobuzwe

Abahluleli kufanele bagweme noma yikuphi ukuziphatha okungase kubonakale kungafanele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokugwema ukusebenzisa isikhundla sokwahlulela ukuze kuzuze bona, ekusebenziseni imikhiqizo yezentengiselwano, noma ekuhlanganyeleni emsebenzini wezombangazwe (ezindaweni lapho umsebenzi onjalo ubekelwe imingcele). Ukuziphethe futhi kubusa ukuziphatha komahluleli emakamelweni: izisebenzi akumelwe zihlatshwe ngokuchaphayo, futhi ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo kumelwe kuvikelwe.

Imithetho eminingi ebhuqayo ifuna ukuba abahluleli babe nesineke, bahlonipheke, bahlonipheke futhi bahlonipheke. Umphakathi uyasebenza nasemibonweni ebhaliwe; abahluleli kufanele bagweme ukuhlasela abameli noma amaqembu okuphatha isithunzi. Ukulondoloza indawo enenhlonipho kukhuthaza ukuziphatha okuhle phakathi kwabo bonke abahlanganyeli.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Efezwayo

Ukuqinisekisa Ubuhle Bemvelo

Ubulungisa obungokwesiko .ngokuvamile bubizwa ngokuthi inqubo efanele, ukubonakaliswa okusebenzayo kwemisebenzi yezimiso. Kusho ukunika idili ngalinye isaziso sezehlakalo, ithuba lokuzwiwa, nesinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini. Abahluleli kumelwe baqaphele ukuba kunganqunywa ukukhipha izinqubo ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinkantolo ezincane ezizishoyo, lapho abameli abavamile bevela ngaphandle kwabameli, abahluleli banomthwalo owengeziwe wokuchaza izinqubo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi amalungu azimele aqonda amalungelo abo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi asebenza njengommeli wethekwisi, kodwa kunalokho akha izinga lokudlala.

Ukusingatha Ukungezwani Kwesithakazelo

Ukuxabana kwesithakazelo akunakugwenywa emphakathini ongokomthetho osondelene. Abahluleli kumele baphawule ngokuphandle izingxabano ezingase zibe khona mayelana nobuhlobo bomkhaya, izithakazelo zezimali, ukusebenzelana kwamakhasimende, noma ukucwasana kwabantu. Icala lezimiso akukona ukuqungatha kuphela uma kuvela ingxabano kodwa futhi ukuveza noma yisiphi isimo esingase sibangele ukuba kuthandabuzeke ngokunengqondo. Ezimikhankasweni eziningi, abahluleli kudingeka ukuba balondoloze isimo somphakathi sezembulale. Ukuhluleka ukuveza izimali. Ukungadaluli kungaholela esenzweni sokujezisa, njengoba kubonakala ezicabeni eziningana lapho abahluleli behlulwa ukuqulwa ngenxa yokunga kwezethembisi ngenxa yemikhankambi noma izihlobo.

Ukulondoloza Isifuba

Abahluleli bathola ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo ngokulalela i-camerary, izingqungquthela, nokuvala izingqwembe. Akumelwe neze bembule ukwaziswa okunjalo ngaphandle kwemvume. Lo msebenzi uyasebenza ngisho nangemva kokuphetha icala. Izindawo zokufihla imfihlo zingalimaza izithakazelo, zilulaza ukuxoxa ngezingxoxo, futhi ziqede ukuthembana kwejaji. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahluleli kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi izisebenzi zabo zihlonipha futhi imfihlo. Kunyaka we-igeomethi, lokhu kusho ukuvikela amafayela emishini, ukusebenzisa imishini yokuxhumana elondekile, futhi ukugwema ukuxoxa ngezindaba zomphakathi noma ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Nakuba ukuzimela kubalulekile, akusho ukuthi amajaji awanakubalwa. Ukubonana ekuthatheni izinqumo zokwahlulela ngemibono ebhaliwe echaza ukucubungula nokuhlola umphakathi. Amajaji abefundisi avuma ukulandisa ngezinqubo ezinjengokukhokhwa komthetho, ukuhlolwa, ukuqulwa kwezenzo, nezindawo zokukhokha. Kufanele futhi bamukele ukuvunywa yizinkampani zebhari nakumphakathi, uma nje kungayekethisi ukungakhethi kwabo. Ukulandisa kuqinisa ukwethenjwa ngokubonisa ukuthi abahluleli banecala ngezindinganiso zabo eziphakeme.

Izinselele Nezinkinga Ezibucayi

Ama - Bias (Awazi lutho) Okwahlulela

Ngisho nabahluleli abahloswe kahle kakhulu baphatha ubandlululo olungekho olwazini olubunjwe ngendlela abakhuliswe ngayo, indlela yokuphila, nokuhlangenwe nakho. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ubandlululo olucacile lungathinta izinqumo ngokuthembeka, ukugweba, nokulimaza. Umkhuba wezesayensi udinga abahluleli ukuba bahileleke ezinyathelweni ezisebenzayo: ukuqeqeshelwa ubandlululo, ukusebenzisa amathuluzi obulungisa, nokusebenzisa amathuluzi okwenza izinqumo asekelwe ebufakazini. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zasungula “izinhlolo ezithi” abahluleli ababukeli ngaphambi kokuba bakhiphe izinqumo. Ukungaboni lutho akukona ukuqeda konke ukuvumelana nezindaba − okungakho nokwenzeka ukuqaphela nokulungisa ithonya lazo.

Ukucindezela Kwangaphandle Nokuhlola Komphakathi

Enkathini yezombangazwe ezihlukene kanye nemijikelezo yamahora angama-24 yezindaba, izahlulela ngokuqhubekayo ukusongelwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokuhlaselwa kwezombangazwe. Amacala aphakeme ahlanganisa amalungelo okukhipha isisu, izingxabano zezezinqumo, noma amashende enkampani (inkinga) ibangela umbono omkhulu womphakathi. Inselele engokokuziphatha ukunquma amacala ngokwemithetho, hhayi ukuthandwa. Abahluleli kumelwe bamelane nesilingo “sokujabulisa isixuku” noma ukuziphindisela ngendlela evimbela ukukhishwa kwemizwa. Babuye bangene ezintathelweni ngaphandle kokuphendula ezindabeni ezilandelayo, ezingabonwa njengezithi ziwukuthethelela noma zithonya umphumela.

Ukucindezela kwangaphandle futhi kuvela emacaleni anamandla noma ngisho nakwamanye amajaji. Ngokwesibonelo, umahluleli angase azizwe ecindezelwa umahluleli omkhulu ukuba axazulule icala ngandlela-thile. Ukuzimela kudinga ukumelana nalesosingcindezi. Imithetho yezomthetho ivame ukunqabela ngokuqondile umahluleli ukuba angavumeli ithonya labanye.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemithombo Yezindaba

Ubuchwepheshe buveza izinkinga zezimiso zezimiso eziphambili. Ukusetshenziswa kwezenhlala-khaya yijaji kungafiphaza umehluko phakathi kokuphila komuntu siqu nokungochwepheshe. Ukujwayelana nommeli eFacebook kungadala ukucwasana. Ukuveza icala [1] Ngisho nangemininingwane evamile (ngo-accan aphula imithetho eyimfihlo). Imithetho eminingi manje ivimbela abahluleli ukuba bakhulume ngezindaba ezizayo noma ezizayo kuyi-inthanethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahluleli kumelwe baqonde ubufakazi bezezinombolo ukuze balawule ekusebenziseni imvume, amalungelo emfihlo, nobuqiniso. Isibopho sokwazi ukukwazi ukubhekana nemicimbi yezenhlalakahle, ukugcinwa kwemininingwane.

Enye inselele yezobuchwepheshe ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingokomthetho. Amanye ama-athom asebenzisa imithetho ye-algorithm ukuze ahlole izingozi ebheyili noma egwebeni. Ababambi-zincwadi-mfundamabhande kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi amathuluzi anjalo awafaki ubandlululo, ukuthi amasu abonisa gcaba, nokuthi abaphathi igunya lokwahlulela emshinini. Iziqondiso ze-Profecture zinquma ukuxazulula lezindaba.

Ukulinganisela Ukuhlakanipha Nokungaguquguquki

Abathuthi bamakhaya ngokuvamile banemibono ebanzi, ngokwesibonelo ekukhokheleni amakhambi okukhokha amasu alinganayo, noma ukuhlaziya ukuthembeka kobufakazi. Ukuhlakanipha kuyadingeka ukuze kufinyelelwe ubulungisa ezimweni ngazinye, kodwa ukuguquguquka okukhulu kungaholela ekungabini nabulungisa nasekunganqunyelweni. Inselele engokokuziphatha iwukusebenzisa ukuqonda ngendlela engaguquki nenezimiso. Ukutadisha izenzakalo, ukuxoxa nozakwabo (ngesikhathi sokuzimela inkululeko), nokunamathela ekugwebeni noma ekulahleni iziqondiso kungasiza. Abahluleli futhi kufanele bazimisele ukuchaza indlela abacabanga ngayo ukuthi kungani kuvela emphumeleni ohlukile kunomphumela ofanayo.

Ukubhekana Nokucindezeleka Nokusebenza

Isimo esinzima somsebenzi wokwahlulela (amahora amaningi, izigxobo eziphakeme, ukuhlukaniswa, kungaholela ekutubekeni, okuqeda ukwahlulela okungokokuziphatha. Amajaji akhatheleyo angase asheshe asheshe aphatheke, angabi nandaba, noma athambekele ekuthatheni izindlela ezimfushane ezimfushane. Umthwalo wemfanelo owesikhulu uhlanganisa ukuzinakekela nokufuna ukusekelwa lapho kudingekile. Amanye amazwe anikeza izinhlelo ezinhle noma amajaji afundisayo abanikeli abasha abasha. Ukuqaphela imingcele yamandla omuntu nokuthatha izinyathelo zokulondoloza impilo akuwona ubugovu; kuwumsebenzi emaphathini nasemphakathini athembele ezinqumweni ezinengqondo.

Isiphetho

Imithwalo yemfanelo yezimiso yezikhulu zomphakathi nabahluleli ibanzi njengalapho zijule. Kusukela ekungakhethini nasekuzimeleni kuya ekwakheni amakhono nasebuntwini, zonke izimiso zifeza umgomo ofanayo: ijaji elifanelwe ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Enkathini yokushintsha okusheshayo kwezezombangazwe, kwezezobuchwepheshe, nakumphakathi (lezimiso) zinikeza ikhampasi eqinile. Ukuzisekela kudinga ukuqapha njalo, ukuthobeka, nokuzimisela ukufunda. Abahluleli nabaphathi akumelwe bazigcine nje kuphela kodwa futhi bazenze zibe yindawo ephilayo yazo zonke izinqumo nobudlelwane.

Izikhungo ezingokomthetho emhlabeni wonke ziyaqhubeka zicwengisisa imithetho yazo yezimiso zokuziphatha ukuze zixazulule izinselele ezintsha. Ikhodi Eliyikhophi Yomthetho Yokuziphatha ne [[FLT:]NUN]-equadended Bancolorence Principles[ ihlala inemithombo ebalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLT:] i-Code of Face for United States Abbecrip inikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo ezindaweni eziningi zomthetho. Ukuqhubeka ukufunda, imisebenzi enjenge [ iMahlulelo nemithetho yawo ye-Ethics ye-Ethics [FLT] [FLD:] [FLT], 2012] inikeza ukucunga okuhle kakhulu kwesinqumo esingokomthetho esingokomthetho somthetho.