Ukuvikela Amalungelo

Isibopho esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni kahulumeni siwukuvikela amalungelo abo bonke abantu abangaphansi kwegunya lawo. Lo msebenzi awuyona nje into ecatshangelwayo; ugcinwe eMthethweni-sisekelo, uphoqelelwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi uchazwa yijaji. Ngaphandle kwalensi evikelayo, inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ingaba yisisulu sokugqekeza kokubili ohulumeni bombuso nabadlali abazimele. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ogunyazwe ngo-1788, umi njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, kanye nokubuyiselwa kwalo ngokucacile kuchaza inkululeko okungekho hulumeni //dederal, simo, noma i-o-ocestert sy.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

I-Bill of Rights, eyakhiwa izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, yakha itshe eliqinile lenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ngaphaya kwalokho, iziphendu ezilandelayo ziye zandisa isivikelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulingana nenqubo efanele. Amalungiselelo abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala [ - Siqinisekisi senkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yenkolo, yenhlangano, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. Lokhu kulungiswa kuye kwaba yinhloko yezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu, kusukela ku-New York Times v. Sullivan [1964] ku-[FL:]
  • [[NT:0] Isichibiyeli seNguquko yesine - ivikela izakhamuzi ekufuneni nokuquleka okungacabangeli. Kudinga ukuqiniswa komthetho ukuze uthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ukuba ibangele ukuphenya okuningi, isimiso esiye sabangela izimpikiswano zanamuhla mayelana nezindaba zomuntu siqu nokuqapha.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith - - - Iqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile yomthetho, ivimbela izingozi eziphindwe kabili, futhi ivikela ekuzichayeni. Ilungelo lokuthula nesiqinisekiso secala elikhulu elibekwa abahluleli ngenxa yalenqubo engathi sína.
  • ISichibiyelo se-Fourtenth - mhlawumbe isokuqala samandla kazwelonke, inikeza bonke abantu abazalwayo noma abadalwe e-United States imvume yokuphika noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla engenayo inqubo efanele. Isisekelo sayo sokuvikelwa kuka-Clausbese iyisisekelo samalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise nesikole desebation (Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo, 1954) kanye nokulinganisa komshado ([[[FLT:]] [FLT]]

Lezivikelo zomthetho-mthetho ziphoqelelwa ngesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, neNkantolo Ephakeme esebenza njengommeli wokugcina. Uhulumeni futhi unamandla okumisa ukuvikela amalungelo angahlukaniswanga ngokucacile (ngokwesibonelo, i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964, eyawephula umthetho wokucwasa okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe. Lomthetho wathatha igunya lawo kuMnyango wezentengiselwano Claus neSimende se-Grandment, ibonisa indlela indima kahulumeni eyandiswa ngayo ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zomphakathi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuvikela amalungelo ephepha kusho okuncane ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa kwemisebenzi. Uhulumeni usebenza izinhlangano eziningi ezisebenza ngokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nemithetho yamalungelo abantu. Isethi yobulungisa (DOJ) i-Civil Rights Division ingumphathi oyinhloko, namagatsha anikezelwe ekuphuleni amalungelo obugebengu, ukuvota amalungelo omphakathi, ukucwaswa kwezindlu nokucwaswa kwemisebenzi, nokungaphathi kahle kwamaphoyisa.

I-Equal Accounting Commission (EOC) isingatha ukukhononda emsebenzini. Ngonyaka we-EEOC kuphela, yathola amacala angaphezu kuka-80 000 okucwasa, iqongelela amakhulu ezigidi zamadollar ngenxa yezisulu. Ngokufanayo, ukuphuma kwe House ne-Urban Development (HUD)[[FLD:3] kuphoqelela i-Fair Implace Act, ukucubungula ukucwasa kobandlululo olusekelwe emncintiswaneni, ukukhubazeka, isimo sezindawo zezindlu ezimele.

I-Federal idlulisela imfundo nge- ISivumelwano se-Office yemfundo yamalungelo e-Civil, esiqinisekisa ukuthi izikole namakolishi athola izimali zikahulumeni azicaluli ngokusekelwe ohlangeni, ebulilini, ekukhubazekeni, noma ebudalani. Lelihhovisi liye laba semqoka ekukhulumeni nesihloko esithi IX opayiwe, kuhlanganise nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokuhlaselwa emakholishini.

Esinye sezibonelo ezibonakala kakhulu zokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu kuhulumeni senzeka phakathi ne-Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni (washoshozelwa yi-Attorney Department ngaphansi kukaJenene Robert F.Kennedy).

Kubantu abakholelwa emalungelweni abo baye bephulwa, isinyathelo sokuqala ngokuvamile sibangela ukukhononda nenhlangano kahulumeni. I-DOJ igcina isango elikulayini lokubika ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo eziphethe [ inikeza indawo kubantu ngabanye ukuba bamangalelwe izinhlangano zikahulumeni noma abadlali abazimele abaphula amalungelo abo omthetho-mthetho noma umthetho.

Imithombo yangaphandle: DOJ Civil Rights Division website esemthethweni

Ukulungiselela Izinkonzo

Ngaphandle kwamalungelo okuvikela, uhulumeni uphethe umthwalo wokunikeza izigidi zabantu baseMelika izinkonzo ezidingekayo ezixhomeke kuzo nsuku zonke. Lezi zinkonzo zihlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, ukudla okunomsoco, ukulondeka komhlalaphansi, nokusabela kwenhlekelele. Nakuba imibuso nohulumeni bendawo benikeza eziningi zalezi zinhlelo, ukusekela izimali nezindinganiso zikahulumeni kuqinisekisa ukutholakala nokungaguquguquki kwezwe lonke.

Izinkonzo Zezempilo

Uhulumeni uphethe izinhlelo ezinkulu kakhulu ze-mishuwalense yezempilo yesizwe. Medicare, eyamiswa ngo-1965 ngaphansi kwesihloko se-SVIII soMnyango Wezempilo, inikeza ingxube yezempilo kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu, kanye nabasha abanezifo ezithile noma isigaba se-denal disease. Ihlukaniswa zamashumi amane: Ingxenye A (umshuwalense), Ingxenye B (umshuwalense wamanje), i-C (intelligate (izinhlelo zokukhokhela i-mmusssss), nePart D (intelligicration esemthethweni). Ngo-2023, iMedicane imbobo embozwe izingxenye engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-65.

[[FLT:] .Meltid, edalwe eceleni kwe-Medicare ngaphansi kwe-Title XX, iwuhlelo oluhlangene nombuso wezwe olunikeza ukufinyelelwa kwezempilo kubantu abaphansi, kuhlanganise nezingane, abesifazane abakhulelwe, abantu abadala, nabantu abakhubazekile. Uhulumeni ubeka i-baseline ealline realiginial nestysfects eziphakathi kuka-50% no-78%. I-Afford Carect (ACA) eyandisiwe i-Medicaid ukumboza bonke abantu abadala ngeholo elifinyelela ku-8,% yezinga lobumpofu obuphakathi kwezizwe ezihlanganyelayo. Njengango-2024, kusho ukuthi amashumi amane namashumi amane esigodini e-Olidiyondlalela izigidi ezikhona ngaphambili [FOT] [2]:[3]

I- Act ye-Afford Care (2010) yabuye yaguqula isimiso sokunakekela impilo sase-U.S. ngokumisa izimakethe zempilo, inqabela ukukhokhwa ngenxa yezimo zangaphambi kokuba khona, ivumela intsha ekhulile ukuba iqhubeke ilandela izinhloso zabazali ize ibe neminyaka engu-26 ubudala, futhi inikele imali ekhokhelwayo emikhayeni engenisa imali ephakathi. Uhulumeni usebenza kwezempilo Care.gov, isikhululo sokubhalisa samazwe akhetha ukungasebenzisi izimfashini zawo.

Ngaphandle komshuwalense, izimali zempilo yomphakathi zikahulumeni zithathwa nge- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) kanye ne- National Institutes of Health (NIH). ICDC i-tracks disease transfect disease, imisa izimiso, futhi inikeza isiqondiso sesayensi emongweni wezempilo. i-NIH, umxhasi omkhulu kakhulu wokucwaninga ngesayensi yesayensi yezesayensi emhlabeni, usekela izifundo eziholela ekwelaphelweni okusha kanye nasekwelaphelweni izifo ezinjengomdlavuza, u-Alzzzzíni, ne-HIV/SIDA.

Imithombo yangaphandle: [[QULT:0] I-Medicare.gov – ISikhundla sikahulumeni we-U.S. se-Medicare

Izinkonzo Zemfundo

Indima kahulumeni emfundweni ngokuyinhloko ingeyokusekela ukuxhaswa kwezimali nokuhlelwa kwe-secondal Education, njengoba iSichibiyelo seshumi sigcina ukulawula ngokuqondile imfundo emazweni nasezindaweni. Noma kunjalo, ama-dollar kahulumeni anethonya elinamandla ekwakhekeni nasemasingeni. Isihloko I seSikhathi se-Elementary neSecondal Education Act (ESA), idluliswe ngo-19656 futhi i-a ngokusemthethweni njenge-All Scessivements Act (SA) ngo-2015, iqondisa izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezikole ezikhonza amanani aphansi angenisa imali. Laba bafundisa abafundi abafundisayo, iziyalezo, ukuthuthukisa, izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe, nezinhlelo zokuqeda umsebenzi.

Kusemfundo ephakeme, uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza uPalls , onikeza usizo olusekelwe ngokwezimali oludingayo ukuze abafundi batholwe imali ephansi. Ngokungafani nemali - mboleko, uPell Grants akadingi ukukhokha. Ngonyaka wehora lika-2023/2024, u-Pell Grant wayengu $7,395. Uhlelo lomfundi ogunyaziwe oboleka imali uvumela abafundi ukuba baboleke ngokuqondile kuhulumeni, ngokukhokha imali ekhokhwa ngenkokhelo nokukhokha inkokha yenkongozelo yenkonzo yomphakathi okukhona.

Uhlelo lwe-Head Start, lwaqalwa ngo-1965 njengengxenye kaMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverse, inikeza imfundo ebanzi yabantwana basemancane, impilo, nokusebenza kwabazali ezinkonzweni zezingane ezivela emikhayeni ephansi. Inhloko ikhonza izingane ezingaphezu kuka-800,000 ngonyaka, nezinhlelo ezisebenza kuwo wonke amazwe nasensimini. Ukucwaninga kubonise ukuthi abathatha isigaba seQelo liba cishe baphoqelele esikoleni esiphakeme, bafunde ekholijini, futhi bazuze iholo eliphakeme kamuva ekuphileni.

Uhulumeni uphoqelela futhi amalungelo emfundo nge- Incasiauss ene-Act yemfundo ekhubazekayo (IDEA), eqinisekisa imfundo yomphakathi efanelekile (FAPE) kubantwana abakhubazekile. I-IDEA inikeza izimali ezizweni ezisekela ukuvumelana nemithetho yayo, kuhlanganise nokuphuhliswa kwe-Andigatedized Education Programs (IEPs) kanye nokubekwa kwendawo elinganiselwe kakhulu.

Okwamanje, uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza cishe amaphesenti angu-8% engqikithi yemfundo, kodwa leyomali ibalulekile ekufuneni ukuba abantu banciphe. UMnyango Wezemfundo Wamalungelo Omphakathi uqinisekisa futhi ukuthi izikole zivumelana neSihloko se-IX, Ingxenye 504 ye-Rehabilitation Act, kanye nezinye izimiso ezingezona ezobuhlanga.

I-aspect yangaphandle: [[UMTL:0]U.S.U. Department of Education

Izinhlelo Zomphakathi

Izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zezenhlalo zimelela inzuzo enkulu kakhulu kahulumeni. Inikeza abafelokazi izinzuzo, abafelokazi, abafelokazi, nabantwana abancikene nezisebenzi ezifile, kanye nokukhubazeka kusiza izisebenzi ezingasasebenzi ngenxa yokukhubazeka okukhulu. Njengango-2023, izigidi ezingaphezu kwezingu-70 zaseMelika zathola izinzuzo zezeNhlala - kahle. Uhlelo lukhokhelwa ngentela yezisebenzi nabaqashi, intela eqoqwa nge-FAC (Intest Conservects Act) ngaphandle kokuba kukhishwe intela ye-Forencestions. Intengosi ye-Social Scence ibhekenel Fund enzima ngenxa yezinkinga zokuguga.

SUpplial Instruction Information Program[NSAP], eyayaziwa njengezitembu zokudla, inikeza izinzuzo zanyanga zonke ezithi imikhaya ethola imali ephansi ingazisebenzisa ukuthenga ukudla. I-U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), i-SAP yakhonza isilinganiso sabantu abayizigidi ezingu-41 ngenyanga ngonyaka ka-2023. Ukungakhokhi kusekelwe emalini eholweni nasemalini engokwemali, nabantu abadala abakwaziyo abakwaziyo ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kwemibandela exhomeke ekusebenzeni. I-SNP inemiphumela engathi i-actrialism: i-Urban Institute ilinganisela ukuthi ngo-2018, SNP i-NP ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyisihlanu kubantu abampofu.

I-Temprary Animation for Needy Families [TTANF:1] yathatha indawo yesimiso sosizo eMikhayeni ngezingane ezinciphile (AFDC) ngo-1996 njengengxenye yenguquko yezenhlalakahle. i-TNF inikeza iziphakamiso zokuhlela, ezithi ngalesosikhathi ziklame usizo lwazo lwemali kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zemikhaya enabantwana. Amazwe kumelwe ahlangane nenani lokuhlanganyela futhi abeke imingcele yesikhathi (* iminyaka emihlanu qho phakathi konyaka edlulile ukuze akhuthaze ukuzuza kosizo lukahulumeni.) Ukuzifaka icala kuye kwehla kakhulu kusukela ngo-1990, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imikhaya eminingi engafaneleki ngenxa yosizo, futhi izinzuzo zinciphe.

Ezinye izinhlelo eziyinhloko zenhlalo ehlalisanayo zihlanganisa Ukukhetha (Unyuso 8) olulawulwa yi-HUD, Uhlelo olukhethekile lweNguquko yabesifazane, izinsana, nabantwana (WIC), kanye [FLT] ne[FLT]] i-Lowhoom Energy Intect Program (LIIIIIAP). Zonke lezi zinhlelo zenza ukuzimisela kukahulumeni kazwelonke ukunikeza indawo ephezulu yezomnotho.

Umthombo wangaphandle: SNAP – Isongezo-Nxusho lwe-USDA [UMTL:1]

Eminye Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ebucayi Yasebuthweni

Nakuba ilungiselelo lesivikelo samalungelo nenkonzo lihlanganiswa kulesi sihloko, uhulumeni kahulumeni ufeza neminye imisebenzi edingekayo eminingi edala ukuchuma nokulondeka kwesizwe. Isivikelo sombuso wesizwe mhlawumbe siyisisekelo kakhulu: uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iKhomishane amandla okumemezela impi nokuphakamisa amabutho, futhi uMongameli usebenza njengoMkhuzi-Mphathi wamabutho ahlomile. UMnyango wezokuvikela wengamela imali yezempi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, uqinisekisa ukuma kuhle ukuzimisela ukunqamula wonke amagatsha.

Inqubo nezingxoxo zamazwe angaphandle ziyimithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni kuphela. UMnyango wezwe ulawula ubuhlobo namanye amazwe nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, ufaka izivumelwano, futhi unikeza usizo emazweni asathuthuka. Uhulumeni wezwe ulawula futhi ukuhwebelana kwezizwe nakwamanye amazwe, umisa isimiso sezimali ngeFederal Reserve, futhi uqoqa izintela ukuze kuxhaswe imisebenzi yawo. I-International Revenue Service (IRS) inikeza umthetho wentela, okhokhela yonke into kusukela ezikoleni zemigwaqo emikhulu ukuya eziqiwini zezindawo zombuso.

Enye indawo eyinhloko isivikelo sendawo ezungezile. I-Epagency ye-Evironmental Protection (EPA) imisa imithetho enjenge-Cease Air Act ne-Cease Water Act, imisa izindinganiso zezwe zokulawula ukungcola kanye nokuphatha udoti okuyingozi. Izinhlangano zokuphatha izwe eziphethe iFederal, kuhlanganise neNational Park Service, i-Forest Service, ne-Bureauau of Land Manage Manage Management, zengamela amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zamazwe omphakathi, zilinganisela ukulondoloza imvelo nezindawo ezidayisaphakele.

Ukulinganisela Izindima Zomphakathi NoMbuso

Ukuqonda imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni kudinga ukuqaphela isimiso sokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe. ISichibiyelo seshumi sisho ukuthi amandla angawaphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma anqatshelwe yiwo, agcinelwe izifundazwe noma abantu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkonzo eziningi − njengesivikelo samaphoyisa, ukugcinwa kwemigwaqo, nezikole zomphakathi / ziwumbuso nezindaba zendawo eziphezulu. Nokho, uhulumeni uvame ukuthatha izinyathelo ngokuxhasa izimali, izindinganiso, nokukhuthaza ukubambisana kwemitadi ezindaweni ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni wezwe ubeka imiholo elinganiselwe nemithetho egciniwe ngaphansi kwe-Fair Labor Sight Ravement Act, kodwa amazwe angathatha iholo eliphansi kakhulu.

Ukudlala phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni kungaholela ekucindezelekeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana namalungelo okuvota, ukugcinwa kwabantu bengena kwamanye amazwe, kanye nesimiso sokunakekela impilo. Ikhono likahulumeni kahulumeni lokukhulula umthetho kahulumeni ngaphansi kweSupremacy Claus liqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso zesizwe ziyachuma uma kunempi, kodwa amazwe alondoloza inkululeko ephawulekayo. Lesi sakhiwo esinamandla sivumela ukuhlolwa kwezindawo ezisebenza “njengemishini yentando yeningi”.[1] Ngesikhathi esifanayo aqinisekisa ukuthi isisekelo sesivikelo sazo zonke izakhamuzi.

Isiphetho

Imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni kahulumeni idlulela ngalé kokuvikelwa okulula kwamalungelo nelungiselelo lezinkonzo. Kuvikelwa komthetho-sisekelo okuqinisekisa ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko nenqubo ehambisana nezinhlelo ezinkulu ezinikeza ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, nokusekela kokudla, uhulumeni uthinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi zisebenza nsuku zonke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvikelwa kungaphezu kwamazwi esikhumba. Izinhlelo zomphakathi zinikeza ukuqina kwezomnotho emikhayeni ebhekene nobunzima. Futhi ngemisebenzi yayo yokuvikela, inqubo yenye inqubo nemithetho, uhulumeni ulondoloza izinhlelo zokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lemithwalo yemfanelo kubalulekile ukuze babe nesabelo esinolwazi. Kunika abantu amandla okwazi amalungelo abo, izinkonzo ezitholakalayo, futhi bagcine uhulumeni wabo unecala. Isimiso sikahulumeni asimi ndawonye; sivela ngomthetho, izibopho zenkantolo, nokucindezela komphakathi. Ukuhlala uhileleke ekutheni le nqubo isebenza kanjani kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlanganyela okuphumelelayo emphakathini wentando yeningi.