Umlando Wokulinganisela Kwamandla

Ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo akuyona inqubo yanamuhla kodwa isakhiwo esisungulwe ngokucophelela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka efilosofi yezombangazwe nokuhlolwa komthetho. Abaklami be-United States Constitution bathonywa kakhulu yizazi zokuKhanyiselwa komqondo njengoJohn Locke, owalwela amalungelo angokwemvelo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamandla ukuze avimbele ubushiqela, futhi uBaron de Montesquie, owasekela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ehlukile, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela. Lemibono yasungulwa phakathi noMhlangano-Constituple ka 1787, lapho izihambeli ziphikisana khona ngokufanelekile ngokomthetho phakathi kukahulumeni ophakathi nezifundazwe. Ibhulo oluvelayo luye lwazinziswa yile ukusekela okungcono kakhulu. [Inani eliphakeme lamandla embusweni elingcono, kodwa lisekela ukusekela ukubusa kwale, umbalo olungcono kakhulu, umbangokwamandla aphakeme kakhulu.[5]

Ukungezwani okungokomlando phakathi kobukhulu bezwe nobukhosi bezwe kuye kwaguqula ukuthuthuka kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. IMpi Yombango neziHlanzo ze-Reconstructation ezalandela zandisa igunya likahulumeni, ikakhulukazi neziqinisekiso zeSichibiyelo se 14th senqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esifanayo. Kamuva, inkathi iNew Deal yabona uhulumeni wezwe uthatha indima enkulu kakhulu ekulawuleni kwezomnotho nasenhlalakahleni yezenhlalo, ngokuvamile ethethelelwa umthetho wezentengiselwano Claus. Nokho, iSiphendulo seshumi elinesihlanu siye sabhexwa njalo ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo ezwe, kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zesikole kuya ezimpikiswaneni zezenhlalakahle yezempilo. Lengxoxo eqhubekayo ibonisa ukuqina kwesimiso sombuso, lapho ukulingana kwezenhlalakahle, lapho isilinganiso sezenhlalakahle silungiswa njalo ngomthetho, nge-ligibliga, nangokukhuluma obala.

Izinga Eliphakathi

Eqophelweni likahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza imibuso eqondile, noma ebalayo, kuhulumeni wesizwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa igunya lokukhipha imali, ukusakaza impi, ukulawula ukuhweba kwezwe lamazwe ngamazwe, ukumisa inkonzo yeposi, nokuphakamisa amabutho. ISiphakamiso I, Isiqendu 8 soMthetho-sisekelo sihlela la mibuso, kodwa sihlanganisa ne-Monivement Clause, evumela uMkhandlu wemithetho edingekayo neyoMfaneleyo yokukhipha imithetho edingekayo ukuze kuqedwe imithetho yayo engokomthetho. Isimiso sokulawula imibuso yangaphandle, iphethe izinhlangano zeze yamazwe, i-ee ngokomthetho, njengoba kubonakala ezinkantolo zeNkakhulu zeNkakhulu zeNkanto enjenge-Mpulklov. UMary V. [1819), futhi isekela imithombo ye-osembuthone yezwe elingumbuso wezwe elingu-E. [impone, i-E.] i-E.[e, i-custom. i-sem. i-sease i-se orglveral

Izinga Lesifundazwe

Ohulumeni baphethe amagunya angaphathiswa uhulumeni, njengoba ebekwe iSichibiyelo seshumi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa igunya ngemfundo, ezokuhamba, impilo yomphakathi, ezentengiselwano zomphakathi, imithetho yomshado, kanye namandla amaphoyisa ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka komphakathi nenhlalakahle. Umbuso ngamunye unemithetho yawo siqu, ngokuvamile enemininingwane eminingi kunemithetho yawo, kanye nemithetho yawo siqu, imvume yomthetho, namagatsha okwahlulela. Lesimiso sivumela ukusebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokramente, ukuthatha izinqubo zesimiso sokulawula, ukuthatha izinqubo ezihlukene zezomthetho kanye nezindlela zokulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amazwe aye asungula ukukhokha intela kwembulunga yonke, kuyilapho amanye aye alandela izinhlelo zentela nokukhipha imingcele. Imithetho ehlukene yemithetho engokomthetho, ikakhulukazi lapho kunezimo ezikalela ukulawulwa kwempoqolo yenkasazono yezwe. Imithetho egunyazwe kakhulu, isekela imibandela engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho kahulumeni, futhi ilandelanaka kakhulu, futhi imibandela ezindaweni eziwugunyaza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngokuncintinyela imibandela yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yesifunda kakhulu.

Izinga lendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo − kuhlanganise nohulumeni bendawo (abanezinga lokuhlala, omasipala, amalomu, nezigodi ezikhethekile) basondelene kakhulu nezakhamuzi futhi banakekela izidingo zomphakathi eziseduze kakhulu. Basebenza ngaphansi kwegunya elinikezwa ohulumeni bezwe, okungahluka ngokuqondisa okuqinile ngokwezimo zasekhaya. Izinkonzo ezinikezwa endaweni yendawo zihlanganisa ukugadwa kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yezomlilo, isivikelo somlilo, imigwaqo yokukhuculula indle, imigwaqo, ithala lezindawo, amathala esebenzisa izwe, futhi akha imvume yokuhlela. Izindawo zomphakathi nazo zisebenza ezikoleni ezikhethwe yisikole ezikhethiwe, futhi zisemikhawulweni ephambili yesimo esiphuthumayo. Izimiso zokubusa ekhaya zivumela imingcele eminingi ukuba yamukele iziqondiso nemithetho ezindaweni ezikhethekile, ikakhulukazi uma kungenakulwisana nezindawo ezingokombuso zezindawo zombuso, imithombo yezindawo ezingoko hulumeni, imithombo yezindawo ezingokohulumeni, imithombo yezindawo ezivamile, imithombo yezindawo eziwusizo, imithombo yezindawo zezindawo, imithombo yezindawo, imithombo yezindawo, ikhona, ikhona, imithombo yezindawo,

Izimfumbe Zokulinganisela Kwamandla

Ukwabelwa kwegunya emazingeni kahulumeni kunezici ezinamandla zendlela okwenziwa ngayo imithetho, indlela imithombo yomphakathi ehlelwa ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo nohulumeni wazo. Ngokungcono kakhulu, uhulumeni uvumela izimiso ezivumelanisayo ezibonisa ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo kuyilapho zilondoloza ubunye bezwe. Okubi kakhulu, kungadala i-infectiones, iziphithiphini, nokudideka ngokuthi ubani onecala lalokho okuhilelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, inqubo yemfundo ihilela wonke amazinga amathathu: uhulumeni umisa izindinganiso ezibanzi futhi unikeze izimali, izinhlelo zesikole zangemva kwezwe nezimiso zokulandisa isikole, futhi le misebenzi yesikole isebenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Lendlela ebekelwelweyo ingaholela ekubeni izikhala noma izikhawu zemisebenzi, ifuna ukuvumelana nokuncintisana nokunyelwa kwezimiso zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zomphakathi, ngokufanayo, lapho izinhlangano zezinhlangano zezindawo zezindawo ezisebenza kanye nezinkonzo zezindawo ezingokomthetho zesizwe zisiza ukuba zikwazi ukusekela ithonya ezindaweni ezingokomthetho zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zesizwe, ngokufanayo, ngokufanayo, ngokufanayo, ukusekela ukusekela

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela isici esiyinhloko sokulinganisela kwamandla, esisebenza kuwo womabili amazinga ombuso nombuso. Ngezinga likahulumeni, igatsha le-gional (Conrein) lenza imithetho, kodwa igatsha eliphethe (Predentint) lingayikhipha, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela (iNkantolo) lingayimemezela ngokulinganisela. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kungavimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekubuseni. Izakhiwo ezifanayo zikhona kohulumeni, lapho ababusi ngokuvamile benamandla phezu kwemithetho, futhi bakhona imithetho ephakeme. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asetshenziswa ngokuqasheka futhi kuvikelwe yimithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho. Izimiso zingasekela ukuvikelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho.

Ubuhlobo Obuhlangene Behulumeni

Ukuhlangana kwezenhlalayenza kuchaza ukusebenzelana nokubambisana phakathi kwe-othone, isifundazwe, nohulumeni bendawo. Lokhu kuhlangana kuvame ukumiswa ngezipho, izivumelwano, nemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni unikeza izimali zokwakha imigwaqo emikhulu nge-Divile of Transportation, kodwa izifunda zezindawo zivumelana nezindinganiso zikahulumeni ukuze zithole imali. Ngokufanayo, izinhlelo eziningi zezenhlalo, njenge-SNAP (zitembu zokudla) ne-Micaid, zihlelwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni eziphethe uhulumeni. Le-guversityism (*) ibizwa ngokuthi "ble genolist") . [nemigqa ephakathi kwemigqa ephakathi kwezindawo zikahulumeni, ukwakha imithwalo yemithwalo yemithwalo yemfanelo.[nothina, kodwa, ingenza ukuxabana, njengokumelana nokuncitshiswa kweminyango okunzima, izinselele zezindawo ezisembusweni zenkonzo ezingokohulumeni abambalwa, kodwa incikenezentengo yomphakathi. [impela, izimpawu eziwukwayo kanye nezingamele ukubambisana kwezentengo yombuso, isilinganiso esiphansi, izindleko eziqinile, i

Ukuhlola Ukulinganisela Kwamandla

Ukuhlola indaba ethile kucacisa indlela ukulinganisela kwamandla okusebenza ngayo, kwembula kokubili impumelelo nokucindezela.

  • [[FLT: 0] Umthetho wokufundisa: Indima kahulumeni emfundweni iye yakhula kusukela kumthetho we-Elementary ne-Secondary Education Act ka-1965, owanikeza abafundi abaswele imali. Akukho mntwana Ohoshiwe (2001) noMfundi Wonke Ophumeleleyo Act (2016) oqhubekela lolu kuthambekela, ukubeka izindinganiso zokuhlola nokuziphendulela. Nokho, amazwe agcina ulawulo lwezifundo, uthisha, nemali yesikole, eholela ekuhlukani kwemisebenzi yemfundo ephambili. Izifunda zesikole zendawo ziqhuba imisebenzi yansuku zonke, kodwa kumelwe zivumelane nezimfuneko zombili ezingokomthetho. Lesimiso esiqinile sidala ukuphikisana, njengalapho amazwe emelana nemithetho efunwayo noma imiphakathi yezindawo zokuhlola noma indawo yomphakathi. Imiphumela engcono kakhulu yezimiso zonyaka nezokusekela kokubili.
  • I-Health Sureaty Reformation: IAffordal Care Act ka-2010] ka-ACA iveza izinselele ze-socialism ekunakekeleni impilo. Umthetho udinga ukuba kusungulwe izivumelwano zemali yempilo, yandise iMedicaid, futhi ilandele imithetho kahulumeni yenze uMedicaid inyuliswe ngokwezimiso zezindawo, iholele emiphumeleni ehlukene: eminye imibuso enwetshwe, ishiye izigidi zingakholeki. Izizwe zinoshintsho ekuklameni iziphakamiso zazo nokuqondisa, okuphumela ezinkonzweni ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kubonisa indlela yokuzihambela izinto ezithandwayo futhi ukudala indlela ehlukeneyo yokuzivumelanisa ukuhleleka.
  • Imithetho engokomdlandla: I-Ceac Air Act ne-cleaner Water Act emisa izindinganiso zesizwe, kodwa imibuso ngokuyinhloko inomthwalo wokusebenzisa nokuziqinisa. iCalifornia, ne-reversitor yayo ekhethekile e-EPA, iye yamisa izindinganiso zayo siqu zokukhipha imoto, ezinye izifunda ezingazithatha. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezimpikiswaneni, njengalapho umphathi we-Trump ebuye yavala i-coliniva i-cornia, kuphela nge-biden ephethe ukuze ayibuyise. Izimiso zendawo zokuvikela eziqinile kunoma ububi obunciphileyo, ziqokomisa ukushukuma kwemithetho engokomthetho yombuso nezindawo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Coloradiod iveza ukuqina amandla okuvusemfakelwayo, kuyilapho ukuvusekulwa kwemfutho.
  • Izinhlekelele zemvelo: njengeSiphepho uKatrina (2005) kanye nesiphepho esikhulu uSandy (202) sadalula ubuthakathaka phakathi kwezimiso zombuso. Uhulumeni wezwe unikeza imithombo nge-FEMA, kodwa imibuso kumelwe icele usizo futhi ikwazi ukululama. Izenzakalo zamuva nje ezifana neCHOVAD zisemgqeni owengeziwe, ziqhuba izikhala nokunikeza indawo yokukhosela. Ukuhluleka ekuxhumaneni nokusebenzisa i-logassss angayibangela imiphumela eyinhlekelele, njengoba kubonakala eNew Orleans. Izinguquko ezilandelayo zithuthukisa ukubambisana, kodwa ukuhlukana kwemithwalo yemfanelo kuhlala kuyinselele. Izenzakalo zamuva ezifana ne-COVID-19 zisemphicovalcene, kanye nezindawo eziphikisanayo zokunikeza iminikelo kanye nokusebenzisa izinhlelo eziphikisanayo zempilo.

Izinselele Zokulinganisela Amandla

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, ukulinganisela kwamandla kubhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezingase zibangele ukuphumelela ngokomthetho.

Ukuhlasela Ngokweqile Kwamazwe

UFederal uphaphazanyiswa lapho uhulumeni wezwe usebenzisa igunya lezempilo ngaphezu kwalokho okunikezwa nguMthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile ngencazelo ebanzi ye-Chomark Claus noma i-Palace Claus. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuphula ubukhosi bukahulumeni futhi kululaza isimiso sikahulumeni esilinganiselwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izigunya zikahulumeni ekuhlolweni kwezemfundo, umshuwalense wezempilo, nezindinganiso zezemvelo ezithi kumelwe zilandele noma zilahlekelwe imali. Kwezinye izimo, amazwe aye abekela imingcele enjalo enkantolo, ngempumelelo exubile. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkanto ePhakathi ye-ACAA elula izithuba ukuba i-Mdiid ihlelwe ngokusongela ukukhipha zonke izimali zeMididi. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingathatha futhi isimo sokulahlekelwa kwemithetho yezwe ezindaweni ezilawulwayo njengezindawo zokuthutha noma ukulawulwa kwempompompola. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zendawo zikahulumeni zingenza izikhulu zezwe lonke igunya elingokomthetho.

Ukumelana Nombuso

Ngezinye izikhathi i-odoli imelana neziqondiso zikahulumeni, kungaba ngokwenqaba ukusebenzisa izinqubo ezingekho ngokomthetho, ukudlulisa imithetho engekho ngokomthetho. Lokhu kumelana kungabangelwa yimibono yezombangazwe, ukuvinjelwa kwempahla, noma inkolelo yokuthi uhulumeni wezwe uqeqeshiwe ukudlula igunya lawo. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa amadolobha angcwele futhi zilinganisela ukubambisana nokugcinwa kwemithetho yezezokufuduka kwezwe, kanye nokumiswa kwasemthethweni kwempova nakuba inqatshelwa uhulumeni. I-Obama's Deferect for Parents of Americas (DA) uhlelo lwavalwa yizimpinyana zemibuso, kuholela esinqumweni seNkalise ukugcinwa kwayo umthetho ongokomthetho. Ukumelana nomthetho okungagunyaza okuqinile kwemithetho engokomthetho phakathi kwezindawo ezilawulwayo nokulawulwa kwezindawo. Izwe lihlola amandla embusweni kahulumeni, kanti ukumelana nokungaqiniseki kwemithetho ezindaweni ezihlangeneyo, futhi kuholwa ukungabaza izakhamuzi ezihlukene, lapho kuveza khona ukubhekana nokubaluleka okungokomthetho.

Ukuzenzakalela Kwasendaweni

Ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukufuna ukuzibusa ukuze babhekane nezidingo zomphakathi eziqondile, kodwa bangaphikisana nemithetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, amadolobha amaningi aye akhipha imithetho yokuvikela izifiki ezingabhaliwe, kodwa abhekane nokunqatshelwa kwezishayamthetho zikahulumeni ezivimbela imithetho enjalo. Ngokufanayo, ukubeka imithetho yendawo evimbela ukusungulwa kwezindlu ezinganele kungangqubuzana nemithetho yezindawo zokuhlala. Ukunqandwa kwemithetho yezindawo ezingcwele, imigaqo yempilo yomphakathi (njengemithetho yezentengiselwano), futhi izwe lisebenzisa iziqondiso eziqokomisa ukumelana phakathi kwezimiso zendawo negunya eliphezulu. Nakuba umthetho wasekhaya uveza ukuvumelana, kungaholela futhi ekungeneni okuhlukene okungenza kube nzima kwezindawo ezingokongahleleki ngokomthetho. Ukulawula kwendawo kulawulwa ngokuxhaswa kwezimali, njengoba intela eminingi incikelwe esimweni sosizo nentela, ikwenza kube lula ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ehlelekayo.

Ukusekela Izinkinga

Ubuhlobo bezimali phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni buwumthombo oyinhloko wengxabano. Umbuso unika imvume yokulawula izimo ezithinta izimali zendawo eziza kuqala, futhi iziqondiso ezingagunyaziwe ziveza izikhundla zemithwalo ephansi kuhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ufuna ukuba izifundazwe zivumelane ne-Melika ephethe i-Dibralting Act kodwa azizikhokheli ngokugcwele ngezindleko zemali. Ngokufanayo, iziphathimandla ezigunyaza ngemali yesikole noma ukuphepha komphakathi kungacindezela izimali zendawo. Lokhu kubangela izinkinga: ohulumeni bafuna imithombo kodwa bazonda izintambo ezihlangene. Ukushenxiswa kwezindleko ezikhudlwanayo kuya ezingeni eliphansi . Ngokuthi "umbuso wezwelonke"" [intengo] izindleko zemisebenzi enzima, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini empofu kakhulu. Ukusekela izimali ezidingekayo kakhulu ekulawuleni, kodwa kudinga ukuncitshiswa kwazo zonke izintambo zezombangazwe ezisekweletini zezombangazwe. Izindleko ze-C.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni, umbuso, kanye nohulumeni bendawo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi nokubusa okuphumelelayo. Izimpande ezingokomlando zalesi simiso, imiphumela yaso esebenzayo, nezinselele ezibhekene nayo zonke izakhi zemithetho emisiwe, imithombo yamandla yabelwe, futhi kunikezwe izinkonzo zomphakathi. Ngokuqaphela imisebenzi ehlukile nemithwalo yemisebenzi yezinga ngalinye, abafundisi nabafundi bangahileleka kakhulu enqubweni yentando yeningi, basekele izimiso ezibonisa izindinganiso zabo lapho zihlonipha isisekelo somthetho wemithetho-mthetho. Ukulinganisela kwamandla akuminyene; kuvela ngezenzo zezombangazwe, ukuchaza okungokomthetho, nokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Njengoba sihamba ngezindlela ezifana nokushintsha isimo sezulu, ushintsho lwezempilo, nokuhleleka kwezobuchwepheshe, ikhono lokuqonda nokuhamba ezinamandla liyoba elibucayi. Ikhono lokuthatha impumelelo ekwahluleleni kohlulwayo, ukuvomukelwa kwezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zesizwe, futhi kuhlala kusekulingana nokulunga kwesilinganiso esiqinile, kulokhu kusekusetshenziswa ithuluzi elinamandla, futhi kusekusetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi kuqhubeke ithuluzi elinamandla,