Ukubukeza Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni E - United States

I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni, lapho amandla ehlukaniswa ngokomthetho-mthetho phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe, ohulumeni bezwe, nohulumeni bendawo. Lokhu kuhlukana akusho ukuthi kungokomuntu."ibonisa umzamo wamabomu wokulinganisela igunya eliphethe nenkululeko yendawo. UMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. unika imibuso ethile kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, eminye ishiyela embusweni, futhi ishiyela abantu nemiphakathi yabo yendawo. Ukuqonda ukuthi imithwalo yemfanelo yendawo neyombuso ihluke kanjani kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda ukuthi izinkonzo zomphakathi zinikezwa kanjani nsuku zonke.

Ohulumeni bendawo abaphathwa eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S.; bayizidalwa zezwe. Isifunda ngasinye sinquma isakhiwo, amandla, nemisebenzi yohulumeni bendawo baso (izindawo, amadolobha, amalokishi, izifunda, nezigodi ezikhethekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi kombuso nohulumeni bendawo buyehluka kulo lonke izwe. Noma kunjalo, kuvela indlela ecacile: amazwe aphatha isimiso esibanzi, isifunda nezimali, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo begxile ezidingweni zomphakathi.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Wasendaweni

Ohulumeni bendawo bawumkhawulo ophambili wenkonzo yomphakathi. Banikeza izinkonzo abantu abasebenzelana nazo kaningi kakhulu: amaphoyisa, ukuqoqa imfucumfucu, ukuqoqwa kwamanzi, namapaki endawo. Igunya labo linikezwa umbuso, ngokuvamile ngomthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho ovamile. Naphezu kwezinga elilinganiselwe abanalo, ohulumeni bendawo banethonya elikhulu empilweni yokuphila.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi

Izindawo zokuphonsa izintambo zomlilo ziyimithwalo yemfanelo yendawo cishe njalo. Izikhulu zikahulumeni nezingalo zilondoloza izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ezisabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, eziqapheni, futhi zihlola ubugebengu. Iminyango yomlilo isingatha imililo, izimo eziphuthumayo, nezenzakalo eziyingozi. Amadolobha amakhulu angase abe nezikhulu ezifungele ukuthi zizoba khona ezinkulungwaneni, kuyilapho amadolobha amancane athembele emabuthweni okuzithandela. Ohulumeni bendawo futhi basekela ukulawulwa kwesimo esiphuthumayo nenhlekelele phakathi kwemingcele yabo.

Imfundo

Imfundo yomphakathi nesekhondari e-U.S. ngokuyinhloko iyimisebenzi yendawo, nakuba imibuso ibeka izindinganiso futhi inikeza izimali ezinkulu. Izifunda zesikole ezizimele zohulumeni bendawo ```izikole zezisebenzi, iqasha othisha, nezifundo zangemva kwesikole. Izikole zendawo, ezikhethwe yizakhamuzi, zenza izinqumo mayelana nemali, izimiso, nezakhiwo. Lokhu kulawula kwendawo bekulokhu kuyisisekelo semfundo yaseMelika, nakuba kuholela ekuhlukani kwemithombo yemali nemiphumelo phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu.

Izakhiwo Nemisebenzi Yomphakathi

Ohulumeni bendawo balondoloza imigwaqo yendawo, amabhuloho, izibani zasemgwaqweni, nezimpawu zezimoto. Balawula amanzi nezimiso zokukhuculula indle, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu nokusetshenziswa kwendle, nokuthutha umphakathi phakathi kwezindawo zabo. Amapaki, izikhungo zokuzilibazisa, amatheku omphakathi, nemitapo yezincwadi nakho kuyizindawo zendawo ezikhona. Ukulawula indawo lapho amakhaya, amabhizinisi, namafekthri kungakhiwa khona, kuyithuluzi elinamandla elibumba umphakathi nezindinganiso zempahla.

Izinkonzo Zempilo Nezomphakathi

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo inikeza ukugoma, ihlola izindawo zokudlela, ihlola ukuqubuka kwezifo, futhi iphethe imitholampilo yezakhamuzi ezithola imali encane. Ezinye izibhedlela noma izikhungo zempilo yengqondo. Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza izinhlelo ezinjengokusekela ukudla, izindawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya, nezinkonzo zangaphezulu, ngokuvamile ezihlangene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni.

Izindlu Nentuthuko Engokomnotho

Ohulumeni bendawo baphoqelela ukuba kuqashwe imithetho yezindlu, balawule izakhiwo zokuqasha, futhi baqondise izimiso zezindlu ezithengwayo. Bakhuthaza futhi ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho ngezisusa zentela, amasheya, nemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa ibhizinisi. Ukwakha imvume nokuhlala kusingathwa ezingeni lendawo, kuthonya ijubane nohlobo lokwakha.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni

Ohulumeni boMbuso baphethe imibuso emikhulu ethinta zonke izindawo ezisezikhundleni. Baqoqa izintela, bamisa imithetho, beqondisa izakhiwo ezinkulu zezempilo nemfundo.

Ukushaya Icala Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinikeza imithetho esebenza kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Lemithetho ihlanganisa ukwahlulela kobugebengu (izigebengu namaphutha), umthetho womkhaya (umshado, isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana), umthetho wempahla, izivumelwano, nomthetho wezebhizinisi. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha amacala amaningi omphakathi nawobugebengu. Ababusi bamazwe bamisa amajaji noma bavumele ukukhethwa komthetho, futhi amakomiti ombuso alawula ukukhululwa kwejele.

Ukukhokha Intela Nemali

Izwe likhokha intela yeholo, intela yokuthengisa, izintela zezisebenzi, nezintela ezihlukahlukene (isinye, uphethiloli, utshwala, ugwayi). Lemali ixhasa izikole zomphakathi, imigwaqo emikhulu, izinhlelo zokunakekela impilo (njenge-Medicaid), imfundo ephakeme, namaphoyisa kahulumeni. Ngokungafani nohulumeni bendawo abathembele kakhulu ezintelani zempahla, amazwe anesisekelo semali esishintshashintshashintshayo, okuwenza avumelane kakhulu nemali kodwa futhi ayichaye emijikelezweni yezomnotho.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Iminyango yezokuthutha kahulumeni yakha futhi igcine imigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwemingcele yayo, kanye nemizila kahulumeni namabhuloho. Ilawula futhi izitimela, izikhumulo zezindiza, nezikhumulo zemikhumbi. Izwe lixhasa izinhlangano zomphakathi ezithuthayo futhi lihambisele ohulumeni bendawo amadollar okuthutha. Imisebenzi emikhulu .(njengendlela entsha ekhululekile noma ibhuloho elithatha indawo yayo), ifakwe ekungeneni kwendawo.

Izindinganiso Zemfundo Nezimali

Uma izikole zendawo ziphethe izikole, izifunda zimisa izinga lemfundo, zinikeza izivivinyo ezifanele, futhi zinikeza othisha abasemthethweni. Amazwe axhasa ngemali ezifundazweni ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezizama ukuhlanganisa imithombo yemali phakathi kwemiphakathi ecebile nempofu. Amabhodi emfundo asungula izimfuneko zezifundo zohlelo neziqu. Amayunivesithi omphakathi namakholiji omphakathi asetshenziswa uhulumeni noma uhulumeni.

Impilo Yomphakathi Nenhlalakahle

Iminyango yezempilo yoMbuso iphatha iMedicaid (uhlelo lokunakekela kwezempilo lwezakhamuzi ezithola imali encane), ukuphathwa kwezibhedlela, nokusabela komholi ezifweni eziwumqedazwe nasezinhlekeleleni ezingokwemvelo. Izwe futhi liphethe izinkonzo zokuvikela izingane, ukunakekelwa kokunakekelwa, umshuwalense wokuswelakala kwemisebenzi, nezinhlelo zosizo lokudla (SNAP). Lezi zinhlelo ngokuvamile zixhaswe uhulumeni, kodwa amazwe aziphathisa.

Ukuhlaziya Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eqhathaniswayo

Nakuba imigqa ephakathi kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni neyomphakathi ingafiphaza, izici eziningana eziyinhloko ziyayihlukanisa: iziphathimandla, imithombo yezimali, namandla okumisa. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani izindaba ezithile zisingathwa ngezinga elithile kunalelo elihlukile.

Igunya Eliningi

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenza endaweni ethile yezwe (idolobha, isifundazwe, noma isifunda) futhi igunya labo lilinganiselwe kuleyonsimu. Ngokuhlukile, ohulumeni boMbuso, banegunya kuwo wonke umbuso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zingazisusa izimiso zendawo ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye ] ukukhulula [[. Ngokwesibonelo, umbuso ungadlulisela umthetho onqabela ukuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki noma ubeke imingcele yokuthi ohulumeni bendawo balawula kanjani izintela eziqashiwe. I-Preation ingaba umthombo wempicansi, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi izikhulu zendawo zizwa zinomuzwa wokuthi ziyakwazi ukusabela ekuthandeni izintando zomphakathi.

Imithombo Exhasayo

Ohulumeni bendawo bathembele ngokuyinhloko ezintelani zempahla, ezintelani zempahla, (uma zigunyazwe uhulumeni), kanye nentela yomsebenzi. Ohulumeni banezinkokhiso ezibanzi: intela yeholo, intela yokuthengisa, izintela zenkampani, nemali enikezwayo yombuso. Lokhu kuthinta izinga lokukhokha imali. Phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukulahlekelwa imali encishisiwe elinganiselwayo, kuyilapho imibuso ingathola imali encitshisiwe kalula kakhulu emalini yosuku noma intela. Nokho, iphawula ukuthi imingcele elinganiselwe yemithetho yentela elinganiselwe elinganiselwe neyokukhokhishweni okulinganayo.

Amandla Okushaya Indiva

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinamandla − zingadlulisa noma yimuphi umthetho onganqatshelwe yi-U.S.S.Umthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho-mthetho wezwe. Ohulumeni bendawo banikwe amandla kuphela ngokucacile ngumbuso, kungaba ngomthetho ovamile noma umthetho wasekhaya. ukubusa kwasekhaya [ kunikeza amadolobha athile futhi kunikeze amandla okumisa imithetho yendawo ezindabeni zokukhathazeka kwendawo, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwemvume ecacile kahulumeni. Kodwa ngisho nemithetho yasekhaya ingancitshiswa umthetho wezwe. Lobubuhlobo obuyi-aymmetric buyisicici se-mementism yaseMelika.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokushaya Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ngokungagodli

Empeleni, imisebenzi eminingi iyahlanganyelwa phakathi kohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bendawo, okuholela ekubeni kube nobudlelwane obunye nohulumeni (futhi ngezinye izikhathi izingxabano.

Ukukhangisa Kokuphepha Komphakathi

Amaphoyisa kahulumeni aphatha amaphoyisa asemigwaqweni emikhulu nokuhlola okukhulu, kuyilapho amaphoyisa endawo emisa imithetho eminingi kahulumeni neyomphakathi. Amalabola ezwe asiza iminyango yendawo phakathi nezinhlekelele. Phakathi nezinhlangano zezokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo zihlela imizamo yendawo yokusabela nokucela usizo lukahulumeni. Izivumelwano zosizo lwama-Mutunity zivumela ukuba umlilo nemithetho yendawo idlulele.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Izwe lamisa imithombo yezomoya namanzi ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile liphathisa izinhlangano zendawo ukugcinwa komthetho. Ohulumeni bendawo baqondisa iziphepho, ukukhucululwa kwezindawo ezigqitshwayo, nokuhlanzwa kwezindawo ezinamabala amnyama. Iminyango yendawo ezungezile ilawula imithombo emikhulu yezimboni, kuyilapho amabhodi okuhlela amapulani ezindawo ebukeza imisebenzi emincane ethinta indawo ezungezile.

Amanethi ezokuthutha

Imigwaqo yasesifundazweni nasedolobheni iyindawo, kodwa ixhumana nemigwaqo emikhulu. Iminyango yezokuhamba yoMbuso iqondisa imigwaqo emikhulu, kuyilapho iziphathimandla zendawo zisebenzisa amabhasi nesitimela esilula ngokwezimali kahulumeni. Ukuxhasa imisebenzi yezokuthutha kuhilela iminikelo kahulumeni neyombuso, ngeminikelo yendawo yokunakekela.

Umlando Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kukahulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bendawo kuye kwashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngekhulu le-19, ohulumeni bendawo babezimela kakhulu, benikeza izinkonzo cishe zonke. Ukuphakama kohulumeni bombuso eNkabeni Eqhubekekayo (kusukela ngo-1920 kuya ku-1906) kwaletha ukuqondisa kwezemfundo, impilo, kanye nezinto ezisebenza ngaphandle kwezikhungo. Phakathi neNew Deal neGreat Society, uhulumeni wezwe waqala ukunikeza iziphiwo, ukudlulisa ohulumeni bendawo ezimweni eziningi.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, inhlangano "yokuziphendukela kwemvelo" yabuyisela imithwalo yemfanelo ethile emazweni nasezindaweni. Inguquko ye-Welfare ngo-1996 yaveza ukuvumelana kakhulu ekusebenziseni izinhlelo zosizo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imiyalelo engagunyaziwe evela emazingeni aphakeme kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuxhasa imali. Namuhla, ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zendawo zokuzibusa nokulawula kukahulumeni kuseyimpikiswano yezombangazwe enamandla.

Izinselele Nokucindezeleka Ebuhlotsheni BoMbuso Nasendaweni Ezungezile

Izindaba eziningana eziphikelelayo ziqokomisa ukungezwani ebuhlotsheni bendawo.

Ukukhululwa Nentando Yeningi Yendawo

Izindawo ziye zasebenzisa isilinganiso esiqhubekayo sokuvimbela imithetho yendawo ngezihloko ezifana neholo elincane, ikhefu elikhokhelwayo, ukuqasha, nokuvikela izibhamu. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukufana kwezwe lonke kuvimbela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho okumbaxambili futhi kunciphisa imithwalo yezebhizinisi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukukhululwa kululaza inkulumo yentando yeningi yendawo futhi kuvimbela imiphakathi ukuba ibhekane nezimo zendawo. Ukucindezeleka kuveza izimpikiswano ezijulile ngokuthi ubani okufanele anqume umthetho womphakathi.

Umehluko Ongokomnotho

Ohulumeni bendawo abahlala emadolobheni acebile bangaxhasa izikole nezinkonzo eziphambili ezinentela ephansi, kuyilapho ukulwa kwezindawo zasemaphandleni noma zasemadolobheni kungase kube nentela ephakeme nezinkonzo ezingafanele. Izwe lizama ukuhlanganisa izintela zemfundo nokuhlanganyela imali, kodwa izimpi zezombangazwe zokusekela ukuncishiswa kwemali yesikole ezikoleni eziphambili, okunciphisa ukuthembela ezinkokhisweni zempahla zendawo.

Ukusabela Kwenhlekelele Nokuzinza

Izinhlekelele zemvelo `i - hurricanes, imlilo, izikhukhula , izikhukhula . .Ohulumeni bendawo baqala ukuhlanganisa iziphetho kodwa ngokuvamile abanazo izimali zokusingatha izenzakalo ezinkulu. Ohulumeni boMbuso banikeza izisebenzi, imishini, nezimemezelo eziphuthumayo. Izinyathelo zikahulumeni ezithatha ngosizo lwe-FEMA. Ukuphumelela kwalesimiso esinezingqimba kuye kwahlolwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, ngenhlekelele ngayinye eveza izikhala zokuxhumana, imali, kanye negunya.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokusebenzisa Uhulumeni Ngokuqonda

Kubafundi nezakhamuzi, ukwazi ukuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni elisingatha umsebenzi odingekayo ukuze uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo emphakathini. Ukuvota endaweni kungathonya isimiso samaphoyisa, izikole zesikole, noma izinqumo zokuhlela indawo. Ukhetho lukahulumeni lunquma amazinga entela, imithetho yokukhipha isisu, nemithetho yendawo ezungezile. Ukuhlanganyela kuzo zombili lezi zigaba kudinga ukuqaphela izindima zazo ezihlukile.

Imihlangano kahulumeni yendawo itholakala kalula, inikeza izakhamuzi amathuba okukhuluma ezindabeni ezinjengokuthuthukiswa kwamapaki noma ukuxhaswa kwemali. Ukuhileleka kukahulumeni ngokuvamile kudinga ukuba kuthintane nabashaya umthetho, kube khona lapho kukhulunywa khona emaqenjini kahulumeni, noma kujoyine amaqembu abefundisi. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kusiza abantu ukuba bakhethe izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokunakekela izinkathazo zabo.

Imithombo eminingi engekho epartisan ikhona ukuze isize ekuqondiseni izakhiwo zikahulumeni. . igov ikhasi kuhulumeni wendawo nohulumeni linikeza ukucaciswa okungokomthetho. U.S. Imininingwane yezimali zikahulumeni iyayeka ukuchitha imali nemali ngesilinganiso. Izincwadi ze-Academic zivela ku-[FLT:][FLT]]] ne-[FLT:] Institute [FLT][FL:]] inikeza ukuhlanekezelwa phakathi kwemizwano. Ngokomlando, [FFLT] [FFLT]

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bendawo bakha isisekelo sokubusa kweMelika. Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza izinkonzo ezibalulekile ezivumelana nezidingo zomphakathi, kuyilapho ohulumeni bombuso benikeza izimiso ezibanzi, ukuxhasa, nokubambisana. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwabo abumi ndawonye; busuka ekushintsheni kwezombangazwe, kwezomnotho, nakwezenhlalo. Abafundi nabafundisi abathatha lezizimo bangawaqonda kangcono amandla athonya imiphakathi yabo nokubaluleka kokuhlanganyela kuzo zonke izinga.

Njengabaholi besikhathi esizayo, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi olubalulekile kumelwe ziqaphele ukuthi ukuqapha okuphumelelayo kudinga ukwazi izinga elifanele likahulumeni ukuxazulula inkinga ethile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuphikisana ngesakhiwo esisha sesikole, amanzi ahlanzekile, noma imigwaqo ephephile, ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekuqhubeni imidlalo phakathi kwehholo ledolobha, indlu kahulumeni, neWashington. Ukubheka imithwalo yemfanelo yendawo ngokuqhathaniswa nezwe akusona nje isifundo semfundo yemfundo yezemfundo.