Isingeniso: Ukulwela Ngokuqhubekayo Ukuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, incwadi eye yamiswa uhulumeni waseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Nokho, ukuhlala kwayo njalo kuphakamisa umbuzo onzima: kufanele siwuchaze kanjani umbhalo obhalwe ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 ukuze ulawule isizwe esingu-21 esiphakathi kwekhulu? Lo mbuzo usemajukujukwini empikiswano ekhona isikhathi eside phakathi kwamafilosofi amabili aphikisanayo: ubufandamentali kanye no- [ngokuvamile]

Lezizindlela zokuchaza azizona nje izimfundo. Lesi sihloko sihlola umsuka, izinhlelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, nezimiso zomthetho, zinikeza ukuhlaziywa kwamalungelo ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni, futhi zithinta amalungelo azo zonke izakhamuzi. Ukuqonda izimpikiswano ezicacile nhlangothi zombili kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke embusweni wezwe, umthetho, noma ifilosofi yezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola imvelaphi, izicelo, kanye nemibono yokuvumelana komthetho, sinikeza ukuhlolisisa okubanzi ngendlela abahluleli, izazi, nokuphikisana nomphakathi ngenselele yokusebenzisa umbhalo wasendulo ezinkingeni zanamuhla.

Ukubheka Abasunguli Bendalo Ngokucophelela Kuyini Ukuqala?

Imfundiso yokuqala, eyisisekelo, iyinkolelo-mbono yokuchaza komthetho-sisekelo efuna ukucacisa incazelo yombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo esikhathini owathathwa ngaso. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yomthetho ivalelwe ekuhlawulisweni, ivimbela abahluleli ekufakeni izintando zabo zezimiso zabo emithethweni yabo. Lendlela ivela ngokunambitheka okuningana, ngayinye ineziphazamiso ezihlukene.

Incazelo Yomphakathi Yokuqala

Uhlobo lwakudala lobufandamentali, oluvame ukubizwa ngokuthi inhloso yokuqala , ibheka emigomweni ebanzi yamaFramers — lokho uJames Madison, u-Alexander Hamilton, noma abanye abahloswe ngokuqondile ngokwenhlaye ye-read. Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ukuqonda inhloso ehlangene yamashumi amaningi noma amakhulu abasunguli cishe akunakwenzeka. Ekuphenduleni, uhlelo lwanamuhla olubanzi, [[FLT:] incazelo yasobala ye-, ivela. Lendlela ibuza ukuthi umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kuyobe kuqonda umbhalo. Ithembele kusichazamazwi, izimpikiswano, nokusetshenziswa okuvamile kwenkathi. IJastitum Sciana, ihoza lendlela yokuqala lendlela yokuphatha komthetho: "indlela elawula ukuphila, ibhulomo-mthetho-mthetho, futhi isho into engokomthetho, futhi isho into ewushintshayo."

Abasekeli Abayinhloko Nethonya Lokwahlulela

I-reastism yathola ukuvelela kuma-1980 lapho kuphakama ukuphatha kukaReagan kanye nomsebenzi wezazi ezinjengoRobert Bork noMahluleli Scalia. Eminyakeni yamuva, iye yaba amandla anamandla eNkantolo Ephakeme, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamajaji abambelele ngokwezinga eliphansi. UMahluleli uClarence Thomas ungumsunguli oqinile, kuyilapho uMahluleli uNeil Gormoth noJaji Amy Convert evert evenge izibopholo eziqinile ekubhaleni i-textum nokubaluleka komphakathi. Usekelo lwakuqala luye lwaguqula imibono ekhothandweni [[FLT:] [FFLT:] [FFT:] [FLT:] [2] [5]] [5],[5] [5],[5] [5],[FFFF].[5],[5] ku-FFF:[3],[FFFF],[3], umbuso:[FF.

Izimpikiswano Ezihambisana Nokuqamba Kwakuqala

  • Ukusebenziseka nokubikezela: Uma incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo imisiwe, izakhamuzi nabenzi bomthetho bangathembela emthethweni omisiwe ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi umahluleli angayichaza kabusha ukuze ifanelane neziphuzo zanamuhla.
  • Imithetho yedemocratic: UbuProfethi buhlonipha inqubo yentando yeningi uMthetho-sisekelo owagunyazwa ngayo. Ukuguqulwa komthetho oyisisekelo kufanele kufike ngenqubo yokulungisa (Artle V), hhayi ngesinqumo sokwahlulela.
  • Ikhonsi eliqeqeshiwe ku- Judicial Explorence: ngokuhlanganisa incazelo nencazelo engokomlando, ubuSulumane bulinganisela imingcele yekhono lokwahlulela ukuphoqelela imibono yomuntu siqu yokuziphatha. Njengoba uScalia edume ngokudume, ukwenziwa kobu qobo kunciphisa ingozi yokuba "Umthetho-sisekelo Ophilayo" ube "itshelo elingenaziphezo" kujuqu.

Ukugxekwa Kokuqamba Iziqu

  • I-Anpicutic Ambiatic: Ukunquma "incazelo yomphakathi yakuqala" ngokuvamile kunzima njengenhloso yokuqonda. Imithombo engokomlando ingangaphelela, iphikisa, noma ingathule ezindabeni ezingalindelekile njengemfihlo, ukuqapha, noma ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa.
  • Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukungavumelani : ukuqamba umthetho wobukhomba uvala inqubo ephelelwe yisikhathi, kuhlanganise naleyo egunyaza ubugqila, abesifazane abahluliwe, namalungelo ezakhamuzi abekelwe imingcele. Bakhomba eSichibiyelweni sekhulu le-19 neSigqi samalungelo abantu njengezibonelo zoshintsho oludingekile ukuthi abaqali bokuqala bangamelana uma beboshelwa eziqondeni.
  • Uhlelo olukhethayo: Abaphikisi baphawula ukuthi abahluleli bokuqala ngezinye izikhathi bayayishiya indlela lapho iholela ekuphumeleni abangakuthandi, baphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokungaguquguquki. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye abakholelwa ekudalweni baye bazama ukuhlanganisa indlela yabo nobubanzi bahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Chomast Clause.

Kuyini Ukuvumelana Nomthetho - sisekelo?

Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwempikiswano kunenkolelo-mbono yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyisisekelo esinamandla esisho ukuthi incazelo yawo ingashintsha ngokushintsha izindinganiso zomphakathi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nezimiso ezivelayo. Lokhu "umthetho sisekelo womthetho-sisekelo" akuwenqabi umbhalo, kodwa kuphikisa ukuthi izimiso zawo ezivamile — njengenkululeko, ukulingana, nenqubo efanele — kumelwe zisetshenziswe uma kucatshangelwa izimo zamanje.

Imisuka Engokomlando Nokuziphendukela Kokwahlulela

Umqondo woMthetho-sisekelo ovumelana nezimo usekelwe kakhulu. IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall wabhala ku Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawuhloselwe ukubekezelela iminyaka ezayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuvumelana nezinkinga ezihlukahlukene zezindaba zabantu. [FLT:] [FLT]]] [FLT]], Justice Oliver Holson Holmmes Jr. [FTBLD], Justice Louis Brenceis, [195] [195], futhi kamuva uMahluleli William Brentan Brentan . [[5] u-FVT] u-Emperectory]

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezivumelana Nesimo

Ukuvumelana noMthetho - sisekelo kuhlanganisa izindlela eziningana ezihlobene kodwa ezingafani:

  • Umthetho-sisekelo Ophilayo / Ukugcina: UMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa izimiso ezibanzi zokuziphatha okumelwe zichazwe ngokwezindinganiso eziqondene nesizotha. Lombono uhlobene kakhulu noMahluleli uStephen Breyer nesazi sefilosofi uRonald Dworkin.
  • Incazelo engokobungako: Abahluleli bacabangela imiphumela yangempela yezwe yemithetho yabo, behlose ukuveza imiphumela elungile ngisho noma lokho kuhlanganisa incazelo engokomlando.
  • Ushintsho noma incazelo enamandla: incazelo yombhalo ayimiswanga; amagama anjenge "ISichibiyelo se-Equot" (Inguquko ye-Equath) kumelwe iqondwe ngokomongo womphakathi wesikhathi esikhona, njengoba iNkantolo yayisho ku-Trop v. Dulles[ (1958).

Izimpikiswano Ngenxa Yokuthamba

  • Ukuvumelana noshintsho: UMthetho-sisekelo waklanywa ngolimi olubanzi ukuze uvumele izimo ezingalindelekile. Ukuqashelwa kokuqala okuqinileyo kungaphoqelela abahluleli ukuba baqaphe ukuthi izibalo zekhulu le-18 zingabusa kanjani ekusithekeni kwe-inthane, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, noma ekuhlolweni kwezakhi zofuzo.
  • Isivikelo samalungelo amancane: Abaqondisi benkolo ngokuvamile bahlehlela emuva ezinqubweni eziyinhloko, kodwa incazelo eguquguqukayo ingavikela amaqembu asengozini uma izishayamthetho zihluleka ukwenza. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqaphela kweNkantolo umshado owengeziwe bergefell v. Hodges [20] [20]]
  • Aziguquguquki ne-Predent: Izenzakalo eziningi eziphawula izimpawu zezwe amaMelika manje azithatha kalula — njenge Miranda v. Arizona (1966) noma [[FLT]] Gideon v. Wainwr[ [1963]) — ihilela izincazelo ezibanzi lezo ngokuvamile abakholelwa ekuziphendukeleni komthetho osuzinzile bezokwenziwa.

Ukugxekwa Komthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

  • [ Abaphikisi abamelene nombuso wenkolo baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvumelana nezimo kunikeza abahluleli amandla anganqandeki okuphinda babhale uMthetho-sisekelo osekelwe ezindinganisweni zabo zomuntu siqu, kululaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi kanye nokubusa komthetho.
  • Umthetho usuke ungakwazi ukusho amalungelo azo uma umahluleli enquma, okushintsha ngokumiswa okusha.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kweConstitutional Constracts: Uma uMthetho-sisekelo usho noma yini iNkantolo eshoyo, akukho mkhawulo wamandla kahulumeni. Abagxeki bakhomba ekuchazeni okukhulu kwezentengiselwano zika Claus Wickard v. Filburn[[FLT] [192] [42])] ne Gonzales v. [Raich [2005]

Izinkundla Eziyinhloko Zempi: Lapho Izinkulumo Ziyaxabana

Le mpikiswano efiphele iba yiqiniso uma isetshenziswa ezicini ezithile zomthetho.ngezansi kunezindawo eziningana lapho ukuvumelana kokuqala nokuvumelana nomthetho - sisekelo kuholela emiphumeleni ehlukahlukene ngokuphawulekayo.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nesichibiyelo Sokuqala

Umbono Owesilisa: Isichibiyeli sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma njengoba kwakuqondwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka. Ngalesosikhathi, "ukucindezela" kwakusho izinto ezibhaliwe, futhi inkulumo yayingahlanganisi ukungcoliswa, amagama, noma ukukhangisa okungamanga. Omfundi bakudala bathambekele ekuphikiseni ukuthi ukunqanda ukunqandwa kuphela ngaphambi kokunqandwa — hhayi isijeziso esilandelanayo — futhi abavikeleli inkulumo engokomfanekiso njengokushiswa kwefulege (nabanye abalandeli bokuqala, njengoMahluleli Scalia, basekela ukuvutha kwefulegilagi ]. [[FLTLT]]] v. Johnson ]]9] njengoba inkulumo esekelwe ekuqondeni obala).

Umbono ongenakungatshazwa: Isichibiyeli sokuqala siyisimiso esibanzi sokuvikela ukubonakaliswa kokucubungula kuhulumeni. Izincazelo zanamuhla zidlulela ku-inthanethi yenkulumo, iminikelo, nokubhikisha. INkantolo Ephakeme ku i-Citizens United[ (2010) isebenzisa indlela eguquguqukayo yokuqeda imingcele ekusebenziseni izinhlangano zezombangazwe zezentengiselwano, kodwa abasekeli abaguquguquki baphikisa lowo mphumela, bembula ukuthi le nkolelo inganquma izindlela zombili.

I-debate: Ukwenziwa kwegama kokuqala kungahlanganisa izinhlobo zanamuhla zenkulumo enjenge-tweet, i-brom, ne-Al-genetic? Abalweli abakwazi ukufihla ukuthi cha; abaqali baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sombhalo se "inkululeko yokukhuluma" singasetshenziswa kwimithonga emisha ngaphandle kokuguqula incazelo yayo eyisisekelo.

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nesichibiyelo Sesikhathi Esigcwele

[[NTLT: 0] Umbono wobuOrigist: UMthetho-sisekelo awukhulumi ngokuqondile ngelungelo elivamile lokufihla imfihlo. UJames Madison wasikisela iSichibiyelo se-Ninth ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo angenawo, kodwa abaqalayo ngokuvamile bayawenqaba amalungelo abanzi emfihlo njengalawo atholakala ku [FLT:] [FLT]] i-Connecticut[[[FL:3]] [imvume] [i-octraction] kanye ne-Roe v.[ [imvume] [indlela]] eyimfihlo]. Umthetho uThoxinzelela ukuthi amalungelo angenamqokohlokohloko-mqoko, njengasemqokolweni wesiko, noma kubazali.

Umbono ofiphele: Isichibiyeli se-Ninth kanye ne-Act Procession Claus yeSichibiyelo se 14th samalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu aqalayo. UMahluleli uBrennan wachaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuthi "umthetho wemithetho ophilayo" ovikela "ilungelo lokuyekwa. Obergefell v. Hodges[, iNkantolo yathola ilungelo elifanayo lomshado osekelwe enkululeko naselinganayo, nakuba kungekho mBharights bengenakuyicabanga.

[ I-debate: amajaji kufanele akwazi ukubona amalungelo amasha angekho embhalweni? Abaqondisi bakuqala bathi lamandla angabantu ngokuguqula; abaxhasi bokuguquguquka baphikisa ngokuthi ulimi olubanzi lomthetho-sisekelo [ lunempikiswano ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okunjalo ukuhlala nje.

Amalungelo Ezibhamu NeSichibiyelo Sesibili

Umbono wobuQuquist: Isichibiyeli sesibili siqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha izingalo. Isigaba se-Pricium of Columbia v. Heller [2008], uMahluleli Scalia wasebenzisa incazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi ukubulala ukuvinjelwa kwenhlamvu yesandla, ugcizelela ukuthi "ilungelo labantu" libhekisela kubantu ngabanye, hhayi emidlalweni. Lesinqumo siye sagxekwa ngabameleli abaphilayo, kodwa ngisho nabathile bokuqala abaphikisanayo ngesilinganiso sokudla (indlela).

Umbono ofiphele: Isichibiyeli sesibili kumele silinganiswe nezidingo zomphakathi zanamuhla. IJaji Stevens ephikisayo yaphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlinzwa kuvikela izikhali ezisetshenziswa yi-mistili — umklamo wenhloso yokuqala. Abatoliki abaningi abathambe kakhulu bangavumela imithetho yezibhamu ebonisa amazinga obudlova bezibhamu nezinguquko zezobuchwepheshe.

```` isibonelo esivelele sobufundisi obuyisiqalo esiholela ekushintsheni kwesiqalo eside. Iyiphi indlela enikeza ukungaguquguquki okwengeziwe? Abaqali besonto bathi babuyisela incazelo yeqiniso yomthetho-sisekelo; abasekeli beswonakalisa umthetho.

Ukuqamba Amanga: Izinqumo Zamuva ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

Inqulu yezezinga ezingokwezinga eliqinile iye yasebenzisa kakhulu ukuvimbela kokuqala ukubeka iziphakamiso emacaleni aphezulu. [Eka-New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022], iNkantolo yabulala iNew York's Home-ath commentation ngokufuna ukuba imithetho yezibhamu ivumelane ne "isiko lemithetho yezikhali" — ukuhlola okujulile kwe-astrist. Ngokufanayo, iNkanto e [[FLT:] Klat] ku-Dobs v. Jackson's Health Organization [202]] ikhuphule] ngokukhipha okusekelwe kakhulu kwezekhohlo. [[FLD]

Kodwa ngisho nangaphakathi kobukho bokuqala, kukhona ukuhlukana. Abanye abaqambi bokuqala bagxeka Bruen ngokudala uvivinyo olungokomlando olungasebenzi olunzima ukuba izinkantolo eziphansi zilusebenzise. Abanye baphawula ukuthi uqobo aluholeli njalo emiphumeleni engaguquki; ngokwesibonelo, uMahluleli Gorde ofanayo owenzelwa umphakathi wokuqala owenzelwe ukwandisa isivikelo sezizwe zamaMelika ] McGirt v. [[FLT:] [FLT:] 2020]. [[FLT:] Umfundi wesinqumo se-Mcroct:]

Ukuvumelana Nemikhuba: Ukuziphendukela Kwezimo

Isinqumo seNkantolo-sisekelo sibumbe amalungelo amaningi anamuhla. Isinqumo seNkantolo sisenze Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yabusa [[[FLT:]] Pneticy v.[[[FLT]][FLT]] [1896]] [ngengoba incazelo yokuqala ishintshiwe, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi i-Rekhonkolo yayingalingani ngokwemvelo nomongokwamuntwana womphakathi wama-20-centurty. [[FLT:]]] ku-Leav.[FLT] v[FLT][FLT] [F:] [2003] [2003], ishaya imithetho ngokubhekisela kwezimiso ze-Westernberg ne-evolse.[5]

Lezinqumo zigujwa abaningi njengezindawo zokunqoba ekulungeni, kodwa ziphakamisa umbuzo ophikelelayo: uma iNkantolo ingawushintsha uMthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokulungisa okungokomthetho, yini ekuvimbela ukuba ube yisishaya-mthetho sentando yeningi? [Explore] izikhundla zezazi zobuProgramu.

Ukuxhumana Kwangaphandle Kokufunda Okwengeziwe

Isiphetho: UMthetho - sisekelo Njengempikiswano Ephilayo

Impi ebambene phakathi kokuqala nokuvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo ibonisa ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwedemokrasi yaseMelika: indlela yokuhlonipha ukuhlakanipha kwesikhathi esidlule kuyilapho iqhubeka isabela ezidingweni zamanje. Futhi inkolelo-lwazi ayinaphutha. Ukuqala kunikeza ukuzinza nokuhlola amandla okwahlulela, kodwa kufaka izingozi uma kusetshenziswa ezinkingeni abaQinisi abangenakukwazi ukuzibonela kusengaphambili. Ukungaqondi kuqinisekisa ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo uhlale ukhona "uphila" ngamandla obulungisa, kodwa uhamba ngentambo eqinile phakathi kwencazelo nempumelelo.

Izenzo zamajaji amaningi zithatha kuwo womabili amasiko. Ngisho nabashisekeli bomthetho-sisekelo abazinikele bacabangela isiqalo nemiphumela; ngisho nabashisekeli bomthetho-sisekelo abawuhlonipha umbhalo. Umphumela uyisimiso sobukhoma obunamandla, obudidayo, nobujulile somthetho-mthetho wokubusa. Kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lempikiswano akuyona nje umlando noma umthetho — kungokokuqonda indlela isizwe sabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - 330 esingahlala siboshelwe ngayo encwadini ebhalwe ngoyi - inki, kuyilapho silwela inyunyana ephelele ngokwengeziwe.