Isingeniso: Impikiswano Yesisekelo

Umbuzo wokuthi ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States kuhlukene kanjani omthetho, izazi, nomphakathi wezizukulwane. Emnyombweni walokhu kuhlukanisa kusenokwakhe ubufakela .

Lokhu kucindezeleka akuyona nje imfundo. Kulawula imiphumela yangempela ezimweni ezihilela uhlanga, ubulili, indlela yobulili, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici ezivikelwe. Njengoba isizwe silwa nemingcele emisha yokulingana, impikiswano yokuqala ilokhu ingenye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu emthethweni-sisekelo waseMelika.

Ukuqonda Ukuqalwa Kwakuqala: Izici Ezimbili Eziyinhloko

Incazelo Yomphakathi Yokuqala

UbuFractal abuyona into eyodwa. Izinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu ziye zavela phakathi kwengxenye yekhulu. inhloso engokwemvelo [ ukuzimisela kobufundisi kuzama ukuthola ukuthi amaFramers ngokwawo akholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawusho ukuthini. Lokhu kulandela, kuvikelwa ngu-Attorney General Edwin Meese kuma- 1980, kubheka amaphephandaba ayimfihlo, izimpikiswano, nezincwadi zabadwebi bemishini.

Ngokuphambene, ukubaluleka komphakathi kwasekuqaleni uqobo oludume kakhulu olubhalwe nguMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia] ubuza ukuthi umuntu onengqondo wayeyowuqonda kanjani umbhalo ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa. Scalia waphikisa ngokuthi lendlela igwema “i-Frames" yabafileyo futhi esikhundleni se-scripyr" yemihlangano evamile yezilimi yalenkathi. Namuhla, incazelo yasobala inguhlobo oluyinhloko lwe-Clarence Thomas, ihlanganiswe noMahluleli ka-Neil Goraw, no-Brett Kavagaugh, phakathi kwezinye.

Zombili lezi zigaba zivumelana ngesibopho esifanayo: umqondo wokuthi incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo imiswe ngesikhathi sokudilizwa futhi ingashintshwa kuphela ngenqubo engokomthetho yokulungisa iSiphakamiso V, hhayi ngokuchaza kabusha kokwahlulela.

Ukukhanga Kwenkolelo Yokuqala

Kungani amajaji amaningi kangaka ethambekele ekusebenziseni izinkolelo zomthetho futhi ngisho nangezinye iziphakamiso eziqinile? Izimpikiswano ezintathu ziyaphinda futhi. Okokuqala, ukuqala kuthiwa kukhuthaza [[FLT: 0] umthetho wedemokrati. Uma abahluleli bengenankululeko yokubhala kabusha uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze babonise izindinganiso zabo, khona - ke izinqumo zemithetho zihlala zikhona ngezishayamthetho ezikhethiwe. Okwesibili, umthetho wakuqala unconywa ngokunikeza ukwahlulela nokubikezela. Incazelo eqinile ivumela izakhamuzi nabaenzi bomthetho ukuba bazi imithetho kusengaphambili, bayazi ngaphambili, banciphisa i-pastry consitionry commentation. I-ostristrist iphikisa ngokuthi umbhalo womthetho ubhalwe ngamabomu, ngolimi olubanzi; ukukhonziwa kwalolimi oluthembekile kuveza “ulimi oluhle kakhulu. ”

Izinselele Zokuthatha Ubudala Ngamacala Amalungelo Alinganayo

Ukulinganiselwa Okungokomlando Nenkinga Yokuqothulwa

Ikhothamo elinamandla kakhulu lobuProthesm bokuqala emqondweni wamalungelo alinganayo lingokomlando. Umthetho-sisekelo njengoba wagunyazwa ngo-1788 wabalwa ngokudume ngokuthi abantu abayizigqila abathathu ezinjongo zokumelelwa, wavumela ukuhweba ngezigqila emhlabeni wonke kwaze kwaba ngo-18808, futhi wawungenasiqinisekiso esicacile sesivikelo esilinganayo. Abesifazane babenqatshelwa ukuvikelwa komthetho ovamile, futhi, babengaphansi komthetho ovamile, babengaphansi kakhulu kophawu olungokomthetho lwabayeni babo. Amazwe amaningi ayesungule amasonto, futhi ayengewona amaKristu abhekana nokukhubazeka komphakathi.

Lapho iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sagunyazwa ngo-1868, umbhalo waso [1] “nanoma yimuphi uMbuso oyohlupha noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; noma uphike noma ubani onegunya lakhe isivikelo esifanayo semithetho”[[[FLT:]] []] [ne] [i-awubanzi futhi engaqondakali]. Nokho uMkhandlu owayihlongoza futhi wahlukanisa i-Dinithi yesikole sase-Columbia futhi washiya uJimCrow engenakuguqulwa. I-ronadist ikhomba “incazelo yokuqala” yenhlose ngokomthetho yokucwa kwezinhlanga eyayingamelene kuphela nobandlululo,” futhi ngokuvamile uveza ububanzi obulinganiselweyo ngaleso sikhathi. Abagxeki bethi funda ukuthi ukubhidliza isimo esibhidlikiswe kakhulu, isho ukulingana.

Isibonelo sikaBrown v. Board of Education

Akukho ndaba ebonisa ngokucace kakhulu ukucindezeleka v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954). Ijaji eliyinhloko i-Earl Warren yabulala isikole, ithembele kakhulu ebufakazini bezesayensi obubonisa ukulimala okungokwesayensi okungokwengqondo “kodwa kulingana”. Abadalo balwa isikhathi eside [[FLT:] Brown[. Abanye, njengoMahluleli Scalia, bamukela umphumela kodwa bazama kanzima ukuwusekela ngokwencazelo yokuqala. Abanye, njengoProfessorw McConnell, baye baphikisa ngokuthi injongo yokuqala ye-Geneticmergement, yenza, eqinisweni, ukuvimbela isikole ukuhlanganisa nenkathi ye-Calting.[Foctive] njengoba kunjalo, uThomag:[5]

Lenkulumo - mpikiswano yangaphakathi yembula ukuthi ukuvuselelwa komthetho wokuqala kumelwe kubhekane neqiniso lokuthi ukulungisa kwakuyekethisa, futhi incazelo yabo yokuqala ingase ingaqondakali noma ididane. Kubaningi abasekela amalungelo alinganayo, lokhu kungaqiniseki kuyisici, hhayi isici: kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zisebenzise izimiso ezibanzi zoMthetho-sisekelo ezimweni ezintsha ngaphandle kokuboshelwa ubandlululo lwesikhathi esidlule.

Ukulingana Kwezinhlanga Nokuqonda Kwasekuqaleni

Ukusetshenziswa kobufandanda obufanayo ebulilini kugcwele ukulingana. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seMinyaka ka-1868 asiqondwanga ngokwenqabela ubandlululo kwabesifazane. Ngempela, iNkantolo Ephakeme ebekwe ku- Brawellw v. Illinois[ (1873]) ukuthi umbuso ungavimbela owesifazane oshadile ukuba asebenzise umthetho, ucabanga ukuthi “umthetho kahulumeni, kanye nendalo ngokwayo, uhlale uqaphela umehluko omkhulu ezindinganisweni ezihlukene nezingahlukene zomuntu nowesifazane."

Impinda esheshayo ukuya ku- v. Reed (1971], icala lokuqala lapho iNkantolo yashaya umthetho ngezizathu zokucwaswa kobulili. INkantolo ayizange icele ukuba i-Obristry; yasebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuvumelanayo kwe-ethernetic futhi yaphetha ngokuthi ukuphatha ngokungafani ukuphatha indawo kwakungenayo isithakazelo esingokomthetho. Izenzakalo zamuva, Craig v. Borten[FLT][FLT] [3] [77]] [77] ne[FLT] u-6] eUnited States.[96], zasungula ukucushelwa kwemizwa okuphakathi kwezindawo ezihlolwayo.

Ingabe umsunguli wezobufandamentali angazithethelela lezi zinqumo? Ezinye, njengoJaji Scalia, washo obala ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala awuzange uvikele ekucwaseni ngokobulili, kodwa wavotela ukuvumelana nokulingana okuthile okungokwesifazane okukhona. Abanye, njengoMahluleli uThomas, abazange bahlanganyele emibonweni ekwazi ukucubungula ubulili, bakhetha ukunquma lezo zimo ezicatshangelwe ngokunengqondo. Inkulumo igcizelela ukuthi ukukholelwa kobufandabuko, uma kusetshenziswa ngokuqinile, cishe kungavumela izinhlobo eziningi zobandlululo lobulili obuthiwa cishe wonke amaMelika alahla.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo: Uvivinyo Lokusungula Olukhulu Kunawo Wonke

Mhlawumbe akukho ngxenye yomthetho wamalungelo alinganayo eye yabekela inselele kakhulu ubuKhomanisi kuwena kanye nokuthambekela kobulili kanye nokuthola ubuphimbo. Incazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo ("futhi nangemva kwawo-1970]) ayizange icabange ukuthi “ukuthambekela kwabobulili” njengesigaba esivikelwe. Umbhalo weSichibiyelo se 144th awunikezi siqondiso esicacile. Futhi, iNkantolo ku yaqaphela umthetho wecala kumshado ofanayo. Texas (2003) washaya imithetho ye-sodoma, futhi OGbergefell v. Hodg (20)

Ku obergefell, umbono woMahluleli uKennedy abaningi wancika “kuhlobo lokuphila” lwenkululeko, ephikisa ngokuthi“izizukulwane ezabhala futhi zagunyaza iBill of Rights neSichibiyelo seshumi nane [ISichibiyelo seMibulunga-mthetho se-Dimension] azizange zithathe unyawo ngokwazi izinga lenkululeko kuzo zonke izici zayo.” Ukungavumelani, kwabhalwa nguMahluleli Scalia futhi kwahlanganiswa noMahluleli uThoma no-Arito, kwakunendele. Scalia waphikisa ngokuthi iningi lalilahle “ukuqonda okusekuqaleni” komshado futhi laphucwa inqubo yentando yeningi.

UMahluleli Thomas, ngokuphikisanayo, wanikeza impikiswano ehlukile yesazi sokuqala: I-The

Abagxeki abaningi, umzabalazo we LGBTQ + amalungelo uveza ubuthakathaka obuyisisekelo bobuProfectors: ayinakukwazi ukuchaza izinhlobo ezintsha zokucwasa ezazingakaze zicatshangelwe. Incazelo yakuqala yomphakathi ethi “isivikelo esilinganayo” kungenzeka ukuthi yahlanganisa iqoqo elincane lezimiso; ayihlanganisanga ukukhetha ngokobulili, ubulili, noma mhlawumbe ngisho nobulili ngomqondo wanamuhla. Abakholelwa ekudalweni kwakuqala basabela ukuthi izinguquko kufanele zenze ngenqubo yezombangazwe noma ngokubuyiselwa kabusha kwezenkantolo. Kodwa kulabo abakholelwa ukuthi amalungelo alinganayo ayisithembiso somthetho wemithetho, balindele ukubuyiselwa komthetho wemithetho yezomthetho wezwe.

Imibono Yanamuhla: Icala Lomthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Izindinganiso Ezishintshayo Zokukhohlakala

Ukuthatha indawo yobu qobo kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo” noma“indlela” yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lombono, ohlangene noMahluleli William Brennan, uMahluleli uRuth Bader Ginsburg, noMahluleli uStephen Breyer, umisholo-mthetho ukuthi amagama abanzi kaMthetho-sisekelo ```[[] [[FLT]]] , [[FLT:] isivikelo esilinganayo, inqubo engaphambili [[FLT]] ichazwa ngokulula izimo zamanje kanye nezimiso zomphakathi. Izimiso eziphila ngombhalo noma ngomlando, i-FLTY) ezisebenzisa izimiso zesikhathi esizayo ezingoko ezingoko-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Breyer’s incwadi iveza umbono woMthetho-sisekelo okhuthaza ukungenela kwentando yeningi futhi ovumelanisa nezidingo zomphakathi oshintshayo. Uphikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele acabangele imiphumela esebenzayo yezinqumo zawo kanye nezinjongo ezingaphansi komthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela, uphikisa, kokubili ithembekile emklamweni wamaFramers (owabhala uMthetho-sisekelo “ohlose ukukhuthazela iminyaka eminingi," ngenkulumo edumile kaMahluleli Marshall) futhi ahloniphe u-Democracy Marshall.

Impikiswano Ephawulekayo Yokukholelwa Ebuntwaneni Bemvelo

Ngalé kombono ophelele wenhlalo ephilayo, izazi eziningi zezomthetho zinikeza ukuphikisana kobuProfethi bokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, uProfesa Cass Sunstein, uye wasekela “ubuminimalist”"""--okanye ukuveza amacala ngezizathu ezimngcingo ngaphandle kokunikeza incazelo enkulu. Abanye, njengoProfesa Jamale Greene, baphikisa ngokuthi yonke imisuka. Ukusekela umthetho - sisekelo kulula kakhulu; basekela “incazelo yomthetho womthetho wezwe oluvamile” echaza inqubo nemfundiso njengengxenye enkulu, ehambisana nombhalo nomlando.

Labagxeki baveza ukuthi ubuFLT abunakuveza izimpendulo eziqinile ezimweni eziningi ezinzima. Incazelo yokuqala “ukuhlola okungenangqondo nokuquleka” noma“ ukulwa nesijeziso esingavamile” incintiswane kakhulu. Futhi uqobo alutsheli amajaji izinga lokuzigcina kusetshenziswa: uma sibheka incazelo engu 1791 ye-“amandla” njengomnyusi, noma isimiso sokuzilawula komuntu ngokwakhe? Njengoba uMahluleli Scialia ngokwakhe evuma [[FLT:] i-Dithrieter of Columbia v. [FLT:] [200] [200], incazelo yokuqala ye-Reformation of i-Expressivementation ihlanganisa izikhali ezivamile" kodwa ihlanganisa naziphi izinguquko ezivamile ezikhona. Njengoba abasekeli bethi umehluko phambili ekutheni imiphumela emivulweni.

Ithonya Lomthetho Ophathelene Namalungelo Alinganayo

Izinqumo Zophawu Ezithonywa Imfundiso

Impikiswano yemfundiso yokuqala ayiyona nje into ecatshangelwayo; ithonya ngokuqondile imiphumela yezenzakalo ezibalulekile ezilwela amalungelo alinganayo.

  • Isenzo esiqinile: Ku [FT:2] Izigqizo ze-Fair Adcts v. Harvard [2023], uMahluleli omkhulu uRoberts wabhalela iningi ukuthi ukuvuma okungaziyo kwezinhlanga kuphazamisa kakhulu iSivikelo soMgangatho KaClaus. Umbono wadonsela kakhulu ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni kwe-Dintshi ye-INP, waphikisa ngokuthi yayiyi-“mflaye.” Iyamukela, iJaji Sotomayor wasola iningi lokungazinaki injongo yokuqala ye-mendment ment commentmentmentmentment programs (i yamakhulu amaningi eminyaka) yokwenziwa kwemithetho.
  • Ukuveza amalungelo: Ku [[FLT:] Shelby County v. Hoder [2013], iNkantolo yakhipha ilungiselelo eliyinhloko leVoting Rights Act, imemezela ukuthi “izinto zishintshe ngokuphawulekayo” nokuthi indlela engavamile yokuhlela yayingasathethelelwa ngemibandela yamanje. Umbono wejaji uRoberts wabekwa esimisweni sombuso olinganayo nomklamo wokuqala we-sobuzwe, hhayi ekufundweni ngokuqondile kwencazelo yokuqala yesigaba se-memezelo ye-delete. Lesinqumo saba nomphumela omkhulu ekuvikeleni amalungelo okuvota, ukuholela ekungeni kwemithetho eqinile.
  • I-Discoverity Amalungelo: Ku Board of Trustees v. Garrett (2001], iNkantolo yathi izifunda zazingavikeleki kumasudi azimele ngaphansi kwamaMelika aphethe ukukhubazeka, icabanga ukuthi ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile kwakungabangelwanga ukucunulwa kwencazelo yokuqala yeNguquko yeshumi nane nenye. Isinqumo silinganisela ngokuphumelelayo ikhono le-Hulumente lokuqinisa isivikelo esilinganayo kubantu abakhubazekile kuze kube yilapho i-ADA kamuva isetshenziswa kwezinye izimo.

Icala ngalinye lalamacala libonisa indlela ifilosofi echazayo yobulungisa ethonya ngayo ubukhulu besivikelo samalungelo alinganayo. Ubulungisa obunamathela ekufuneni amalungelo obuqamama bungalulama kakhulu ekukhetheni ukubusa kwemithetho ngaphandle kokuba incazelo ecacile yokuqala ifuna ukungenela. Ukwahlulela okuvumelana nendlela eshukumisa ngokwengeziwe kungase kuzimisele ngokwengeziwe ukuthola ukuphulwa komthetho - sisekelo lapho izimiso zanamuhla ziqaphela ukungalingani okungafanele.

Indima Yokukhohlisa Kwamaqaba Nezinkanyiso

I-pritary ihlobene futhi nemfundiso ye- i-deciss `Isimiso sokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele izishaya-mthetho ezidlulile. IJaji Scalia yaziwayo ukuthi “ukuqala akufuni ukuba ijaji lemvelo ifune ukuba ilawule isakhiwo esingalungile ngokombono wakuqala uma beye yathengwa futhi ingaqinisekiswanga ukuthi ayikwazanga ukusebenza. Lemvume iyavuma ukuthi ngisho nabasunguli bezinto zakudala ngeke bawusiphule wonke umthetho wesivikelo wanamuhla ebusuku. Ngaleyondlela, nakuba u-FLT [FLT:] Brown. v [FLT] [F:] [F:]

Lokhu kulinganisela bekuboniswa ngokugcwele esikhathini esizayo samalungelo okukhipha isisu ngemva [ku- Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022], eyabusa [ Roe[. Umbono ka-Alito] wakwenqaba ngokuqondile ukuthatha isinyathelo futhi waphikisa ukuthi injongo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo ayizange ivikele ilungelo lokukhipha isisu. Umthetho u-Tregno, u-Kaganer, noSogayo, wagxeka iningi lamashumi eminyaka elahla isimiso kanye “nenkululeko ehlukene” edebekungakuhlekwayo okuphila kwabesifazane kanye nenguquko engu-14 yomlando.

Isinqumo amaDobb ngokwaso sibonisa ukuthi uqobo, uma lusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwezimiso zokubheka ezinamandla, lungaveza ushintsho oluphawulekayo ekuvikeleni amalungelo (kwabanye, ukubuyela ekuthembekeni komthetho-sisekelo; kwabanye, ukunqamuka okuyingozi kwenkululeko ehleliwe.

Isiphetho: Ukudambisa Ukucindezeleka

Impikiswano ngobuqalo emongweni wamalungelo alinganayo ayixazululeki. Uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza imibono enamandla, kodwa engaphelele. Ukuthatha izinto ngokomthetho kunikeza ukunamathela ekutholeni idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo kanye nesehlo ngokuphathelene nezindaba zokwahlulela. Umthetho sisekelo womthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukuvumelana okungaqondakali kokungalingani okungakaze kubonwe kusengaphambili.

Mhlawumbe indlela ekhiqiza kakhulu phambili akukhona ukuphikelela emfundisweni eyodwa kodwa ukuqaphela ukuthi zombili izindlela zinento okumelwe zinikezwe. Izinkantolo kufanele zithathe umbhalo nomlando ngokungathi sína − njengoba izazi zakudala zikhuthaza − kodwa futhi zihlala zikulungele ukuqonda okuguquguqukayo kwalokho okufunwa yi-ulingana emphakathini okhululekile. Ukuhlakanipha kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika ngokuvamile bekuwukukwazi ukuhlanganisa kokubili amasiko nokushintsha. Izifundo ezijulile zesivikelo esilinganayo zingase zingangenisisekeli eziqondeni eziqondene nencazelo eziqinile zo-1868, kodwa futhi kusesimisweni sokuthi isisekelo soMthetho-sisekelo, njengesazi sendawo yonke yokuziphatha, sivumelana nobulungisa.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe kulengxoxo, bheka iMahluleli Scalia’s Indaba yencazelo neJactal Breyer’s 's Liberty [. Ukuze uthole ukuhlola okucacisiwe kokushiyeka kobuStatu, bheka uProfesa Jamal Greene [[FLT:]] Indlela uMthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho - sisekelo oba yiyo ewuyi-Octive [, futhi ubheke imiphumela esebenzayo, i-ABA’S ukuhlaziya isihluthulelo sesivikelo esifanayo sezehlakalo [[FLT]

Ekugcineni, indlela esichaza ngayo uMthetho - sisekelo ibonisa izindinganiso zethu ezijulile ngokuphathelene nentando yeningi, inkululeko, nokulingana. Impikiswano ngobufandamentali, eyisisekelo, iyimpikiswano yokuthi singabantu bani, futhi silangazelela ukuba yibo.