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Ukuqonda Isisekelo Sentando Yeningi YaseMelika

I-United States Constitution ingenye yezincwadi zomthetho ezinethonya kakhulu nezihlala njalo emlandweni wesintu. Ngo-1788, loluhlelo oluphawulekayo luye lwaqondisa iriphabliki yaseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, ukusinda kwempi yombango, ukuguquguquka kwezomnotho, ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, nokushintsha okukhulu kwezenhlalo. Kusona sonke isakhamuzi, ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo akusona nje ulwazi olubalulekile olunikeza abantu amandla okuhlanganyela ngokoqobo ekuphileni kwentando yeningi, ukuvikela amalungelo abo, nokubheka uhulumeni njengonecala.

UMthetho - sisekelo umisa izakhiwo eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo ezichaza indlela uhulumeni wase - United States osebenza ngayo, unikeza imibuso nokulinganiselwa kwegunya likahulumeni, futhi unikeza amalungelo nenkululeko eyisisekelo amaMelika ayithandayo.

Kulesi sikhathi sokuhlukana kwezombangazwe, ukudukiswa, nokushintsha kwezenhlalo okusheshayo, ukufunda nokwenza umthetho wezomthetho - sisekelo akukaze kube okubaluleke kakhulu. Izakhamuzi eziwuqondayo uMthetho-sisekelo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlaziya izinkulumo zezombangazwe, ziqaphele lapho amalungelo azo esongelwa, zihileleke enkulumweni yomphakathi enolwazi olunzulu, futhi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izici ezibalulekile zoMthetho-sisekelo okufanele wonke umuntu azi, kusukela ekudalweni kwalo okungokomlando kuya ekusebenzeni kwayo okuqhubekayo emphakathini wanamuhla.

Umlando Nokudala Umthetho - sisekelo

Ukusuka Ekuvukeleni Kuya EMhlanganweni Womthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo awuzange uvele ungenalutho. Wazalwa ekuvukeleni kwenguquko nezinselele ezisebenzayo zokubusa isizwe esisha. Ngemva kokumemezela ukukhululeka kuBrithani ngo1776, amakoloni ayishumi nantathu aseMelika ahlanganiswa ekuqaleni ngaphansi kweZihlokwana zeConfederation, isivumelwano sokunganaki esakha uhulumeni obuthakathaka onamandla alinganiselwe. Umbuso ngamunye walondoloza ubukhosi obubalulekile, futhi uhulumeni wezwe wawungenalo igunya lokulawula izintela ze-vy, ukulawula ezentengiselwano, noma ukuphoqelela izinqumo zawo ngokuphumelelayo.

Maphakathi nawo-1780, ukuhluleka kwezihloko ze-Confederation kwase kucace kabuhlungu. Uhulumeni wezwe walwa nezikweletu ezinyukayo, izingxabano zezohwebo, izinselele zemithetho yamazwe angaphandle, kanye nezinxushunxushu zemithetho yamakhaya ezaboniswa uShays’s Regimpligion eMassachusetts. Lezizimo ezibucayi zaqinisekisa abaholi abaningi baseMelika ukuthi isimiso sombuso esiqinile sasidingeka ukuze kulondolozwe isibopho futhi kuqinisekiswe ukusinda komzamo wezwe lonke izwe.

NgoMay 1787, izihambeli ezivela ezifundeni eziyishumi nambili zahlangana ePhiladelphia ngenxa yalokho okwabizwa ngokuthi iConstitution. Ekuqaleni kwakunemisebenzi yokulungisa izihloko zeConfederation, izihambeli esikhundleni salokho zaqala umsebenzi onamandla wokwakha uhlelo olusha ngokuphelele lukahulumeni. Phakathi nenkathi yehlobo elisheshayo, izihambeli ezingamashumi amahlanu ezihileleke empikiswanoni enkulu, ukuxoxisana, nokuhlehla, ekugcineni ziveza incwadi eyayizoba uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States.

Imibono namathonya amaFrame

Amadoda aqamba uMthetho-sisekelo asebenzisa amasiko engqondo ahlukahlukene nokuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo. Ayethonywe izazi zefilosofi zokuKhanyiselwa njengoJohn Locke, owachaza ngokucacile izinkolelo-mbono zamalungelo angokwemvelo nesivumelwano sezenhlalo; uMontesquieu, owasekela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kahulumeni; kanye nezihlakaniphi zerepublic zasendulo ezazigcizelela ubuhle bomphakathi nohulumeni oxubene. Abahleli bafunda futhi kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu ngokubusa amakoloni, amasiko omthetho sisekelo waseBrithani, kanye nokuphumelela nokuhluleka kweZiphakamiso Zomphakathi.

Abakhi bafuna ukwakha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukuba usebenze ngokuphumelelayo kodwa uphoqelelwe ukuba uvimbele ubushiqela. Baqaphela ukuthi amandla agxile ayeletha izingozi enkululeko, kodwa futhi baqonda ukuthi ukuhlukana ngokweqile kungaholela esiphithiphithini nasekungasebenzini. Ikhambi labo laliyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi semibuso ehlukene, iziphathimandla ezihlukene, kanye nokuhlola okuphoqelela ukubambisana kuyilapho kuvimbela ukubusa kwanoma yiliphi igatsha.

Injongo Eyisisekelo Nezinhloso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Isethulo: Ukubala Umsebenzi

UMthetho - sisekelo uqala ngamazwi anamandla enjongo aziwa ngokuthi iGama lokuqala: "Thina bantu base-United States, ngokweMiyalo yokwakha i - United States, ukumisa Ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikela kwasekhaya, ukunikeza iNguquko evamile, nokuvikela iMibusiso yeNkululeko kithina kanye neSikhundla sethu, ukumisa nokumisa loMthetho - sisekelo we-United States of America."

Lamazwi okuvula angaphezulu kokuchuma kwemikhosi − aveza izinjongo eziyisisekelo uMthetho-sisekelo owawuklanyelwe ukufinyelela. Amazwi athi "Thina bantu" simisa ubukhosi obuthandwayo njengesisekelo sobugunya bukahulumeni, sigomela ukuthi igunya eliphelele alihlali kumakhosi, izicukuthwane, noma ilungelo laphezulu, kodwa nezakhamuzi ngokwazo. Lona kwakuwumqondo ohlukile enkathini ebuswa amankosi nelungelo lokuzuza ifa.

Umgomo ngamunye oshiwo esanduleleni ubonisa ukukhathazeka okuqondile kanye nezifiso zesizukulwane esisunguliwe. Ukuhlela "umanyano oluphelele kakhulu" kwakhuluma ngokuhlukana nobuthakathaka besimiso sokuhlanganisa. Ukumisa ubulungisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthula kwasekhaya kusabela ekukhathazweni okungekho emthethweni nayisiphithiphithi ngaphakathi. Ukunikeza isivikelo esivamile kwaqaphela isidingo sokulondeka kwesizwe ezweni eliyingozi. Ukukhuthaza inhlalakahle ethandwayo yemfanelo kahulumeni yokuhle emphakathini. Futhi ukuvikela inkululeko kwaveza umgomo wokugcina wokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Ukwakha Isisekelo Sokubusa

Ngalé kwesisekelo sayo sefilosofi, uMthetho-sisekelo ufeza injongo esebenzayo yokumisa isakhiwo nemisebenzi kahulumeni wombuso. Ukha amagatsha amathathu ahlukene `legislative, isikhulu,'esahlulelo,(ne-ant") futhi uchaza amandla awo, imithwalo yemfanelo, kanye nobuhlobo. Umisa izinqubo zokwenza imithetho, ukukhetha, ukumisa izikhulu, nokuhlela uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Iveza ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nemibuso, isho ukuthi imaphi amandla akhona esilinganisweni ngasinye sikahulumeni futhi yiziphi izinhlangano ezihlanganyelwayo.

Loluhlelo lokwakha lunikeza ukubikezela, ukuzinza, nokufaneleka kwemisebenzi kahulumeni. Izakhamuzi nezikhulu ngokufanayo ziyazazi izinqubo okumelwe zilandelwe, imiphi imibuso engasetshenziswa, nokuthi yikuphi ukulinganiselwa okungasetshenziswa. Lokhu kucacisa kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukubusa okungenangqondo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zisekelwe egunyeni lomthetho-sisekelo hhayi ekusebenziseni amandla noma imizwelo yomuntu siqu.

Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezithonya Uhulumeni WaseMelika

Ubukhosi Obuthandwayo: Umbuso Ovela Kubantu

Ubukhosi obuthandwayo yisimiso esisekelwe kuso sonke isimiso somthetho-sisekelo. Sithi igunya elingokomthetho likahulumeni lisuka kubantu, abavuma ukubuswa futhi abalondoloza amandla okugcina okuguqula noma ukuqeda uhulumeni wabo. Lesi simiso sibonakala emalungiselelweni ahlukahlukene omthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nokhetho oluvamile, izinhlangano zabameleli, kanye nenqubo yokulungisa evumela abantu ukuba balungise umthetho wabo oyisisekelo.

Umqondo wobukhosi obuthandwayo uhlukanisa isimiso somthetho-sisekelo saseMelika nemibuso yempoqo lapho amandla enyuka khona kusukela phezulu. E-United States, izikhulu zikahulumeni ziyizinceku zomphakathi, hhayi amakhosi ayo. Zisebenzisa igunya elingakhishwa ngezinqubo zokukhetha. Lesisimiso sinika izakhamuzi amandla futhi sibeka izibopho − umthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlala unolwazi, ukuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, futhi sibambe abameleli.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla: Ukuhlukanisa Igunya Likahulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene, ngalinye linemibuso nemithwalo yalo. Igatsha lomthetho, elihlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli neSigele, lenza imithetho. Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli, liphoqelela imithetho nenkambiso yangaphandle. Igatsha lokwahlulela, eliholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, lichaza imithetho nokuxazulula izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nencazelo yayo kanye nokusebenza kwayo.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kufeza izinjongo eziningi. Kuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwegunya okungaholela ekubuseni. Kudala ukuqashelwa, kuvumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lithuthukise ubuchwepheshe endaweni yalo ekhethekile. Kukhuthaza ukuhlobana ngokufuna ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezinezimo ezingafani nezihlukene.

Abakhi baqaphela ukuthi ukumazisa nje ukuthi amagatsha ahlukene kwakungeke kwanele.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukuvimbela Ukuncintisana Ngezimo Zokuncintisana

Amasesha nama-accer nama-ascer abhekisele kumalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo avumela igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni ukuba linciphise amandla amanye amagatsha. Lesimiso sidala ukulinganisela okukhulu lapho ukufisa ukuvelela kulwisana khona nokufuna ukuvelela, kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekulawuleni elinye. Njengoba uJames Madison achaza kuFederalist No. 51, "Umgomo kumelwe wenziwe ukuze ulwe nokufuna isikhundla."

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa izinhlolo eziningi eziqondile nezilinganisiweyo. UMkhandlu ungamisa imithetho, kodwa uMongameli angayifaka, futhi uMkhandlu ungayilawula ngenani eliyisithathu. UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni nezikhulu eziphethe, kodwa iSigele kumelwe siqinise. Le mithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu zingamisa imithetho engekho emthethweni, kodwa uMkhandlu ungamisa umthetho-mthetho olawula futhi ulawule izinkantolo zikahulumeni. UMongameli uyayala ukuba kube nempi, kodwa uHulumeni umemezela izimali ezifanele. Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa nje zeminyango eyinkimbinkimbi yemithetho ehlangeneyo ehlangeneyo, kodwa i-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-omscraclustration iyakwazi ukumisa izimo nokulawula i-omfa yemithetho.

Lesimiso ngezinye izikhathi sibangela ukukhungatheka nokuvuleka kwemigqa, njengoba amagatsha ahlukene elawulwa amaqembu ahlukene alwa ukuqhubekisela phambili izigigaba eziphikisanayo. Nokho, lokhu kushayisana kuyisici, hhayi igciwane. Abaklami baklama isimiso sokwenza kube nzima ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni, okudinga ukuvumelana okukhulu nokucabangisisa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke izinguquko ezinkulu. Lokhu kuvikela ekuthathekeni ngokuxhamazela, noma ezithathwa ngonya, kuyilapho kusavumela isinyathelo esidingekile uma kusekhona isivumelwano esanele.

Uhulumeni: Ukulinganisela Ukubusa Kwezwe NoMbuso

UFederalism ubhekisele ekuhlukaneni kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni bezwe. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza imibuso ethile ebaliwe kuhulumeni kahulumeni, igcine amanye amagunya ezwe, futhi umise izindawo zokubusa okuhlangane lapho womabili amazinga kahulumeni engathatha khona isinyathelo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okungathí sina kwamandla kuphelelisa ukuhlukaniswa okuqonde phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unamandla adingekayo ekukhathaleleni izwe: ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zezwe nezolunye uhlanga, ukuphatha ubuhlobo bangaphandle, ukulungiselela ukuzivikela kwesizwe, ukusungula imali, nokumisa imithetho efanayo yokulawula imvelo nokuwiswa kwemali. Isichibiyeli seshumi sicacisa ukuthi imibuso engaphathiswe uhulumeni kahulumeni igcinelwe imibuso noma abantu. Ohulumeni bamazwe banomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wezindawo ezinjengemfundo, ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo, umthetho wempahla, umthetho wezindawo, nomthetho wezephulamthetho.

I-Federalism ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Ivumela ukulinga kwezimiso, njengoba imibuso ingazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zezinkinga ezivamile, idala "amasu asebenzela ukusungulwa kwentando yeningi" ahlola izinhlelo ezintsha ngaphambi kokuba zisakazeke isizwe. Ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezifunda, ivumela imiphakathi ehlukene ukuba isebenzise izimiso ezibonisa izindinganiso zayo ezikhethekile nezimo. Inikeza amazinga amaningana okukwazi ukungenela kwezakhamuzi nokuthola amandla amaningi okungahlola ukucunuleka kombuso. Futhi isiza ekuvimbeleni ukucindezelwa kombuso ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho hulumeni olawula zonke izici zokuphila kwezakhamuzi.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso kuye kwashintsha kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ngokuvamile kuthambekele egunyeni likahulumeni elikhulu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweMpi Yombango naphakathi kwenkathi yeNew Deal. Izimpikiswano zeContemporary mayelana nokunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nokwahlulela kobugebengu ngokuvamile zigxile ezindabeni zobuzwe () isilinganiso sikahulumeni okufanele sibe negunya eliyinhloko ezindaweni ezithile zesimiso esithile.

Uhulumeni Olinganiselwe: Ukuvimbela Amandla Ngokuthuthwa

UMthetho-sisekelo udala uhulumeni wemibuso elinganiselwe, ebalayo. Ngokungafani nePhalamende laseBrithani, elinegunya lokumisa noma isiphi isihloko, uhulumeni kahulumeni ungasebenzisa amandla anikezwa ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo. Lesi simiso semibuso ebaliwe sisho ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni kumelwe sithethelelwe ngokubhekisele elungiselelweni elithile lomthetho-sisekelo eligunyaza lesosenzo.

Umqondo kahulumeni olinganiselwe ubonisa ukukhathalela kwabaphangi ngohulumeni nokuzibopha kwabo ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ngokucindezela lokho uhulumeni angakwenza, uMthetho-sisekelo ulondoloza inkululeko yomuntu siqu lapho abantu bengazikhetha ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukahulumeni. Lesimiso sithola incazelo hhayi nje ekulinganisweni kwemibuso kahulumeni kuphela kodwa naku-Bill of Rights kanye namanye amalungiselelo omthetho avimbela ngokuqondile izenzo ezithile zikahulumeni.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Izinkantolo Njengezinduna Zomthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba ingashiwonga ngokucacile embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo, isimiso sokubukeza kokwahlulela, ``igunya lezinkantolo lokuchitha imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha eziphula umthetho-sisekelo''''''''awuyi-aspectal'. INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa leli gunya embukisweni wecala likaMarbury v. Madison, icabanga ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme futhi izinkantolo kumelwe ziwusebenzise lapho kuhlelwa amacala, okudingeka ngempela ukuba kunqume ukuthi eminye imithetho ivumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Ukuhlola kokwahlulela kusebenza njengendlela enzima yokuhlola amandla ombuso ombuso, ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kanye namalungiselelo okwakha ngisho nalapho ephikisana nokuthandwa okuthandwayo noma ukulunga kwezombangazwe. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zesikhashana azinakuphula izimiso eziyisisekelo noma zinyathele amalungelo amancane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima mayelana nokufaneleka kwentando yeningi (hhonot magest) ingazisusa kanjani izinqumo zabameleli abakhethiwe?

Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni Kahulumeni Ozimele

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ingqungquthela

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo simisa i-Constitution njengegatsha lomthetho, elihlanganisa amagumbi amabili: Indlu yabameleli neSigele. Lesi sakhiwo se-bimadral sibonisa ukuhlehla okukhulu eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, owalinganisela izithakazelo zezwe elikhulu nelamancane ngokunikeza i-memo ye-freat eNingizimu futhi umele i-Genera.

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu angu-455 ahlukene phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe ehlalweni, nelungu ngalinye elimelela isifundazwe phakathi kwezwe labo. Abameleli basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili, okwenza iNdlu ikwazi ukusabela ngokuqondile emzwelweni othandwayo. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iNdlu amandla akhethekile, kuhlanganise negunya lokusungula izikweletu zemali nokuqala ukuqulwa kwemithetho ngokumelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni.

ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu, futhi isifundazwe ngasinye sikhetha izinyunyana ezimbili kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingabaphi abantu. Ekuqaleni, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zakhetha izinyunyana ze-senethi, kodwa iSichibiyelo seSeventeenth, sagunyazwa ngo-1913, sasungulwa ngokukhetha okuqondile. Abasizi basebenzisa izivumelwano ezithatha iminyaka eyisithupha, nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeSigele esiphezulu sokhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lesimiso esikhungathekayo sinikeza iziphetho zokuqhubeka nokuvikela abaphathi ngokwezinga elithile ezingcindezini zezombangazwe ezimfushane. ISigebengu sinemibuso ekhethekile, kuhlanganise nokumiswa komongameli, izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa izivumelwano, nokuqungaphathi ukuqulwa kwecala.

Izishaya-mthetho zisebenzisa amandla okumisa .ISiphakamiso I, iSiqendu 8 sibala amandla akhethekile enhlangano, kuhlanganise namandla okukhokha intela nokusebenzisa imali yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano, izimali zemali, imisa amahhovisi eposi, inikeza izimvume zokugunyaza nokukhipha amalungelo, imemezela impi, iphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, futhi yenza yonke imithetho "edingekile nefanele" yokukhipha amandla ayo ahlelwayo. Lento edingekile nefanele Claus ekhona iye yachazwa kabanzi, ivumela inguquko enkulu ekukhetheni ama-Promskom ekukhetheni izinjongo zayo zomthetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: UBusi

ISiphakamiso II simisa igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli wase-United States. UMongameli usebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni, inhloko kahulumeni, nomphathi-mphathi wamabutho ahlomile. UMthetho-sisekelo ubeka "Umbuso ophethe" kuMongameli, imvume eye yachazwa njengeyokuhlanganisa kokubili igunya lokuphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yi-Hulumeni kanye namandla efa adingekayo ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi yezikhulu.

UMongameli ukhethwa ngesimiso se-Electoral College, lapho uhulumeni ngamunye uthola amavoti alingana khona nengqikithi yawo yokumelela uhulumeni. Lendlela yokukhetha engaqondile ibonisa isifiso sabakhi bokhetho sokulinganisela ukufakwa okuthandwayo nokwahlulela okungaqondile nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe angenani ayaqhubeka enethonya elinenjongo ekukhetheni umongameli. Omongameli bafeza ama-galelo angamashumi amabili nangaphezulu futhi, balandela iSichibiyelo esihlangene esagunyaziwe ngo-1955, balinganiselwe kumagama amabili.

Imibuso yobumongameli ihlanganisa ukukhipha nokumisa imithetho kahulumeni, ukumisa amajaji angokomthetho nezikhulu eziphethe (ezinesiqinisekiso seSigele), ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano (ezingaphansi kokubekwa kweSigele), ezikhonza njengomphathi-nhloko yezempi, ezithethelela amacala kahulumeni, nokukhipha umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. UMongameli futhi unendima ebalulekile ekulungiseni uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho, ekumiseni izimiso futhi asebenzise ukubonakala kwehhovisi ukuze athonye umbono nomthetho womphakathi.

Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni, uMongameli manje wengamela izinhlangano ezinkulu zikahulumeni, iminyango, namahhovisi aqasha izigidi zabantu futhi asebenzise izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuqondisa. Lombuso ophethe usebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo ngokubeka iziqondiso, ukufushanisa, nokuphoqelela, uphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokulandisa, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nesikhundla esifanele segunya lokuphatha.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Izinkantolo Ezihlangene

ISiphakamiso III simisa igatsha lokwahlulela, elihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi njengesiKhongolo. Abahluleli bamaFederal bamiswa uMongameli ngesiqinisekiso seSigele futhi basebenze phakathi "nokuziphatha okuhle," okusho ngokuphumelelayo ukungafuni nokungakhuthazi ukuphila ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. Lokhu kuvikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi kubavumela ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni kunokuba bathathe umbono othandwayo noma inzuzo yezombangazwe.

Amandla okwahlulela ahlanganisa amacala avela ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, kanye nezivumelwano, kanye namacala athile asekelwe emaqenjini ahilelekile (njengezimpikiswano phakathi kwezindawo noma amacala ahilela amanxusa akwamanye amazwe). Izinkantolo ze-Frederal zixazulula izimpikiswano ngokusebenzisa umthetho emaqinisweni, ukuchaza imithetho namalungiselelo omthetho, nokuthuthukisa izimiso zomthetho ezivamile ezindaweni eziphethe uhulumeni.

INkantolo Ephakeme ihlala phezu kwesigaba sezikhulu zomthetho kahulumeni, iphethe kokubili amandla akuqala emacaleni athile futhi iphethe ukubukeza izinqumo zezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngemibuzo kahulumeni. Amandla eNkantolo ukuchaza ngokuqiniseka uMthetho-sisekelo enza ukuba ibe nethonya elingavamile, njengoba izinqumo zayo zibopha bonke abadlali bakahulumeni futhi zingangathonywa kuphela ukuncitshiswa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma iNkantolo ngokwayo ibuye isuse izenzakalo zayo.

Ijaji likahulumeni lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, ukuqinisekisa ukuchazwa okufanayo komthetho kahulumeni, nokuhlola izenzo ezingavumelani nemithetho yamagatsha ezombangazwe. Nokho, izinkantolo zibhekene nokulinganiselwa: zinganquma amacala angempela nezimpikiswano kuphela, zingenawo amandla okusebenza futhi kumelwe zincike ekubambisanani kweziphathimandla, futhi ukufaneleka kwazo kuxhomeke ekwamukeni komphakathi igunya lazo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nabantu Ngabodwa

Imvelaphi Nokuqiniswa Kwencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawunezivikelo ezimbalwa ezicacile zamalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukushiyeka okwabangela ukuphikiswa okukhulu phakathi nezimpikiswano zokuncintisana. Abalwa namalungelo ahlukene baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwemvume yamalungelo, uhulumeni omusha wamazwe wawungase usongele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Abalweli bamazwe baphendula ngokuthi ukudweba amalungelo akudingekile ngoba uhulumeni kahulumeni wawunemibuso elinganiselwe kuphela futhi ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kwakungase kusho ukuthi amalungelo angasoleki.

Ukuze kuvikelwe, abaqondisi be-Federali bathembisa ukuhlanganisa imvume yamalungelo ngenqubo yokulungisa. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni engabazanga ngesidingo sokulungisa okunjalo, wahola ekuhlongozeni ukudweba iziphakamiso ezithathwe kumthetho-mthetho-mthetho kazwelonke nakuzimemezelo zomhlangano wokulungisa. ISishaya-Mkhandlu sagunyazwa ngo-1789, futhi abayishumi bagunyazwa yimibuso ngo-1791, beba i-Bill of Rights.

IBill of Rights ekuqaleni yayisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wombuso kuphela, hhayi kohulumeni bezwe. Nokho, ngemva kweMpi yoMbuso, iSichibiyelo se 14th I-Accessiption’s Process Claus yachazwa ngokuthi "isivikelo seBhili Lomthetho-sisekelo" eziningi, isenza sisebenze kuhulumeni nase-ohulumeni bendawo ngokufanayo. Lemfundiso ehlanganisiwe iye yaba enye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu emthethweni waseMelika, inikeza isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo sombuso ukuba siqaphe umbuso kanye nokugxambulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ukuvikela Ukubonakaliswa Nonembeza

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo eminingana: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, umhlangano, nesicelo. Inkolo uClauss ivimbela ukumiswa kwenkolo engokomthetho (uKwakhelwa kukaClaus) nokunqabela ukusebenzisa inkolo ngesihle (i - Free Speciece Claus).

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ivikela ilungelo lokuveza imibono ngaphandle kokucubungula noma isijeziso sikahulumeni. Lesivikelo sidlulela enkulumweni yezombangazwe, ukuveza izimpawu zobuciko, ukuziphatha okungokomfanekiso, ngisho nasemibonweni ecasulayo noma engathandeki. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi impikiswano eqinile yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokugxekwa kukahulumeni nezikhulu, ibalulekile ekuzilawuleni kwentando yeningi. Nokho, izigaba ezithile zenkulumo `eziwukusongela kweqiniso, ukushukumisela esenzweni sokungabi namthetho, nokuhlambalaza noma ukuvikela okungakho konke.

Inkululeko yezindaba ivikela imithombo yezindaba ekuhloleni kukahulumeni futhi yenza izintatheli zikwazi ukuhlola nobika izindaba zomphakathi. Lokhu kuvikela kusebenza njengenhlolo - phetho emandla kahulumeni futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zithola ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze zikwazi ukuzilawula ngolwazi. Inkululeko ihlanganisa ukuvikela ekuvinjelweni kwangaphambi kokukhishwa kwezincwadi futhi ivimbela ukukhishwa kwesijeziso ngokusakaza ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso ezindabeni zomphakathi.

Amalungelo okuhlangana ngokuthula nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo avikela izenzo zeqembu nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. La malungelo enza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlela, ukubonakalisa, nokusekela ushintsho, kunikeze izinqubo ezibalulekile zethonya elivamile esimisweni sikahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: “INkantolo elawulwa kahle yase-Militia, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi ukuphatha izimpi, ngeke incishiswe. Ukuchazwa kwalenguquko kuye kwaphikiswa kakhulu. Ngo- 2008, iNkantolo Ephakeme ebekwe eSifundeni saseColumbia v. Heller ivikela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nezibhamu ngezinjongo ezingokomthetho ezinjengezigodlo, hhayi nje iqoqo elihlangene elihlangene nenkonzo yezempi. Nokho, iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi lelilungelo alilinganiselwe futhi iziqondiso ezinengqondo ezibhamuni ziyaqhubeka zivumelekile.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekufuneni okungacabangeli nasekuqubukeni, sifuna ukuba imvume isekelwe yisizathu okungenzeka futhi ikakhulukazi ichaze izindawo okumelwe zihlolwe futhi abantu noma izinto ezimelwe zithathwe. Lokhu kuvikela ukuba kugcinwe isikhathi somuntu siqu nokulondeka ekungeneni okuzimele kukahulumeni. Kudinga ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuthole imvume yokwahlulela phambi kokuhlola izikhala zangasese noma ukuthatha abantu noma impahla, kuqinisekisa ukuthi umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi uhlola ukuthi kukhona yini ukulunga.

Umthetho wesi-Creatempment wesine weSichibiyelo uye waba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengoba ubuchwepheshe budala amakhono amasha okuqapha namathemba amasha okungabonwa muntu. Izinkantolo ziye zaxabana nemibuzo mayelana nokuhlola kwe-electron, i-GPS ukulandelela, ukuseshwa kocingo lwamakhalekhukhwini, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa, zizama ukusebenzisa izimiso zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesishiyagalombili ezingokoqobo ezingamashumi amabili namashumi amabili nanhlanu.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nesivikelo Ekuzixazululeni

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningana ezibalulekile kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu nangabanikazi bempahla. Sidinga ukumangalelwa okukhulu ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína bahulumeni, sivimbela izingozi eziphindwe kabili (ukuzanywa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo), sivikela ekuphoqeleleni ukucindezelwa, siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile yomthetho ngaphambi kokuncishwa kokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, futhi sifuna imbuyiselo lapho uhulumeni ethatha indawo yomuntu siqu ukuze asebenzise.

Ilungelo lokumelana nokuziphindisela, elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukuthatha owesihlanu," livikela abantu ukuba bangaphoqelelwa ukuba bafakaze ngokumelene nabo ezimpikiswaneni zobugebengu. Lokhu kuvikela kubonisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe aqinisekise icala lakhe ngaphandle kokuphoqelela ummangalelwa ukuba asize ekumangalelweni kwakhe siqu. Izixwayiso ezidumile zeMiranda okumelwe zinikezwe amaphoyisa ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo zithathwe kulesivikelo seSiphendulo sesihlanu seSiphendulo.

I-System Claus Claus ifuna ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba aphuce abantu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Iye yahunyushwa ukuze ihlanganise izisekelo eziningi zamalungelo ombuso ezivikelayo ezinyaweni zikahulumeni futhi ivikele amalungelo athile ayisisekelo angashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni, njengelungelo lokufihla imfihlo.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Amalungelo Abamangalelwa

ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa amalungelo amaningana kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu: ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokunomphakathi, ilungelo lokuba abahluleli abangakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ilungelo lokukhuluma nofakazi, ilungelo lenqubo ephoqelelwe yokuthola ofakazi abalungile, nelungelo lokusiza ngeseluleko.

Ilungelo lokweluleka libaluleke kakhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi abamangalelwa abamangalelwa kumelwe banikezwe abameli ngezindleko zikahulumeni lapho ukuboshwa kuyisijeziso esingenzeka. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sobulungisa asibi isimiso esinezici ezimbili lapho abacebile kuphela bethola khona izimpawu ezingokomthetho ezanele.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Ukulahlwa Kwesijeziso Esinonya Nesingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eqile, amahlawuli aphakeme, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile. Izijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile zika-Claus ziye zachazwa njengokwenqabela ukuhlushwa, izijeziso zobuqaba, nezijeziso ezingalingani nakancane neze. Futhi kuye kwaba yimbangela yokuphikisana ngesijeziso sentambo yentambo, neNkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi isigwebo sokufa asikona okobuProfeti kodwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kumelwe kuhlangabezane nezivikelo ezithile ezingokwesiko futhi kungenakubekwa ngenxa yobugebengu obuthile noma izigaba zezelele.

Izinqumo Zesishiyagalolunye Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Nemibuso Egciniwe

ISichibiyelo seNinth sikhuluma ngeSiphendulo soMhlangano woBuhlanga sikhathazekile ngokuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo kungachazwa njengokuphika noma ukwehlukanisa amanye amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu. Icacisa ukuthi uhlu lwamalungelo athile eMthethweni alusho ukuthi amanye amalungelo angekho. Lokhu kulunga kuye kwacashunwa njengokusekela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo angenawo amalungelo asemthethweni afana nezindaba zomuntu siqu.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi siqinisa isimiso sokulinganiselwa kwegunya likahulumeni ngokuthi amandla angabelwe uhulumeni uhulumeni agcinelwe imibuso noma abantu. Lokhu kulungisa kusebenza njengesisekelo sombhalo sesimiso sobuzwe nobukhosi bombuso, nakuba umphumela waso osebenzayo uye wahluka kuwo wonke umlando kuye kwachazwa ngokuthi amandla ombuso ahlukahlukene kangakanani.

Izinqumiso Ezilandelayo: Ukwandisa Amalungelo Nokuvuselela Izakhiwo

Izichibiyelo Zokwakha: Ukushintsha Ukuba Izakhamuzi ZaseMelika

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu, seshumi nane neseshumi nanhlanu, sagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, saguqula umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika ngokuyisisekelo. ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa okuzenzekelayo kulo lonke elase-United States, ekugcineni saqeda isimiso esasiphikisa izimiso zokusungula kwesizwe futhi sabangela izimpi ezichitha igazi elikhulu kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo, esagunyazwa ngo - 1868, singelinye lamalungiselelo omthetho sisekelo abaluleke kakhulu navame ukubekwa. Sichaza ukuba izakhamuzi, siqede isinqumo esinedumela elibi sikaDred Scott esasithi amaMelika awakwazi ukuba izakhamuzi zaseAfrika. Sivimbela ukuvimbela amalungelo noma ukugonywa kwezakhamuzi, ukuncisha noma imuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho, futhi sinqabela noma imuphi umuntu isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho.

I-Umeal Protection Claus iyisisekelo sombhalo wemithetho ephikisa ubandlululo nemikhuba. Yayisemqoka esinqumweni seNkantolo Ephakeme kuBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo, eyathi ukuhlukanisa isikole akuhlangani, futhi iye yasetshenziselwa ukuqeda ubandlululo olusekelwe ebuhlangani, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, nezinye izici. I-STED Procession Claus itolikiwe ukuhlanganisa iSiphetho samalungelo enzweni sikahulumeni nokuvikela amalungelo abalulekile ahlanganisa nezindaba zomuntu siqu, umshado, ne-Equacture yomkhaya.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu senqabela ukunqatshelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yesizwe, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila sangaphambili. Naphezu kwalesivikelo, ama-Afrika abhekana nokudilizwa okuhleliwe ngokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, intela yokuvota, izimemezelo zokhokho, nobudlova cishe iminyaka eyikhulu kuze kube yilapho inhlangano yamalungelo abantu neVoting Rights Act ka-1965 isenza isithembiso sokulungisa isiqinisekiso saba yiqiniso.

Ukwandisa Ukuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi

Izinguquko eziningana ziye zandisa amalungelo okuvota nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. ISichibiyelo seSevententh samiswa ngokuqondile sokukhethwa kwabameli. ISichibiyelo Sesinyakatho, sagunyazwa ngo-1920 ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yesenzo sokubhalisa, senqabela ukuncishwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe ebulilini, ekugcineni sanwebela abesifazane amalungelo okuvota ezweni lonke. ISichibiyelo seMibukiso samashumi amabili nanhlanu sanika izakhamuzi zaseSifunda-Columbia ilungelo lokuvota kukhetho lomongameli. ISinyuko se-Fourth seNguqulo saqeda intela yenkokhiso evoti yomthetho kahulumeni. Futhi iNguqulo ye-20-Sixwembulo, yagunyaza ukuvolwa kweminyaka engu-18, iqaphela ukuthi iSimendezi esidala ngokwanele ukuba zihlanganiswe inkonzo yezempi kufanele zivotiswe.

Izinqumo Zokwakha Nezenqubo

Ezinye izinguquko ziye zalungisa isimo sikahulumeni nezinqubo. ISichibiyelo seTwelfth saguqula isimiso se-Electoral College ukuze kuvinjelwe izinkinga ezavela okhethweni lwango-1800. ISichibiyelo sekhulu lama-1970 sashintsha izinsuku zokuqala ze-componional and prefensial Reformation, ukususa inkathi ende "yedada". ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi Amahlanu nama-Sand samisa amashumi amabili ama-F5th izinqubo zokulandelana nokwehluleka. Futhi i-Amakumi amabili-Sventh Enzelo, ekuqaleni kwahlolwa ngo-1789 kodwa ayigunyaziswanga kwaze kwaba ngu-192, ivimbela ukukhushulwa kwenkokhelo yokhetho.

Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo: Indlela Okunqunywa Ngayo Ukuba Nenjongo

Ukuzisungulela Kwabantu Ngaphambili Nobufundisi Obuphilayo

Enye yezimpikiswano eziyisisekelo kakhulu zomthetho-mthetho ngokomthetho iphathelene nendlela uMthetho-sisekelo okufanele uchazwe ngayo. Abakholelwa ekudalweni baphikisa ngokuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kufanele aqondwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala − mhlawumbe injongo yabadwebi noma ukuqonda komphakathi umbhalo ngesikhathi sokudilizwa. Lendlela igcizelela ukwethembeka kuMthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe kanye nokusemthethweni okusemthethweni okusemthethweni osemthethweni, iphikisa ngokuthi amajaji angahleliwe akumelwe aphoqelele izindinganiso zawo siqu kodwa kufanele asebenzise umthetho njengoba kwakuqondwa ekuqaleni.

Izazi zomthetho-sisekelo eziphilayo ziphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe uchazwe ngokwezimo zamanje, izindinganiso, kanye nokuqonda. Baphikisa ngokuthi abadwebi bemithetho-mthetho babhala ngamagama abanzi, avamile ngokuqondiswe ukuba bavumele ukuvumelana nesikhathi nokuthi ukunamathela okuqinile ekuqondeni kweshumi nesishiyagalombili kuyaveza imiphumela engekho ngqiqweni noma engalungile emphakathini wanamuhla. Lendlela igcizelela amandla oMthetho-sisekelo okuguqula futhi uhlale usebenza ezimweni ezishintshayo.

Impela, amajaji nezazi eziningi zisebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokuchaza, kuhlanganise nombhalo, ukuqonda kokuqala, ukuhlelwa, isimo, injongo, nemiphumela esebenzayo. Isisindo ngasinye esinikezwayo sihluka kuye ngefilosofi yokwahlulela yomhumushi kanye nombuzo okhethekile womthetho-sisekelo ohilelekile.

Indima Yezandulela

Imfundiso yokubheka ngokubheka − isiLatin ye-"ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe"" iphethe ukuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele izinqumo zazo ezingaphambili. Izehlakalo zikhuthaza ukuzinza, ukubikezela, nokulingana ngokuphatha amacala afanayo ngokufanayo. Ibuye ihloniphe ukuhlakanipha okunqwabileyo kwabahluleli besikhathi esidlule futhi igweme iziyaluyalu eziyovela uma yonke imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo ibingahlala ivulekele ekuhlolweni.

Nokho, isibonelo asisona esiphelele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yazilawula izinqumo zayo zangaphambili lapho iqiniseka ukuthi yanqunywa ngokungalungile noma yahluleka ukusebenza. Izibonelo zezemfundo zihlanganisa Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ephezulu Plessy v. Imvume ka-Fruguson yokuhlukanisa uhlanga, ne-Obergefell v. Hodges underruling Baker v. Ukuxoshwa kukaNelson kokuthengwa komshado ofanayo owesigebengu. Ukuphikisana phakathi kokuhlonipha isibonelo nokulungisa amaphutha kuhlala kuyinselele enkulu eqenjini elingokomthetho.

UMthetho - sisekelo Ekuphileni KwaseMelika Kwangesikhathi Esidlule

Izinselele Zomthetho - sisekelo Enkathini Yezinombolo

Umthetho-sisekelo ubhekene nezinselele ezintsha enkathini yokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe okusheshayo. Izimiso zomthetho wezokuxhumana, ezomphakathi, ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, kanye nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa okusakazekele kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nokungafihli muntu, ukukhulunyelwa ngokukhululekile, namandla kahulumeni. ISichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela ukungayiqondi isebenza kanjani ekuhloleni okungacabangeli, ekugcineni amafu, nasekufuneni umlando we-inthanethi ye-Internet? Izimiso zokuqala zeSichimende zingawalawula kanjani amapulaneti asebenza njengomphakathi wanamuhla kodwa asebenza njengezezinkampani ezizimele? Izimiso zomthetho ziklanywe ngenkulungwane yeshumi nanhlanu nenhlanu eshumi nambili eziphambili eRGrebian Republic ikhuluma kanjani ngamaqiniso esayensi yezobuchwepheshe?

Izinkantolo nabenzi bezimiso bazama ukusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-mthetho kulemiqondo emisha. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezivamile zoMthetho-sisekelo zivumelana ngokwanele ukuba zivumelane noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukushintshwa komthetho-sisekelo okuyisisekelo kuyadingeka. Lezimpikiswano zizobumba ikusasa lomthetho-mthetho womthetho-sisekelo kanye nomphakathi waseMelika.

Izimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo Ngencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo wakudala zihlanganisa izimpikiswano eziningi. Imibuzo ephathelene namandla aphezulu − kuhlanganise nezinga legunya likamongameli ekulondekeni kwesizwe, ukufuduka, nakumalungelo ezimo eziphuthumayo − zisekhona izimpikiswano zempi. Ingxabano ze-Federalism iyaqhubeka njengoba izingxabano zezwe, uhulumeni wendawo ezungezile ziphikisana ngezokunakekelwa kwempilo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, ukugcinwa kwezokufuduka kwezindawo nezinye izindawo zemithetho. Ubukhulu bamalungelo abantu ngabanye, kuhlanganise namalungelo okuphethe izibhamu, amalungelo okuzala, ne-LGBTQ, kubangela impikiswano enzima. Futhi ukuncintisana mayelana namalungelo okuvota, i-gerrymantin, izimali, i-Elctoral College iphakamisa izimpikiswano eziyisisekelo ngokuphathelenezedemo yentando yezombangazwe kanye nokulingana kwezombangazwe.

Lezi mpikiswano zibonisa ukungavumelani kwangempela ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo, izindinganiso ezincintisanayo, nemibono ehlukahlukene yomphakathi waseMelika. zibonisa ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo usalokhu uyincwadi ephilayo, ephikiswayo kunokuba ube yinto yomlando eqinisekile.

UMthetho - sisekelo Nokushintsha Izombangazwe

Kulenkathi yokuhlaziywa okukhulu kwezombangazwe, uMthetho-sisekelo usebenza kokubili njengesizathu esifanayo futhi njengendawo encintisanayo. AmaMelika abhekene nesigaba sezombangazwe anxusa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ukuba zisekele izikhundla zawo, abonisa ukuzinikela okukodwa ekubusweni komthetho - sisekelo ngisho naphakathi kokungavumelani okukhulu ngalokho okufunwa uMthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, ukuhlukana kusongela futhi izinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinhlangano lapho abadlali bezombangazwe bebeka inzuzo engcono kakhulu ezimithethweni zomthetho-mthetho noma lapho ukungezwani komthetho - ngokomthetho kululaza ukufaneleka kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Ukulondoloza idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo akudingi nje kuphela izakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi nezimiso ezivamile, ukubekezelelana, nokuzimisela ukwamukela ukunqotshwa kokhetho nezinqumo eziqinile zomthetho-mthetho. Uma lezizimiso ziwohloka, umthetho-sisekelo uba yizisulu zokuthatheka kwentando yeningi. Ukuqinisa impucuko yomthetho-sisekelo, qhamiswn shl-isibopho somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo esihlangeneyo sokulondoloza uhulumeni womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Okwenza Ukufunda Ngokusemthethweni Kubaluleke Kubantu Abahlala Ezakhamuzini

Ukunikeza Ukuhlakanipha Kokuhlanganyela

Ukuqonda uMthetho - sisekelo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni kwentando yeningi. Ukubhala ngomthetho - sisekelo kwenza abantu bakwazi ukuhlaziya lokho okushiwo ezombangazwe, baqaphele lapho amalungelo abo esongelwa, bahlanganyele empikiswaneni ewujuqu ngesimiso somphakathi, futhi baphendule izikhulu ezikhethiwe. Izakhamuzi eziqonda izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zingahlaziya kangcono ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zingokomthetho yini, ukuthi izimiso ezihlongozwayo ziwumthetho - sisekelo, nokuthi izikhulu zezombangazwe zivumelana yini nezindinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ulwazi lomthetho lusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izindima ezifanele zezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene nezizathu zezakhiwo zomthetho - sisekelo ezingase zibonakale zikhungathekisa noma zingasizi.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nenkululeko

Izakhamuzi azinakuwavikela ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo azo uma zingawazi lawomalungelo. Ukufunda umthetho wezomthetho kusiza abantu ukuba baqaphele lapho inkululeko yabo iphulwa futhi bathathe isinyathelo esifanele (noma ngabe ngenkani yezombangazwe, ukuphambana, noma ezinye izindlela. Kusiza abantu ukuba baqonde imingcele yegunya likahulumeni nesivikelo esikhona lapho uhulumeni ephula leyomingcele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo akudingi nje kuphela ukuba abantu bavikele amalungelo abo siqu kodwa futhi basekele amalungelo abanye, kuhlanganise nalabo abangavumelani nabo.

Ukuthuthukisa Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wobunye

Uhulumeni woMthetho-sisekelo uxhomeke ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezikhuthele, ezinolwazi. UMthetho-sisekelo ukha uhlelo lokuzilawula, kodwa loluhlelo lusebenza kuphela lapho izakhamuzi zifeza imithwalo yazo yemfanelo yomphakathi: ukuhlala zinolwazi ngezindaba zomphakathi, ukuthatha iqhaza enkantolo, ukuphatha amalungelo abanye, nokusekela izinhlangano zomthetho-mthetho nezimiso zomphakathi.

Umthetho-mthetho ukhuthaza ukuphatha umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi ngokusiza izakhamuzi ziqonde indima yazo esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo. Icacisa ukuthi idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo ayiwona umdlalo oyisibukeli kodwa idinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuqhubekayo nokuqapha. Igcizelela ukuthi amalungelo ahambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo futhi inkululeko ixhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwezakhamuzi ukwenza umsebenzi onzima wokuzilawula.

Ubunye Besizwe Obuphehla Usongo

Ezweni elihlukene elinemibono ehlukene kakhulu engokwezombangazwe, amasiko, nemibono ehlukene, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza isisekelo esivumelanayo. Ukwakha izimiso ezihlanganyelweyo nezinqubo ezinqoba izingxabano ezithile zesimiso esithile. Umthetho-sisekelo usiza ekuthuthukiseni ubunye besizwe ngokugcizelela lokho amaMelika ahlanganyela khona kuhulumeni womthetho-sisekelo, ukubekwa kwemithetho, amalungelo abantu ngabanye, kanye nokuzilawula kwentando yeningi, ngisho naphakathi kokungavumelani ngezimiso ezithile noma izincazelo zomthetho.

Ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo kukhuthaza ukwazisa ngesiko lomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika kanye nokulwa kokufeza izinhloso zomthetho-sisekelo. Kuhlanganisa izakhamuzi nomlando wazo kanye nomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha i-“Union ephelele ngokwengeziwe. ” Lokhu kuqaphela okungokomlando kungashukumisela imizamo eqhubekayo yokulungisa ukushiyeka komthetho-sisekelo futhi kudlulisele isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kubo bonke abantu.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngomthetho - sisekelo

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukujulisa ulwazi lwazo lomthetho-sisekelo, imithombo eminingi ikhona. Izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza ukutholakala komthetho-sisekelo wokuqala nemisebenzi yemfundo ebanzi. Umthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [[ ePhiladelphia] unikeza imibukiso ehambisana nezifundo, izinhlelo zokufundisa, nemithombo yezomthetho-intanethi nezindaba zamanje. Amayunivesithi amaningi nezinhlangano zeze-inthaneti zinikeza izifundo zesihle ngomthetho-mthetho-mthetho nakuhulumeni waseMelika.

Ukufunda imithombo eyinhloko − kuhlanganise noMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, amaPaper, imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nezincwadi ezingokomlando − kunikeza ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile nemiqondo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlola imibono ehlukahlukene ngemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, kusukela kumafilosofi ahlukene okwahlulela kuya ezincazelweni eziphikisanayo zezazi, kusiza ukuba kuqondane nokuyinkimbinkimbi komthetho-sisekelo. futhi ukuhlanganyela ekuphileni kwezenhlalo zezakhamuzi ($_ukuhlolela imihlangano yasedolobheni), ukungenela izingxoxo zezombangazwe, ukuvota, nokuhlala ungazi ngezenzakalo zamanje zenza ulwazi olusekelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho luvumelane nomthetho ukuba lusebenze.

Isiphetho: UMthetho - sisekelo njengomsebenzi Oqhubekayo

UMthetho-sisekelo awuyona nje incwadi engokomlando noma umbhalo oqinile womthetho. Uhlaka oluphilayo olusaqhubeka lubumba uhulumeni waseMelika nomphakathi emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngemva kokudalwa kwawo. Ukukhuthazela kwawo kubonisa ukuhlakanipha kokuklanywa kwawo (-) ukulinganisela ngokucophelela kwemibuso, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo, izindlela zokushintsha ngokuthula(/nemizamo eqhubekayo yezizukulwane ezilandelanayo yokuchaza, ukusebenza, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kulungisa amalungiselelo ayo okuxazulula izinselele ezintsha nokufeza izithembiso zayo ngokugcwele.

UMthetho-sisekelo uye wazibonakalisa uvumelana ngokuphawulekayo, ubekezelela izinguquko ezinkulu emphakathini waseMelika, ezomnotho, ezobuchwepheshe, kanye nabantu abahlala ndawonye kuyilapho ulondoloza isisekelo sawo esibalulekile nezimiso. Uye wasinda empini yombango, ekucindezelekeni kwezomnotho, ezimpini zomhlaba, nasekushintsheni okukhulu kwezenhlalo. Nokho uhlala ungaphelele futhi uphikiswana, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nencazelo yawo nenqubo yokungavumelani okuqotho ngezindinganiso eziyisisekelo kanye nokuhleleka okufanele kokuphila kwezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi saseMelika. Kunika abantu amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni kwentando yeningi, ukuvikela amalungelo abo namalungelo abanye, ukubeka icala likahulumeni, nokunikela emsebenzini oqhubekayo wobukhondla ngomthetho-mthetho. Ukufunda komthetho-sisekelo akukona nje ulwazi lwemfundo kodwa ukuhlakanipha okusebenzayo okudingekayo ukuze kulondolozwe uhulumeni okhululekile futhi kuvikelwe inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Abahleli bakha uMthetho-sisekelo we- "ithu ne-Presad," beqaphela ukuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sibe sesinesikhundla sikahulumeni womthetho-sisekelo futhi sivumelane nezimo zaso kuyilapho sihlala sithembekile ezimisweni zaso eziyisisekelo. Lowomthwalo wemfanelo manje uxhomeke kithi. Ngokufunda ngoMthetho-sisekelo, ngokuhlanganyela ngemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, nokusekela izinhlangano zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, siyalihlonipha ifa labahleli futhi sifeze isibopho sethu sokulondoloza uhulumeni wezizukulwane ezizayo.

UMthetho-sisekelo ukhathalela ngoba umisa uhlelo lokuphila kwethu sonke njengezakhamuzi zezwe elikhululekile. Uvikela amalungelo ethu, uhulumeni wethu, futhi uhlanganisa izifiso zethu eziphakeme kakhulu zobulungisa, inkululeko, nokuzilawula. Enkathini yokuhlukana kwezombangazwe noshintsho olusheshayo, uMthetho-sisekelo uhlala uyifa lethu kanye nomthwalo wethu wemfanelo ofanayo . ."isivumelwano sokuhlala amandla entando yeningi nomthetho-sisekelo esikhumbuza ukuthi umsebenzi wokwakha "umanyano oluphelele kakhulu" awupheli.