ISichibiyelo se-26 soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, esagunyazwa ngoJuly 1971, simelela okunye kokwanda okusheshayo nokukukhulu kakhulu komlando waseMelika. Ngokunciphisa iminyaka yokuvota kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-18 kuyo yonke imibuso, uhulumeni, nokhetho lwendawo, kwanezelwa cishe izigidi ezingu-11 zamaMelika. Ukuhlelwa kwemvelaphi yaseMelika. Ukuhlangana kwemisuka ehlangene esheshayo ehlangeneyo eyingozi ngomthwalo wezwe lonke, ukuncishiswa kwempi yeVietnam, nokukhokhwanywa kwempi yezezombangazwe okuphoqelelwe abasunguli bemithetho ukuba babhekane nokuguquguquka: uma iminyaka engu-18 yobudala ingabuthwa futhi ibulawe ngenxa yezwe labo, kungani bengenakuvotela abaholi abaholi abawa ukuba babangele ukulimala? Ukuqonda ngokugcwele iNguqulo yezehlakalo, kudinga ukunciphelo olungu-26, futhi kuhlola izinselele zayo ezingokomthetho zempi ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, futhi kungenelwe phambili eziseMelika.

Umlando Nezinhlangano Ezisheshayo Zokuhlasela Intsha

Ukuphoqelela ukunciphisa inkathi yokuvota akuzange kuqale ngeMpi yaseVietnam. Ekuqaleni kweRepublic futhi kulo lonke ikhulu le-19 leminyaka, inkathi yokuvota yamiswa cishe yonke indawo ngo-21 — isiko elazuzwa ngofuzo kumthetho wesiNgisi ovamile, elathatha inkathi engu-21 yokuba iningi lithole amalungelo empahla kanye nokuzimela ngokomthetho. Kodwa umqondo wokuthi labo abadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba balwe kufanele bakhule ngokwanele ukuba bavote phakathi nayo yomibili iMpi Yezwe II neMpi yaseKorea. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, uMongameli uFrank Franklin D. Roosevelt wacabangela ngokuthatha inkathi engu-21 yeminyaka yokuncintisana yeze umthetho ngokomthetho ukuze kuncishiswe inkathi yokuvota, kodwa umzamo wempi wathatha indawo yokuqala.

Ngo-1940 no-1950, izifunda eziningana zabhekwa njengezinqumo ezingokomfanekiso ezivumela ukuthotshiswa kwenkathi yokuvota, kodwa intuthuko encane kakhonkolo yenziwa. Impikiswano yathola ukuhlanganiswa okwengeziwe phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, lapho udwendwe lwaphinde lwathumela izintambo ezingu-18 namashumi ayi-19 eminyaka ekulweni. IGeorgia yaba umbuso wokuqala wokwehlisa iminyaka yokuvota ibe ngu-18 — kodwa kuphela kuhulumeni nokhetho lwendawo — ngo-19379. Ngo-1955379. Le zenzo ezihlukene zabonisa ukuthi lo mbono wawungakholeki, kodwa umfutho wezombangazwe owawudingayo wokushintsha umthetho kahulumeni — okungasabalulekile kakhulu ukuncitshiswa komthetho - ngokomthetho — wawungekho.

Inhlangano yamalungelo ezakhamuzi ebanzi yawo-1950 nawo-1960 yathonya futhi ngokungaqondile ukuphoqelelwa kwentsha. Njengoba abashisekeli babefuna amalungelo alinganayo kubantu base-Afrika, intsha eningi yahlanganyela kwezombangazwe, yahlanganyela ekuzihlaliseni, ekuthatheni inkululeko, nasekuvoteleni impoqo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Ossource Nonlig Coordinaditing Committee Commoriniting Committee (SNC) kanye noMfundi weNhlangano Yedemocratic Society (SSS) zaqala ukuqinisa isizukulwane esazizwa sididenwa ingeluswa nje kuphela yikhethelo lobuhlanga kodwa nayinkathi yokuvota ngokwaso. Umbono wokuthi intsha kufanele ibe nezwi ezinqumweni ezakha isimo senkonzo yayo — inkonzo yezempi, imfundo, inkambi yezomnotho — saqala ukuhlanganisa isizukulwane ngalé kwekholishi.

Impi YaseVietnam Njengebutho Elibulala Izinambuzane

Uma izimpi zangaphambili zazinikeza isisekelo esingekho sizathu sokunciphisa inkathi yokuvota, iMpi yaseVietnam yanikeza uphethiloli wezombangazwe. Lempi yakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngemva kokuba iGulf of Tonkin Resolution ngo-1964, futhi ngo-1996 i-United States yayinamabutho angaphezu kuka - 500 000 e-Southeast Asia. Isimiso sokuqondisa imikhumbi — ngokusemthethweni iSelective Service System — yabuthela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zentsha, eziningi zazo ezazineminyaka engu - 18 noma engu - 19.

Isiqubulo esithi “kwanele ukuba kulwe, amadala ngokwanele ukuba avote” saba isikhalo esikhuthazayo senhlangano eyavala impi elwayo yanganxele futhi engokwesiko. Kwabaningi, lendaba yayingaphathelene nokulingana nje kwamaqembu angabonakali, kodwa ngokuphathelene ngokomthetho wokwenza udwebo. Uma izinsizwa zazingaphoqelelwa ukuba zifake ukuphila kwazo engozini empini ezingayikhethanga, khona - ke zazifanelwe yizwi enqubweni yokukhetha eyanquma izimpi ezinjalo. Ubuzenzisi sasingabhiki: iminyaka engu-18 ubudala, ingabhaliswa, isayinwe, isayine isivumelwano, ingazanywa njengendoda endala enkantolo yobugebengu — kodwa yayingamvotelanga umongameli ongase afe.

Impi ibhikishwa kakhulu, kuhlanganise noMatshi ka1967 ePentagon naseMhlanganweni Wesizwe Wezigelekeqe weDemocratic nowe - 1968, ngokuvamile kwakuholwa abafundi basekolishi ababezizwa bengenamandla okushintsha isimiso sikahulumeni ngezindlela zokukhetha. Ngo - 1970, ukubhikisha ngokuhlasela kwezwe lase-Cambodia kanye nokudutshulwa kwabafundi ababhikishayo eKent State University naseJackson State College kwaletha izigidi zamaMelika emigwaqweni. Isidingo sokuncintiswa kwenkathi yokuvota saba yilungu eliyinhloko lenhlangano yabafundi, asizange kube njengemvume kodwa njengelungelo eliyisisekelo.

Umbono womphakathi washintsha kakhulu. Iziphakamiso zamuva ngo-1960 zabonisa ukuthi iningi lamaMelika lasekela ukuthobisa inkathi yokuvota — hhayi ngenxa yokuthi ayethemba intsha, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ayekholelwa ukuthi ukubuthwa kwadala ukuphikisana okungabekezeleleki ngokokuziphatha. Ngisho noMongameli uRichard Nixon, owayengabaza abashisekeli babafundi, washo ngo-1970 ukuthi “abantu abakhonza emabuthweni ahlomile kufanele babe nelungelo lokuvotela abantu abawathumela empini.” Isisekelo sezombangazwe sasilungele ukulwa kwemithetho yezomthetho.

Izimpi Ezingokomthetho Nendlela Eya ESichibiyelweni Se - 26

ISiphakamiso Somthetho Samalungelo Abantu Sango - 1970

Umzamo wokuqala omkhulu kahulumeni wokwehlisa inkathi yokuvota awuzange uthathelwe ekulungisweni komthetho-mthetho, kodwa njengomgibeli onamathele eMthethweni Wamalungelo Omphakathi ka-1965 lapho uwenziwe ngo-1970. ISishaya-mthetho sakhipha ilungiselelo — elaziwa ngokuthi i-Title III — elanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota ibe ngu-18 kuhulumeni, uhulumeni, nokhetho lwendawo. Ukuthutha kwakunokuqonda kwezombangazwe: ukulifaka kumthetho othandwayo obizwa ngokuthi iVoting Rights Act wanikeza ithuba elinamandla lokuthatha imvume. Umongameli uNixon wasayina imvume yomthetho ngoJune 22, 1970, nakuba azwakalisa ukungabaza ngelungiselelo lomthetho wesizwe nokhetho lwendawo.

Ukungabaza kukaNixon kwabonakala kusekelwe kahle. Ngo-October 1970, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo sayo ku- Ogon v. Mitchell, icala elinzima elibekela umthetho omusha inselele. INkantolo, eshaya umthetho owenziwe ngokuphambene 5-44, yaveza ukuthi iHulumeni yayinegunya lokumisa inkathi yokuvota ngokhetho ngaphansi kweSiphakathi I, igalelo lesine soMthetho-Mthende lika-Phondo — okusho iminyaka engu-18 ubudala ingavotela umongameli nomthetho weSishayamthetho. Nokho, iNkanto yanquma ukuthi iSishaya - mthetho sasingenawo amandla okukhetha iminyaka engu-59, futhi uhulumeni weze angasibekelwe imvume yokuthola umthetho wesikole futhi angawugunyazi umthetho wesikole. Kodwa umongameli wesikole wayengazi ukuthi umlawuli wesikole uhulumeni ongekho neze.

ISichibiyelo Sihlosiwe

Ibhekene nesiyaluyalu sokuphatha nokungalungi kwenkathi yokuvota ehlukene, ngokushesha iSishaya-mthetho sashukumiseleka ukuba sihlongoze ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo okwakuzomisa iminyaka yokuvota ye- yonke yokhetho]. Ukucabangela kwakucacile: indinganiso efanayo kahulumeni yayidingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukudideka nokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu abasha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlala kuphi, babena amalungelo afanayo. USenator Birch Bayh of Indianaia, umlweli wesikhathi eside we-schendhea, wahola ukumangalelwa kweSigeqe. I-Antensotion 7 — Countact 7 (Izigqilam) yadlulisa i-Gcineyo ngo-March 10, 1971, ngovotie. Indlu ye-Endla ngoMashile 23, 1971, ngo-1971, ngevotie.

Umkhankaso Wokusakaza Impahla

Ngesinye isikhathi iSishaya-mthetho sahlongoza ukulungisa, ukuhlaziywa kwadinga ukuvunyelwa yizifunda ezintathu kwezine zezifundazwe — ngaleso sikhathi, ezingu-38 kwezingu-50. Isivinini senqubo yokuhlukanisa sasingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili. Abaxhasi — kuhlanganise namaqembu abafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme nasemakolishi, izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, namaqembu angomakad ’ ekhona — baqoqwa ngokushesha. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi, ezazise zinciphise inkathi yokuvota yokhetho kuhulumeni ngokwazo, zazimagange ngokuxazulula ukudideka okudamba okwabangelwa Oragon. Mitchell[FL:1].

Phakathi nesonto elilodwa lokudluliswa kwengqungquthela, izifunda eziyisikhombisa zazigunyazile. Ekupheleni kuka-April, izifunda ezingu-77 zazisukwenzile kanjalo. NgoJuly 1, 1971, iNyakatho Carolina yaba isifunda se-38 soku-ravince, ngemva nje kwezinyanga ezimbili ukubuyiselwa kuthunyelwe ezizweni. UMongameli Nixon uyaqhubeka eqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni ukulungiswa komkhosi eWhite House ngoJuly 5, 1971, ewubiza ngokuthi “isimemezelo” eMelika ozimele. Inkathi yezinsuku eziyikhulu — kusukela ngoMarch 23 kuya kuJuly 1 — ilokhu iyisikhathi esisheshayo sokubuyiselwa komthetho - ngokomthetho eU.S.

Izizathu zalesivinini zazingeziningi. Okokuqala, ukulungisa kwakhuluma ngenkinga ecacile nesheshayo eyayithinta cishe wonke umbuso. Okwesibili, ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kwabasha abavoti — ababehlela, bebhikisha, futhi bephendukela kakhulu kwezombangazwe ezikhethiwe — kwakungase kungashaywa mkhuba. Okwesithathu, ukuncishiswa kwathathwa njengokulungile futhi okungokomfanekiso ngisho nalabo ababengabaza ukuphikisana kwentsha. Umphumela wawuwumzuzu oyivelakancane wesivumelwano se-bipartistan edlula ukwehlukana okuvamile kwezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Umphumela Kuhulumeni Wentando Yeningi WaseMelika

Imishini Emisha Nezinhlendla Eziyivelakancane

ISichibiyelo se-26 sanezela ngokushesha cishe izigidi eziyi-11 zabavoti abafanelekayo abaneminyaka engu-18 kuya kwengu-20, futhi izigidi ezengeziwe ezazineminyaka engu-18 nengu-21 eminyakeni eyalandela. Kukhetho lukamongameli lwango 1972, u-55% wamashumi ayishumi nanesine eminyaka ubudala baqala ukuvota — inani elingakaze lilinganiswe kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-202020. Nakuba ukwanda kokuqala kokuvota kwentsha kwakuthembisa, ukuthatha phakathi kwekhulu elingu-18 kuya ku-24 leminyaka ubudala, ukuncintisana kulokhu kuhambisana namaqembu amadala, cishe alinganiselwa ku-40/45% okhethwe bamongameli bamashumi ambalwa eminyaka adluleyo (ngokuphawulekayo ngo-2018, 2020, kanye no-20222, ngenxa yokwanda nokuvela kalula). Naphezu kwalokho isilinganiso esiphansi esisukela kunyaka wama-26 kuya kulokhu kuhlala isisekelo esibaluleke kakhulu sesimiso sezombangazwe sezezwe kubantu abasha abasha abambalwa.

Izinguquko Ezihlala Isikhathi Eside Embusweni Wezombangazwe

ISichibiyelo sama-26 asizange sishintshe nje kuphela ukuthi ubani owayengavota — sashintsha indlela imikhankaso kanye nemibuthano esebenza ngayo. Amakhasi aqala ukunaka kakhulu izindaba ezithinta imfundo, kuhlanganise nokuxhasa imali ehambisana nemfundo, imali ebolekwayo yabafundi, inkonzo yesizwe, nenkambiso yezempi. Amakholeji aba izikhundla ezibaluleke kakhulu zokulwa ukuvota nokuthola impoqo yokuvota. Ukulungisa kwakhuthaza futhi ukusungulwa kwezinhlangano ezinjenge-Appost Public Instruction Activity Groups (PIRGS), Rock i Vote (equisiwe ngo 1990), futhi kamuva i-Sun prorise Movement, konke okwakuhlosa ukuqulwa kweqembu lezombangazwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSichibiyelo sehora lama-26 sabeka isibonelo sokwanda kwenkathi yesikhathi esizayo. Isimiso esifanayo — ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota akufanele lincishwe ngokwenkathi yobudala — kamuva sacashunwa ezimpikiswaneni zokunciphisa inkathi yokuvota ibe ngu - 16 kokhetho lwendawo (njengoba kuye kwenziwa emizini embalwa). Nakuba ukuqedwa komthetho - sisekelo kwabaneminyaka engu - 16 ubudala kungathathwa ngokungathi sína ngokwezinga lesizwe, iSichibiyelo sama - 26 sinikeza kokubili isiqalo nesakhiwo esingokomthetho sezingxoxo ezinjalo.

Ukuqhubeka Kwemfundo Nezifundo Zanamuhla

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengamashumi amahlanu ngemva kokukhishwa kwayo, iSichibiyelo sama-26 sisewuphawu olunamandla lwendlela izinhlangano zezenhlalo, impi, nomuzwa wokulunga olungashintsha ngayo umthetho-sisekelo. Kodwa ifa laso aliyona nje umlando nje — futhi liyikhomba ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo eziphathelene namalungelo okuvota. Eminyakeni yamuva, amazwe aye amisa imithetho ehlukahlukene evimbela ukutholakala kokhetho lwabafundi, njengokufuna izinhlobo ezithile ze-ID ezingase ziswele, noma ukuyenza kube nzima ngabafundi basekolishi ukuvota emadolobhaneni abo asekolishi.

ISichibiyelo se-26 ngokwaso siye sacelwa enkantolo ukuba sibeke inselele kulemingcele, ezinye izinkantolo zinqume ukuthi imithetho yombuso ethwesa abafundi imithwalo enzima kakhulu abavoti ingawenqabela isiqinisekiso sokuvota esilinganayo samalungelo a 18 kuya ku-21 eminyaka yobudala. Umbhalo oshintshiwe ulula — “Ilungelo lezakhamuzi zase-United States, ezineminyaka engu-18 ubudala noma ngaphezulu, ukuvota ngeke kunqatshwe noma kuvinjwe yi-United States noma yinoma iliphi iZwe ngenxa yobudala” — kodwa uthola ukuthi umbhalo owenziwe uveza imiphumela eminingi ngokuthi injani ukuvota nokufinyelela kwemvume.

Enye indaba yamanje iwukuthi ukuthobisa iminyaka engu-16 yokuvota ku-16 okhethweni. Abaxhasi bakhomba esibonelweni semiphakathi eMaryland, eCalifornia, naseVermont evumele ishumi elinesihlanu neshumi elinesihlanu leminyaka ukuba ivote ebhodini lesikole noma kukhetho lukamasipala. Baphikisa ngokuthi iminyaka engu-16 ubudala iphansi noma i-16 igadry ihlelwe ukuba i-covedvey iqale ukuvota, futhi ukuthi ukuvota kwakuqala kungadala imikhuba yentando yeningi yokuphila kwaphakade. Abaxhasi bagomela ukuthi iminyaka engu-16 izelwe i-16 i-16 intula ukuvuthwa kolwazi olubalulekile ekuvotelweni. ISichibiyeli se-26 asiyixazulula nje le mpikiswano njengesiteji ka-Gretine, kuyilapho kushiye izimo eziningi zokuvota, kanti kusekwehlisa iminyaka yayo. Lokho kuhlala kuyingxenye ebalulekile ye-mthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ekugcineni, indaba yeSichibiyelo sama-26 inikeza isifundo esibanzi ngekhono lentando yeningi yaseMelika lokuzivumelanisa nesimiso sombuso weningi. Kwakungelona ushintsho oluphoqelelwe abantu abambalwa noma ababekwe phezulu. Kwakuwumphumela wokuhamba okuqhubekayo kotshani — yintsha ngokwayo — eyenqaba ukwamukela isimiso esasifuna ukuphila kwayo kodwa siphiwe izwi layo. Impumelelo yabo ibonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungashintshwa ukuze wenze isizwe sibe nentando yeningi ngokwengeziwe, ngisho nangaphansi kwezigaba ezijulile zezombangazwe.

[[Umthetho:0] Imibono kanye nokufunda okwengeziwe[[Umthetho:1]