Isingeniso: Ikhoba Lombuso Wentando Yeningi

Umqondo wokumelelwa uyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Uhlanganisa isimiso sokuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zisebenzela abantu bazo, zihumushe izidingo, izifiso, nezindinganiso zabantu zizenze inqubo esebenzayo. Ebuthweni bombuso obuzimele, ukufaneleka kukahulumeni kuxhomeke ekhonweni lawo lokubonakalisa intando yabantu. Ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kuyoba okubalulekile kanjani kubafundi bomlando, isayensi yezombangazwe, kanye nesibopho somphakathi. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwabameleli nalabo abakhonzayo abuyona indlela elula futhi abungaguquguquki; kuvela ngezinguquko zobukhoma, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nokushintsha incazelo yezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola incazelo yencazelo yemidwebo, izinselele zayo, izinselele zesayensi yomlando, isayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, nemibono yanamuhla.

Ukumelela akukhona nje ukuvota esishaya umthetho. Kuyinqubo eshukumisayo yokuxhumana, ukuqapha, nokulandisa. Uma izakhamuzi zikhetha umholi, ziphathisa lowomuntu nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthatha isinyathelo esingcono kakhulu. Kodwa yini eyenza "ezithakazelweni zabo ezingcono kakhulu" ngempela? Ingabe abameleli kufanele balandele izifiso eziqondile zabameleli babo, noma kufanele basebenzise isahlulelo esizimele? Lemibuzo iye yathinta izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe amakhulu amaningi eminyaka futhi ihlala ibalulekile ekuphikisaneni ngempilo yedemokhrasi namuhla. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda izimpawu zokumelela kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda indlela amandla asebenza ngayo edemocralini kanye nendlela izakhamuzi ezingagcina ngayo abaholi bazo benecala.

Ukuchaza Incazelo Yemfundiso Yezombangazwe

Kwezezombangazwe, ukumelelwa kuchazwa njengomsebenzi wokwenza amazwi ezakhamuzi, imibono, kanye nombono okukhona enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo. Lencazelo idlulela ngalé kokukhuluma nje ngabanye; ihlanganisa ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi lapho ummeleli esebenza njengomzila we-odism. Umsebenzi wesisekelo we-arrist Hanna Pitkin, ikakhulukazi incwadi yakhe ka-1967 [[FL:0] Incwadi yokumelela , ihlala iyikhombazelo elivamile. UPtkin waveza izici ezine eziyinhloko zommelelo: (ukwenziwa kwe-mthonsi nokwenziswano), isibonakaliso (ukumelela ubudlelwane ngokwabo), ukuchaza (ukumelela) kanye nokuveza (ukumelela) abanye).

Umehluko obalulekile emfundisweni echazayo uphakathi "kwe-degate" ne "umbonisi". Ngaphansi kwesibonelo sesithunywa, abameleli kulindeleke ukuba balandele okuthandwayo okuvezwayo abantu babo ngokuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka .__Basebenza njengomkhulumeli oqondile kubantu. Ngokungafani, umkhombisi othembekile unikeza abameleli inkululeko enkulu ukuze basebenzise isahlulelo sabo siqu, ngisho noma lokho kusho ukumelana nombono womphakathi ezindabeni ezithile, bethemba ukuthi ubuchwepheshe babo nombono wabo obanzi kuyoholela emiphumeleni engcono. Izimiso eziningi zangempela zezombangazwe zanamuhla zihlala endaweni ethile phakathi kwalezi zidlulele. Izimiso zezombangazwe zanamuhla zilindele ukuba abamele ukulingana izifiso ezihlangene namapulatifomu, izithakaze, izithakazelo zomphakathi, nonembeza womuntu siqu.

Izifanekiso Eziwumfanekiso

Ukuze siqonde kangcono, kuwusizo ukuhlola imifanekiso emikhulu ecatshangelwayo eye yathonya imibono yanamuhla yokumelela.

Ukulandisa

Kulesi sibonelo samanxusa, izakhamuzi zingabaphathi abagunyaza abameleli (amanxusa) ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngenxa yabo. Lobu buhlobo be-agnion busemqoka emfundisweni wentando yeningi. Ukumelelwa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukulandisa ngezindlela zokulandisa [1] abashicileli, izinqubo, imihlangano evulekile, ukuze izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuvuza noma ukujezisa abameleli abasekelwe ekusebenzeni kwabo. Ngaphandle kokuziphindiselela, izingozi zokuphathiswa isibopho sokuba yikho kanye ukudluliswa kwamandla. Amandla okulandisa anquma ukuthi umholi uveza kanjani ngokwethembeka intando yabantu.

Ukuchaza okufingqiwe

Ukuveza izimpawu ze-scription kuveza ukuthi indikimba emelela indikimba kufanele ivumelane nomphakathi wabantu. Inhloso ukuthi ukuhlangana kokuhlangenwe nakho kohlanga, ubulili, ubuzwe, noma isizinda sezenhlalo kusiza ukuba kuqondane kangcono nokubaluleka kwemisebenzi ehlangeneyo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukucwaninga kubonise ukuthi izishayamthetho zabesifazane zithambekele kakhulu ekuhleleni izindaba ezinjengobuhlakani bempilo nemfundo ezithinta abesifazane ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ngokufanayo, abameleli baseMelika bavame ukuveza imibono ehlukile ngamalungelo omphakathi nangokwenhlalo. Nokho, abagxeki baqaphele ukuthi ukufana okuchaza akuqinisekisi isenzo esincane sobukhazikhazi ngezo-Black -astingss.

Umfanekiso ongaphansi

Ummeleli ongabonakali ugxila emiphumeleni kunokuba abhekene nezimpawu. Ummeleli ubhekwa njengophumelela uma ethuthukisa izithakazelo zabantu abakanye nabo, kungakhathaliseki isizinda sabo. Lomfanekiso uhlela kabusha ukusabela kwenqubo kanye nethonya elibonakalayo lomthetho. Ummeleli ongabonakali angavela ngisho nalapho engahlanganyeli izici neqembu abalisekelayo; ummisi wemithetho wesilisa omhlophe angaphumelela ukusekela i-LGBTQ + amalungelo. Inselele ikhona ekuchazeni "impikiswano" futhi inqume ukuthi ummeleli usebenza kanjani ngempela esikhundleni sentando yabantu.

Umfuziselo

Ukumelelwa kwemifanekiso kubhekisela ezindleleni abameleli abahlanganisa ngazo izindinganiso, izimpawu, kanye nezifiso zabantu abakanye nabo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukumemeza ngokuphazima kweso, amafulegi esizwe, noma khona kanye ukuba khona komholi obangela ukwethenjwa. Ngokwesibonelo, undunankulu oya emkhosini wesiko angaqinisa izimpawu zezimpawu ngaphandle kokumisa izimiso eziqondile. Amandla okumelelwa komfanekiso ngokuvamile alulazwana; athonya ukuqonda komphakathi ukuba ngokomthetho futhi angahlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene ngalé kombono owodwa. Nokho, izimpawu ezingokomfanekiso zingasetshenziswa futhi ukufihla ukuntula kwesenzo esivamile.

Indima Yezikhulu Eziqashelwe Kuhulumeni Wanamuhla

Izikhulu eziqashelwayo zisebenza njengesibopho esiyinhloko phakathi kukahulumeni nababuswayo. Indima yazo ihlanganisa imithwalo yemfanelo eminingi: ukuphathisa, ukwengamela igatsha eliphethe, ukunikeza imithombo yengcebo, nokukhonza njengomzila wemisebenzi ehlangene. Ukumelela okuphumelelayo kudinga izikhulu ukuba zilinganisele lemisebenzi kuyilapho zihlala zisabela ekuthandeni abantu. Imisebenzi yesihluthulelo ihlanganisa:

  • Ukulalela nokuhlanganisa I-Promotensiation: Abameleli kumelwe bafune imibono yabameleli kumahholo edolobha, izinhlolo, imihlangano, kanye nokubopha izinombolo. Lokhu kuxhumana okuhamba ngezindlela ezimbili kubalulekile ekuqondeni izidingo zomphakathi.
  • Ukungenela ama-Constitute: Lokhu kuhilela ukuphoqelela izimiso ezisiza isifunda noma iqembu lomphakathi, ukungenela nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngenxa yabantu ngabanye, nokuphakamisa izimpikiswano ezimisweni zomthetho.
  • Ukwenza isinqumo: Abameleli kumelwe bahlaziye umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi, bathintane nochwepheshe, futhi balinganise izithakazelo zokuncintisana ngaphambi kokuvota. Lokhu ngokuvamile kudinga ulwazi olukhethekile nokwahlulela okuzimele.
  • Ukwakha i-Consenus: emphakathini ogcwele ubuningi, abaholi kumelwe bathole isisekelo esifanayo phakathi kwezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene ukuze bakhiphe umthetho onenjongo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuyekethisa (inqubo engabonwa yiminye imikhakha njengendlela yokukhaphela kodwa ibalulekile ekubuseni.
  • Ukuthatha isibopho sikaHulumeni sokulandisa: ukuphatha kwegatsha eliphethe kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngendlela ehloswe ngayo futhi i-compative ifeza isithakazelo somphakathi. Ummeleli ohluleka ukubekela inselele isikhulu esinempathima enganaki udebeselela umsebenzi waso.

Lendima ididaniswa. Ummeleli ophumelela kakhulu ekulaleleni kodwa ohluleka ukwenza ngokuvumelana nalokho angase abhekwe njengongasizi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umuntu ofaka izinhlelo zakhe ngaphandle kokubonana nomnini-mkhakha obonakala uyingozi. Ubuciko bokumelela bubangelwa ukulawula lezi zingcindezi kuyilapho ulondoloza ukwethembana kwalabo abakhetha umholi.

Izinselele Zokumelela Okuphumelelayo

Naphezu kokubusa ngentando yeningi, ukumelela iziphathimandla kubhekene nezithiyo eziphikelelayo. Lezi zinselele zingaphazamisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwabaholi nabantu, ngokuvamile zizuzise amaqenjana anamandla ngokulahlekelwa iningi.

Ukunganaki Nokuya Emuva

Uma izingxenye ezinkulu zokhetho zingavoti, abameleli bangase bazizwe bengenacala emphakathini obanzi. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, umvoti ungaphansi kwamashumi amashadiyudi, futhi inani labavoti abavamile libonakala likhulile, licebile, futhi lifunde kakhulu. Lokhu kubangela ubandlululo ekumeleni: abezombangazwe basekela izintando zabavoti abakhuthele kuyilapho bedebeselela izithakazelo zalabo abahlala ekhaya.

Ithonya Lemali Nezithakazelo Ezikhethekile

Izimali zenkampane nokunxusa inamandla kakhulu ekumeleni. Ezimisweni eziningi zezombangazwe, imikhankaso yokhetho iyabiza, iphoqelela abazocela ukuthembela eminikelweni evela kubantu abacebile, ezinkampanini, nasemaqenjini ezezentengiselwano. Laba abanikelayo ngokuvamile balindele ukuvunyelwa kwezimiso ezingokomthetho. Nakuba ukunxusa kuyindlela evikelwe ngokomthetho yokungagunyazi, kungavala izimpawu eziqinile ezithakazelweni ezilinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izimboni zokuthaka imithi noma amandla zingavikela iziqondiso ezithi zilimaza impilo yomphakathi noma indawo ezungezile. Umbono wokuthi abameleli "bathengwe" baqeda ukwethenjwa komphakathi futhi balulaza isimiso sezwi elilinganayo.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Ukwanda kwezindawo ezihlukene zezombangazwe − ikakhulukazi emazweni anezimiso ezimbili njenge-United States", kwenza kube nzima ngabameleli ukubonisa intando eguquguqukayo ye-votorte ehlukahlukene. Iqembu ngokuvamile liphoqelela izishayamthetho ukuba zivote emigqeni eqinile, ngisho nalapho abaxhasi bephethe imibono ephambanayo. Ukuwohloka okukhulu kuholela futhi ekuthatheni i-gracklock yemithetho, lapho isimiso esinengqondo sicishe sidlule. Endaweni enjalo, ukumelela kuba yinkundla yempi yobumsulwa bemibono kunokuba kube yinqubo yokuhlehla kwemibono futhi kubangele inkinga.

Gerrymandering

Umkhuba wokudweba imingcele yesifunda sezekhethelo ukuze kuboniswe isigaba esisodwa noma iqembu umngcele omkhulu wokumelela ngokulunga. E-United States, ukukhomba izikhali kuye kwasetshenziswa yizo zombili izigaba ukwakha "izihlalo ezilondekile" lapho abameleli bebhekene nomncintiswano omncane wokukhetha. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhuthazo sokuba abameleli baphendule ngokulinganisela noma ngokujikijela, ngoba inselele yabo eyinhloko isuka eqenjini. Ukungalawuleki kunganciphisa amandla okuvota emiphakathini emincane, kuphula futhi isimiso sika "umuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa." izinselele zeNkantolo kanye nezinkontiso ezizimele ziye zazama ukuvimbela lokhu, kodwa kuhlala kuyinselele.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Inkathi ye-minucture iye yaletha izinselele ezintsha. Ukusakazeka ngokushesha kokwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo kungaphazamisa lokho izakhamuzi ezikukholelwa ukuthi kuyiqiniso, okwenza kube nzima ngabameleli ukubona umbono womphakathi ongokoqobo. I-algorithm yezenhlanganisela ngokuvamile idala amagumbi anawo umsindo oweqisayo oweqisayo. Abameleli bangasabela emaphini azwakalayo kodwa angaveli, noma bangadukiswa yizinhlolo ezikhohlisi zezindaba ezikhohliweyo. Ukulwa amanga ngaphandle kokumelana nenkululeko yokukhuluma kuyisenzo esibucayi sokulawula idemocriodesi.

Imiqondo Engokomlando: Ukuziphendukela Kwendlela Yokumelela

Kusukela emihlanganweni yasendulo kuya ezingqungqutheleni zanamuhla, ukulwela ukuthi ubani omelelwayo nokuthi izimiso zezombangazwe ziye zazithonya kanjani emhlabeni wonke.

Imisuka Yasendulo Nezenzakalo Zangenkathi Ephakathi

Nakuba i-Athene yasendulo yayinesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile emhlanganweni wezakhamuzi zayo, kwavela umqondo wokumelelwa kwesizwe eYurophu ephakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iPhalamende laseNgilandi, lavela emkhandlwini wenkosi ukuze lihlanganise ama-knight nama-burgesses. IMagna Carta (1215) yamisa isimiso sokuthi inkosi ayinakukhokha izintela ze-vy ngaphandle kwemvume, yabeka isisekelo sikahulumeni omeleleyo. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ukumelelwa kwanwetshwa kwezikhulu kuya kubantu abavamile, kodwa kwaqhubeka kulinganiselwe kubantu abahlala bezempahla emlandweni omningi.

INguquko yaseMelika ne "Ayikho Intela Ngaphandle Kokumelelwa"

INguquko yaseMelika yayiyisikhathi esiphoqelelwe ukumelelwa. Ababhishobhi bempi bamelana nokukhokhwa intela yiPhalamende laseBrithani ababengenabo abameleli abakhethiwe. Isikhalo sentlanganiso "akukho ntela ngaphandle kokumelelwa" sathatha iphuzu lalesi sikhalo: uhulumeni ongokomthetho ufuna ukuvunyelwa kwababuswa ngabameleli babo abakhethiwe. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wamisa isishaya-mthetho lapho iNdlu - sisekelo sabameleli sasikhethwe ngokuqondile abantu, kuyilapho iNdlunda ekhethwe ekuqaleni yizishayamthetho zikahulumeni. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuphikisana phakathi kobukhosi obuthandwayo nolawulo oluphakeme.

Inhlangano Ewunyathiselo Nokulwela Ukuthumba Isikhathi Eside

IRepublic yakuqala yaseMelika yakhipha abesifazane, ama-Afrika, amaMelika Omdabu, kanye namadoda amhlophe amaningi ampofu ekuvoteni. Inyakatho yekhulu le-19 ye-suffurgey . ngokuphandle yawakhipha la maqembu abesifazane ahlukanisayo. ISivumelwano seSeneca Falls (1848) sakhipha isimemezelo somthetho wobandlululo olufuna ukuba abesifazane bavote, ukulingisa iSimemezelo seNdende. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ezenzo zobuProfeyisi, iSiphendulo se 19 (1920) saqinisekisa ukukhishwa kwalashwa kwala mazwe. Ngokufanayo, i-Voting Rights Active Act of 1965) yafuna ukuqeda ukucwa kwezinhlanga ekuvoteni, ukulandela i-Ovitiontiontion. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukulwela ukuphumelela okuqhubekayo kodwa ukulingana okuqhubekayo.

Intuthuko Yembulunga Yonke: Izimiso Zobumongameli Nezinduna

Amazwe ahlukene aye athatha izindlela ezihlukene zokumelela. Ezimisweni zephalamende (umz. United Kingdom, Canada, Australia), abameleli bangabendlu yomthetho ekhetha umphathi kumalungu ayo. Lesimiso sivame ukuveza iziyalezo eziqinile nokuhlobana phakathi kwemikhandlu yomthetho ne-compation. Ezimisweni zikamongameli (umz. United States, Brazil), umphathi ukhethwa ngokwehlukana futhi ahlole isishayamthetho. Izimiso ze-proportion, ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi ze-democracy, zimisa izihlalo zemithetho ezisekelwe engxenyeni yamavoti amukelayo, ziqinisekisa ukumelelwa okunembeka okunembejenene ngokwengeziwe kwemibono emincane. Isibonelo ngasinye sinamazinga nobuthakathaka ekuboniseni intando yabantu.

Izinkinga Zanamuhla: Ubuchwepheshe, Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke, Nokushintsha Komathemba

Ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo yamuva kushintsha ubuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, nokuvumelana namathemba omphakathi. Inguquko yemishini iye yasungula izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana kodwa futhi isongela kabusha ukumelela okuyiqiniso.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezokuxhumana Nezokuxhumana

Ama-Platform anjenge-Twitter, Facebook, ne-Instagram avumela abameleli ukuba baxhumane ngokuqondile nabameleli babo, badlulise abagcini besango bezezindaba. Abezombangazwe abaningi manje basebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana ukumemezela izikhundla, ukuqoqa, nokusekela. Lokhu kungandisa ukusabela nokubona. Nokho, ukugcwala kokwaziswa okuqhubekayo kunganqoba futhi kubangele ukuba abameleli bahlule izinkathazo eziqotho emikhankambisweni ehleliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusekelana kwe-ingositho kuvame ukuvuza ukudlulisa izinkulumo ezicushiwe kakhulu ngokucabangela. Abameleli bangase bazizwe becindezelwa ukuba basabele emaphini amakhulu kunasenzweni amakhulu kunakuthakazeni.

Indima Yezinhlansi Nemininingwane

Abahloli bezincwadi abacubunguli abacubunguli bezincwadi basiza izazi zezombangazwe ukuba ziqonde umbono womphakathi ngokunembe kakhulu. Besaba ukudlula ezindinganisweni, abameleli abaningi bathembela ekuhloleni okuvamile ukuze baqondise izinqumo zabo. Nakuba lokhu kungenza ukuba kuboniswe ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, futhi kubeke izingozi zokunciphisa indima yokuhola nokwahlulela. Uma abameleli bemane balandele ukuhlola, bangase bahluleke ukuthatha izimo ezidingekile kodwa ezingathandeki, njengokusekela intela ekuthengeni isikhathi eside noma ukuvikela amalungelo amancane ngokulawulwa yimizwa eminingi.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nemifanekiso Yamazinga Amaningi

Izakhamuzi emazweni amaningi zimelelwa ngamazinga amaningi: izifunda, isifunda, isizwe, ne-ustrational (isinye isiHloko sePhalamende laseYurophu). Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuye kwadala izimpikiswano ezidlula imingcele, njengokushintsha isimo sezulu, ukuhwebelana nokufuduka. Abameleli besizwe kuphela abanakukwazi ukusingatha kahle lezi zinselele. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekukhuleni kwezinhlangano zezindawo ezihlanganisa amazwe namazwe ahlukene, kodwa lezi zinhlangano ngokuvamile azinacala lentando yeningi. Umbangono phakathi kobukhosi besizwe nohulumeni wembulunga yonke ibangela imibuzo emisha mayelana nokuthi ubani othanda ukumelelwa futhi kanjani.

Isidingo Esandayo Sokuxhumana Okuqotho

Ukwethembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe kuye kwehla kakhulu ezinhlanganweni eziningi zentando yeningi. Abaqondisi bamavologo ngokuqhubekayo balindele ukuba abameleli bangene, bathembeke, futhi baphendule. Ukukhula kwezinhlangano ze populist ngokuvamile kubonisa ukukhungatheka ngezicukuthwane ezibonakala zihlukanisiwe nabantu abavamile. Abaholi be Populist bathi bamelela "intando yeqiniso yabantu" ngokumelene nokumiswa okukhohlakele. Nakuba lokhu kungakhuthaza ukubopha izivumelwano zomphakathi, futhi kubeka izingozi ekululazeni izinhlangano nezimiso ezivikela amalungelo abantu abambalwa nentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Inselele Eqhubekayo Yokubonisa Intando Yabantu

Ukumelela akuwona nje umkhuba ovamile noma umsuka ongenakuphendulwa ngokuphelele; kuwumkhuba oqhubekayo wokuhumusha phakathi kwamazwi ahlukene omphakathi nezenzo zikahulumeni. Abaholi ababonisa intando yabantu kumelwe basebenzise izinkolelo eziphikisanayo, izithiyo zokwakha, kanye nendawo eshintsha ngokushesha. Kumelwe basabele ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo, ngaphandle kokudela amandla, futhi babonele ngamehlo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuhlolwa komfanekiso kunikeza ukuqonda okugxeka impilo yentando yeningi. Njengoba izakhamuzi ziqonda lamandla asinika amandla okufuna ukuboniswa kangcono nokugcinwa okungcono kanye nokugcinwa kubaholi abamele umthombo ophelele wegunya lazo: abantu abakhonzayo.

Incazelo yokumelelwa iyaqhubeka iguqula izimpi zesizukulwane ngasinye. Ngokuhlola umlando waso, ngokuqondene nobunkimbinkimbi bawo, nangokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo enqubweni yezombangazwe, singanezela ekubusweni kwentando yeningi okubonisa ngempela intando yabantu.