Isingeniso: Ukungavumelani Nesiyaluyalu

Isimiso somthetho singazizwa njengezwe langaphandle kunoma ubani ongenela enkantolo okokuqala. Kusukela ngesikhathi lapho impikiswano iphakama kuze kube khona icebo lokugcina, indlela yokukhononda ukuze inqume ilawulwa ngemithetho ehlelelwe ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho, ukubonakala, nenqubo efanelekile. Ukuqonda loluhambo akuyona nje eyeyababameli kuphela futhi izahluleli abasiza abafundi abathola amakhambi omgwaqo, abafundisi, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuba isakhamuzi esifundile. Ukwakheka kwecala kwembula indlela umthetho oshintsha ngayo amalungelo angabonakali abe yimiphumela esobala. Lesi sihloko sisusa isigaba ngasinye, sisuka ekudluliseni kokuqala kwesicelo sokudluliswa kwesicelo sokugcina, sinikeza amabalazwe agcwele. Nakuba izinhlelo eziningi zisebenza ngokwezephula umthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucwaninga ngokuhlola nje ngokucupheka komthetho, uzoba nenqubo esobala yokuziqonda kahle.

Isigaba 1: Ukukhononda

Ukuphila kwecala lasenkantolo kuqala lapho ummangalelwa eveza ukulimala noma isigungu esiveza ukulimala, “‘ ifa lencwadi ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo enegunya. Inkantolo isho ukuthi inkantolo inegunya lokuzwa icala elisekelwe embonweni wezwe (umz., umbuso lapho ummangalelwa ehlala khona) noma indaba (umk., inkantolo yenkantolo yecala elingokomthetho yokuphikisana okusemthethweni). Ukukhononda kuyitshena lecala; kumelwe kubekwe ngokunembekile ngoba lihlanganisa impikiswano engokomthetho.

Izingxenye Zesikhalo

Isikhalo esifakwe kahle ngokuvamile sihlanganisa izingxenye ezilandelayo:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukufakwa: Isihloko esibiza inkantolo, amaqembu (ummangalelwa vs. ummangalelwa), kanye nenombolo yecala.
  • Izivumelwano ze-juridictionism: Inkulumo echaza ukuthi kungani lenkantolo inegunya ecaleni, ngokuvamile icaphuna umthetho okhethekile noma ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Isimo samaqiniso:[ Indaba ecacile, enonombolo yezenzakalo ezibangela ukumangalelwa. Amaqiniso kumelwe aqonde ngokwanele ukuba abeke ummangalelwa ekwambulweni.
  • [[IQULT:0] Izinketho ze-Legal (amanani):[ Imbangela ngayinye yesenzo ihlelwe ngokwehlukene, ikhomba umthetho osekela ukusho (umz., ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukunganaki).
  • [ Umthandazo wosizo: Umphumela oqondile umkhandi ufuna, njengomonakalo wemali, ukukhululeka, noma ukwahlulela okuhlasimulisayo.
  • Ukwenza kube nokuziphakamisa: kwezinye izifunda, i-partiff kumelwe ifunge ngaphansi kwesifungo ukuthi amaqiniso ayiqiniso.

Ukuhamba kudinga futhi ukukhokhwa kwemali, uma umbhishobhi engakufanelekeli ukukhokha ngokusemthethweni. Lapho ebhalile, umabhalane wenkantolo wabela inombolo yecala kanye nomahluleli, emisa inqubo eqhubekayo.

Isiteji 2: Inkonzo Yenqubo

Isikhalo esiqanjiwe asinanjongo ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa azi ngakho. Inqubo yenqubo iyinqubo engokomthetho ekhipha isikhalo neyamaya(imvume yasenkantolo) efuna ummangalelwa aphendule, -- kummangalelwa. Lesi sinyathelo sibucayi ngoba sigcwalisa izimfuneko ezifanele zenqubo yomthetho-sisekelo: isaziso esilungile nethuba lokuzwakala.

Izindlela Zokukhonza

Kuxhomeke ekubusweni kweqembu noma uhlobo lwedili, inkonzo ingafezwa ngo-:

  • Inkonzo yeyomuntu siqu:[ Isiphakeli senqubo noma i-hemppart face yezincwadi ezinikeza ummangalelwa. Lena indlela ethembeke kakhulu.
  • [ Inkonzo emisiwe: Ukushiya amaphepha kumuntu omdala ofanelekayo endlini noma endaweni yebhizinisi yommangalelwa, bese uthumela ikhophi.
  • Inkonzo ngeposi: Kwezinye izimo, iposi eligunyaziwe elinelithi lokubuyisa lanele, ikakhulukazi uma ummangalelwa elahla inkonzo engokomthetho.
  • Ingxenye ye-Publication: Uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala naphezu kwemizamo yenkuthalo, umthetho ungavumela ukunyatheliswa kwephephandaba njengendlela yokugcina yokufuna ukukhishwa.

Ummangalelwa uvame ukuba nenani elinqunyiwe lezinsuku, kodwa futhi u-21 kuya ku-30/* ukuphendula. Ukwehluleka ukusabela kungaholela ekwahlulelweni okungahlulelwa, okusho ukuthi inkantolo inganikeza umphandle usizo ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala ngoba ummangalelwa akathathi qhaza.

Isihlokwana 3: Ukusabela Kwesikhulumi

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa kumelwe afake impendulo engokomthetho enkantolo. Le mpendulo ithinta inkundla yempi. Ummangalelwa angakhetha ezinhlangothini eziningana, kuye ngokuthi icala liyini nokuthi uphi.

Phendula

Impendulo evame kakhulu yimpendulo, lapho ummangalelwa evuma noma ephika ukumangalelwa ngakunye ekukhonondeni. Noma ikuphi ukumangalelwa okungaphikwa kucatshangelwa kakhulu. Impendulo ingahlanganisa futhi ukuvumela isivikelo, noma amaqiniso amasha okuthi uma eyiqiniso, anqobe ukumangalelwa kommangalelwa kuyiqiniso (isib., umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukunganaki kokunikela).

Ukuzimisela Ukuxoshwa

Kunokuba aphendule, ummangalelwa angase athathe isinyathelo sokuxosha, ephikisa ngokuthi ukukhononda akukwazi ukuveza icala elingokomthetho ngisho noma wonke amaqiniso akho eyiqiniso. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi umthetho 12(b) (6) ukuhamba ngaphansi kwe-Federal Rules of Civil Procedare. Izimo zihlanganisa ukuswelakala kwegunya, indawo engafanele, noma ukwehluleka ukujoyina iqembu elidingekayo. Uma kuvunyelwa, ummangalelwa anganikwa ikhefu ukuze alungise isikhalo.

Ukuphikiswa Nokuhlangana

Uma ummangalelwa enesikhalo ngommangalelwa, bangase baphikise ngokumangalela, bafake icala enkantolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ummangalelwa angase afake icala elimelene nabamangalelwa noma izikhalo zesithathu ngomuntu ongase asolwe yicala noma ingxenye yecala lokuqala.

Isitezi 4: Ukwembulwa Kwaso

Ukuthola ukuthi ingakanani ingxenye ethatha isikhathi esiningi nebizayo yokuthola ukwaziswa. Yinqubo ehleliwe abaphakelana ngayo ukwaziswa nobufakazi ukuze balungiselele ukuqulwa kwecala. Umgomo ukugwema ukumangala nokukhuthaza ukususwa kwento. Amathuluzi okuthola ukwaziswa ahlanganisa:

  • [ Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo, elinganiselwa ku 25 enkantolo kahulumeni. Iwusizo emaqinisweni ayisisekelo nakofakazi abahlukanisayo.
  • [[INTLOBO:0] Izimo:[ Ekubuzeni kweqembu noma ufakazi, okuqhutshwa ngaphansi kwesifungo futhi kubhalwe umcosheli wenkantolo. Ubufakazi bokukhipha utho lungasetshenziselwa ukunikeza ubufakazi enkantolo.
  • Izicelo zempumelelo: Izicelo zamaphepha, amarekhodi omshini (umzk., ama-imeyili, imiyalezo yokubhala), noma ubufakazi obungokoqobo. Imithetho yokufihla idinga izigigaba ukuze kukhiqizwe ukwaziswa okugciniwe ngemishini (ESI).
  • Izimemo zokugunyaza: izinkulumo okumelwe omunye avume noma aphike. Imvume ingavala izimpikiswano zokulingwa.
  • [[INTLO] Izibalo zengqondo nezengqondo: ezimweni ezihilela ukulimala ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo, inkantolo ingayala ukuba kuhlolwe ngokwayo.

Ukuthola kuyimithetho ehloniphekile (isibonelo, ilungelo eliyi-projekthi, imfundiso yomkhiqizo womsebenzi) neziqondiso ezivikelayo zokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa. Izinkantolo zivame ukukhuthaza amaqembu ukuba ahlangane ahlangane futhi axazulule izimpikiswano ezitholakele ngaphandle kokungenela komthetho.

Isiteshi 5: Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, kungaba yinoma yimuphi umcimbi othatha indawo ukuze axazulule izindaba eziyinhloko noma alahle icala ngaphandle kokulingwa. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi komthetho zihlanganisa:

  • Motion for Compuple Justice Justice Justice: Isicelo sokuba inkantolo ithathele icala iqembu elithuthayo ngoba akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela kweqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo nomthetho uvumela lowo qembu. Uma livunyiwe, icala liphela ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Motion in Limine: Isicelo sokukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ekuqulweni kwecala (umk., ukungasebenzi, ukucwasana, noma ubufakazi benzwa). Le ntshukumo inqunywa ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli bezwe ubufakazi.
  • Ukukhomba: kuqoshwe uma omunye umuntu ehluleka ukuvumelana nezicelo zokuthola. Inkantolo ingayala ukuthobela futhi ibeke isijeziso, kuhlanganise izindleko nezindleko zommeli.
  • Ukuhlanganisa ukucwazimula: ngokuziphatha okunjenge-spoliation (ubufakazi obubhubhisayo) noma amasu okholo olubi.

Ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi komthetho kungalinciphisa kakhulu icala noma ngisho lixazululwe ngokuphelele icala. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthatha isahlulelo esifingqiwe ngempumelelo kungaqeda icala ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuba abahluleli.

Isicathulo 6: Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lisinda ekuthatheni icala ngaphambi kwenkantolo futhi lingaxazululwa, liqhubekela phambili ekuqulweni kwecala. Ukuqulwa kwecala kungaba ukuqulwa kwecala ebhentshini (ukwahlulela ngesinqumo) noma ukuqulwa kwamajaji (isinqumo). Icala liyisigaba somphakathi esivelele kakhulu, kodwa lihlelwe kahle kakhulu.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Ekuqulweni kwecala labahluleli, isinyathelo sokuqala sibi kakhulu, lapho abameli bengabaza khona abahluleli abangathola ubandlululo. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungasebenzisa izinselele ezilula (ukususa ijaji ngaphandle kwesizathu, isilinganiso esilinganiselwe) nezinselele zembangela (engenamingcele, uma ubandlululo luboniswa).

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ohlangothini ngalunye lunikeza inkulumo yokuqala echaza lokho abalindele ukuba ubufakazi bubonise khona.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe kuqala, ubiza ofakazi nokwazisa imibukiso. Ummangalelwa angadlula i-examine ufakazi ngamunye. Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esekhona, uveza icala lakhe. OFakazi bangahlanganisa ofakazi abangochwepheshe (umz., odokotela, abanolwazi lwezezimali) abanikeza imibono ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Imithetho emayelana nokuphikisa okuphakanyiswa abameli ngokuphathelene nobufakazi obuphathekayo.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe bonke ubufakazi, zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza izimpikiswano zokuphetha, zifushanisa ubufakazi futhi zinxusa abasizi bejaji ukuba bazitholele umusa wabo. umahluleli ube esefunda iziyalezo zamajaji — umthetho abahluleli okumelwe bawusebenzise emaqinisweni.

Ukudalulwa Nokulahlwa Kwezigigaba

Uma abahluleli bethatha isigwebo bathatha ikhefu lomthetho ngamabomu. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, indinganiso yobufakazi iwubufakazi obuqashelwe (cishe hhayi obungakho). Uma befinyelela isinqumo, bamemezela isinqumo enkantolo esobala. Uma abahluleli behluleka ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo (noma ukukhomba okudingekayo), i-jaji elilengisweyo, futhi icala lingase libuyiselwe.

Isiteji 7: Ukuhamba Kwangemva Kokwahlulela

Ngisho nangemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lithathe uhambo lwangemva komthetho ukuze liphikise umphumela. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [[NT.0] Ukuqulwa kwesahlulelo njengendaba yoMthetho (JOL):[ I-Agues zokuthi ubufakazi babubodwa ngendlela ehlukene kangangokuba akukho bahluleli abanengqondo ababengathola olunye uhlangothi.
  • [[INT:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha: kusekelwe emaphutheni phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, ukuziphatha okubi, noma ubufakazi obusanda kutholakala.
  • [[I- I-Motion to Amend noma i-Vacate Ahlulelo: ifuna ukulungisa iphutha elingokomthetho noma iphutha lobufundisi.

Uma kungagunyaziwe ukunyakaza ngemva kwenkantolo, inkantolo ithatha isahlulelo sokugcina. Iqembu eliwinayo lingase lithathe izinyathelo zokuphoqelela isahlulelo, njengokukhokha iholo lokukhokha noma ukuthatha izinto.

Isiteji 8: Inqubo Yokudlulisa Izicelo

Kuyimikhankaso yezinqumo zenkantolo yamaphutha okungenzeka athinte umphumela. Iqembu likhanga isikhulumi; ngakolunye uhlangothi yicala.

Ukuphawula Ukukhanga

Umdlulisi makafake isaziso sokudlulisa izicelo efasiteleni elifushane (akeve kuthatha izinsuku ezingu-30). Le dokhumende itshela inkantolo yezikhalo kanye nomunye ukuthi icala liyadluliswa.

Amaphupho Amafushane

Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza iziphakamiso ezibhalwe phansi eziphikisayo ukuthi kungani izinqumo zenkantolo zazilungile noma zingalungile.

Impikiswano Edluliselwa Ngomlomo

Ezidlulisweni eziningi, inkantolo ihlela ukuphikisana ngomlomo, lapho abameli benesikhathi esilinganiselwe (isib. imizuzu engu - 15 eceleni kohlangothi ngalunye) sokuphendula imibuzo yabahluleli. impikiswano engokwezwi nezwi ingaba ebalulekile uma umthetho ungacaci.

Isinqumo nokukhetha

Inkantolo ekhipha isigwebo ingase ikwenze lokhu:

  • Isiqinisekiso: Ukusekela isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo.
  • landela i-ever: guqula isinqumo, ngokuvamile u-oda uvivinyo olusha noma ukungena kwesinqumo esihlukile.
  • I-Remand:[ Icala liphindisele emuva enkantolo equlweni lokuqulwa kwecala ukuze kuqhutshekiswe ama-cate project avumelana nombono we-panellate.
  • [[UMTH: 0] guqula ingxenye yokwahlulela.

Izinqumo zokuhlolwa ngokuvamile zibopha imingcele. Okunye ukuncenga kungase kwenzeke enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni noma eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., kodwa lokho kuyisinqumo futhi kunikezwa kuphela imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho.

Ezinye izindlela: Ukuhlala Ne - ADR

Amacala amaningi asenkantolo awafinyeleli enkantolo. Amadili angahlala kunoma iliphi iqophelo, ngokuvamile phakathi nokuthola noma ngemva kwesinqumo sokuhamba. Izingxoxo zokuhlala zingaba ngasese futhi ziphumele esivumelwaneni esibophekayo esiqeda icala. Isinqumo sokuphikisana okungesikho esikhona (ADR) sinikeza izindlela ezinjengokudlulisa izimpikiswano ngokushesha, izindlela ezingezifanele zokuxazulula izimpikiswano. Kulokhu, iqembu lesithathu lisiza amaqembu ukuba axoxe ngokuhlalisana. Kulokhu, umahluleli (kaningi umahluleli othathe umhlala-mhlala-mhlala-phantsi) uzwa ubufakazi futhi wenza isinqumo esibophekileyo, esifana nokuqulwa kwecala kodwa okungesona esingokomthetho. Inkantolo idinga ukuzama ukuqulwa kwe-ADR ngaphambi kokuqulwa.

Isiphetho: Imishini Ephilayo Yobulungisa

Ukwakheka kwecala kungaphezu kochungechunge lwezinyathelo zezenqubo efanelekile kanye nokubusa komthetho. Iqophelo ngalinye, ngokukhononda ngokunxusa, lifeza injongo: ukunikeza womabili amacala ithuba elihle lokulalelwa, ukusebenzisa njalo, nokuveza umphumela wokugcina, ophoqelelweyo. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kunika amandla. Kuqinisa isimiso somthetho futhi kubonisa ukuthi ubulungisa abuyona inqubo engabonakali kodwa inqubo ehlelwe ngokucophelela. Ukuba umfundi uhlola isinqumo sencwadi noma umfundisi osiza abafundi ukuba babone ukuthi umthetho usebenza kanjani, wazi izigaba zendaba ezikusiza ukuba uqaphele ihlola futhi uzilinganisele kuzo zonke izigebetho. Uma ufunda, funda futhi ufunda i-FLD [FUFUthelF] ehlelayo. [FFoctive] [2] kulolu hlulo olulandelayo lwezindaba zezindaba zomthetho] [Fogconst] [5], futhi uqaphela izinyathelo ze-Grealgionthe transtemsting thiwesting thiography] ezilandelayo: "isonssss, uqaphela ngezindlela zesikhathi sezomthetho]