Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele: Isisekelo Sobulungisa

Inqubo elindelekile ingenye yezindlela zokuvikela ezibaluleke kakhulu kunoma isiphi isimiso somthetho esibheka amalungelo abantu njengabalulekile. Ekujuleni kwayo, inqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakumnqika umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kokulandela izinqubo ezilungile nezingokomthetho. Lesi simiso sifakwe kakhulu eMthethweni-sisekelo we-United States, ngokuyinhloko ngeSichibiyelo sesihlanu nesamashumi amane amahlanu, futhi sisebenza ezenzweni ezingokomthetho nezombuso ngokufanayo. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi zansuku zonke, ukuqonda umqondo wenqubo efanele akusona nje inqubo yemfundo engokwemfundo kuphela, futhi kuyithuluzi eliwusizo lokuqaphela uma amalungelo esengozini futhi ukwazi ukuthi angenziwa kanjani.

Umqondo wokuthi akekho umuntu ongaphezulu komthetho, futhi ukuthi wonke umuntu ufanelwe ithuba lokuzwiwa ngokufanelekile, yiwo ohlukanisa umphakathi onobulungisa nombuso onegunya. Inqubo efanelekile isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni, idinga ukuba imithetho isetshenziswe ngokungaguquguquki futhi abantu bathole isaziso nethuba lokumelana nanoma isiphi isenzo esingalungile. Kulesisihloko, sizohlola umsuka, uhlobo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwangempela kwenqubo efanele, kanye nezihibe nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuvikela amalungelo akho.

Iyini Inqubo Efanele?

Inqubo elindelekile ibhekisela esibophweni esingokomthetho sikahulumeni sokuhlonipha wonke amalungelo angokomthetho akweletwa umuntu. Ifuna ukuba uhulumeni enze ngokungakhethi futhi alandele imithetho emisiwe ngaphambi kokuba athathe noma yisiphi isenzo esingalimaza isithakazelo somuntu. Nakuba le nkulumo ivela eMthethweni, incazelo yayo eqondile iye yalolongwa ngezinqumo zenkantolo nencazelo yezazi. Ukuphicosha ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo “okufanele" ezisemoni ezithinjeni ezithiwe zihlanganisa ukulinganisela isithakazelo somuntu nesithakazelo sikahulumeni, njengoba kusungulwe ezicabeni ezingokophawuliwe njenge-. [FLT] Mathes v. Eldridge

Amalungiselelo amabili omthetho ngokomthetho aqinisekisa inqubo efanele yiSichibiyelo sesihlanu (esisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni) neSichibiyelo seshumi nane (esihlanganisa isivikelo esifanayo kohulumeni abangohulumeni). Bobabili, baqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyoba “ophunyukile ekuphileni, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Ngaphaya kwalokhu, izimiso ezifanele ziqashelwa futhi emithethweni eminingi yombuso nasemishinini yamalungelo abantu yomhlaba wonke.

Izinqumo Zesihlanu Nezashumi Nane

  • Isichibiyeli se-pith: sivikela ekuzifakeleni, engozini ephindwe kabili, futhi siqinisekisa inqubo efaneleyo emicimbini kahulumeni.
  • Isichibiyeli se-Forenth: iveza inqubo efanelekile yesivikelo sokusho izenzo, iqinisekisa isivikelo esilinganayo nokulunga okuyisisekelo.

Izinsika Ezimbili Zenqubo Elindelekile: Isimiso Esivamile Nesingaphansi

Izazi ezingokomthetho nezinkantolo zihlukanisa inqubo efanele zibe izigaba ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezihlobene nazo. Zombili ziyagxeka, kodwa zivikela izici ezihlukahlukene zokulunga.

Inqubo Elindelekile: Ukuqinisekisa Ubuhle

Inqubo efanelekile yokuhlela igxila kuhlobo lwesenzo sikahulumeni. Ngaphambi kokuba umbuso uthathe inkululeko noma impahla yomuntu, kumelwe ilandele uhlelo lwezinqubo ezilungile. Izimfuneko eziqondile ziyahluka ngokomongo, kodwa zihlanganisa:

  • I-noice: Umuntu kumelwe atshelwe ngesenzo esihlongozwayo nangesisekelo saso. Imicimbi yasese noma imicimbi eyimfihlo ingqubuzana nenqubo efanele.
  • [ I-Opportunity to Owazwiwa: Umuntu kumelwe abe nethuba elibalulekile lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukubiza ofakazi, nokuphikisa icala labo] noma kusenkantolo, ezindlebeni zokuphatha, noma ekunikezeni izijeziso esikoleni.
  • Isinqumo-Menzi-Isinqumo esingakhethi: Umahluleli, isikhulu esizwayo, noma ibhodi kumelwe ingathathi hlangothi futhi ingabandlululi noma ingxabano yesithakazelo.
  • [ Ilungelo elulekweni: Ezimweni eziningi zobugebengu nezomphakathi, abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokumelelwa ummeli. Uma bengenakukwazi ukukhokhela, umbuso kumelwe unikeze umuntu emacaleni obugebengu angathi sína.
  • Isokudla ekudluliseleni: Isimiso esilungile sivumela ukubukezwa kwesinqumo ngumphathi ophezulu, ukuqinisekisa amaphutha angalungiswa.

Lezizivikelo ze-proceded aziphelele; zivumelana nezimo futhi zixhomeke ezimweni. Ngokwesibonelo, umfundi obhekene ne-stemplumn yosuku olulodwa kungadingeka izinqubo ezicushiwe kakhulu kunomuntu obhekene nokulahlekelwa amalungelo akhe obuzali. Ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela [ku-] AmaMaws v. ahlala eyindinganiso: izinkantolo zihlola isithakazelo somuntu siqu, ingozi yokuncishwa kwezimiso zamanje, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekusebenzeni kahle.

Inqubo Eyinqaba: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ayisisekelo

Inqubo efanelekile engathi sína idlulela ngalé kwenqubo ukuze ivikele amalungelo athile ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni ngokuphelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo ilungile kangakanani. Isebenza njengesihlangu sokumelana nemithetho ewubushiqela, ecindezelayo, noma ephula inkululeko ebhekwa njengebalulekile emphakathini waseMelika. Lamalungelo ayisisekelo ahlanganisa:

  • [[NTL:0] Ekulungeni kuseseso: ivikela izinqumo zomuntu siqu ngokuphathelene nomshado, ukuzala, ukuvimbela inzalo, ubudlelwane bomkhaya, nokuzala umntwana. Leso kwakuyisisekelo se Obergefell v. Hodges [2020], eyaqaphela umshado ofanayo wobuzwe njengelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ifanele ukuthatha iBodily Faith: Inqubo yezokwelapha engadingekile, ukuvala inzalo ngempoqo, noma ukungenela kukahulumeni okuhlasela ukuzimela komuntu ngokomzimba.
  • [[[NT:0] Ifanele ikhululeke kukhululo olukhululekile nophawulo: Nakuba isekelwe esiIndlelweni sokuqala, inqubo efanelekile engaphansi iqinisa isivikelo senkulumo engathandeki noma ephikisayo.
  • [ Ilungelo lokuhamba: Ikhono lokuhamba ngokukhululekile phakathi kwezifundazwe ngaphandle kwemingcele ezenzekelayo.
  • Ifanele ukuqanjwa: Nakuba ivikeleke ngokucace kakhulu kwenye indawo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa futhi inqubo efanelekile efanelekile ukuqeda imingcele yokuvota evimbela izakhamuzi ezithwele umthwalo ngokungadingekile.

Inqubo eyisici esiyinhloko edinga impikiswano ngoba ivame ukuhilela izinkantolo ukuchaza ukuthi ayini amalungelo “asekelwe emqondweni wenkululeko elawulayo.” Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji angaphoqelela izindinganiso zawo siqu, kuyilapho abasekeli begomela ukuthi amanye amalungelo abaluleke kakhulu ukuba ashiywe ezifisweni eziphambili zemithetho.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando: Kusukela EMagna Carta Kuya EbuJudeni Banamuhla

Izimpande zenqubo efanele zihlehlela emuva emakhulwini eminyaka, ngaphambili kakhulu kokuba kusungulwe amaMelika. Umqondo ungalandelelwa ku-Isahluko 39 se- Magna Carta (1215), esathi akekho umuntu okhululekile ongaboshwa, axoshwe, noma athunjwe “ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe.” Lenkulumo "" ("isithi“mthetho wezwe")") , ifakwe kulokho manje esiyibiza ngokuthi inqubo efanele.

EUnited States, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu (1791) sagunyaza inqubo efanelekile kahulumeni kahulumeni, kodwa kwaze kwaba yilapho iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sigunyazwa ngo - 1868 ukuthi imibuso yayiboshwe ngendlela efanayo. Ekhulwini leminyaka elilandelayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane yasebenzisa lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi “ukungavumelani,” yenza uBill Welungelo avikelwe ngokuphoqelelwa kwemibuso ngeSiphendulo se - I - Sound Procesmente Clausse se - 1450.

Inhlelo elandelwayo kumqhebezi: Izisebenziso eziqotho-zezwe

Inqubo elindelekile ayiyona nje inhloso ecatshangelwayo; idlala nsuku zonke ezimweni eziningi: izinkantolo, izikole, izikhungo zikahulumeni, ngisho nobudlelwane bomqashi (lapho uhulumeni engumqashi). Ukuqonda lezi zinhlelo kusiza ukuveza ububanzi bezindlela zokuvikela ezifanele.

Isimiso Sokwahlulela Ngezigebengu

Abalweli bamacala obugebengu bajabulela ezinye zezindlela ezifanele kakhulu zokuvikela, kuhlanganise nokucabanga ukuthi abanacala, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, kanye nesivikelo ekuziphindiseleni. Noma ikuphi ukuhluleka ukulandela lezi zinqubo kungaholela ekugumbuqeleni izinkolelo noma ekulahleni amacala.

Ukuqhubeka Kwezakhamuzi

Ezindabeni zomphakathi − njengokumangalela izivumelwano, izingxabano zempahla, noma izindaba zomkhaya — ukuzozisa kudinga ukuba abamangalelwa bathole isaziso nethuba lokulalelwa phambi kwenkantolo. Ngisho nezinhlangano zokuphatha, njengezokuvikela umphakathi noma iziphathimandla ezithuthayo, kumelwe zivumelane nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zenqubo lapho zenza izinqumo ezithinta izinzuzo noma isikhundla sabantu.

Imfundo Nesiyalo Sabafundi

Gos v. Lopez (1975], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi abafundi besikole somphakathi banelungelo elingokomthetho lemfundo yomphakathi njengenzuzo yempahla, okusho ukuthi abanakubekwa ngaphandle kwenqubo ethile elindelekile. Nakuba izinqubo zokukhishwa kwesikhashana zinciphile kancane [1] isaziso esishiwo ngomlomo noma esilotshiwe nethuba lokuchaza ukuthi u-(linder amacala) angadinga ukuqulwa. Abaphathi besikole kumelwe balinganisele isidingo sokuhleleka kwamalungelo abafundi.

Izinzuzo Zomsebenzi Nohulumeni

Uma uhulumeni engumqashi, inqubo efanele ingasebenza ngaphambi kokudubula isisebenzi somphakathi esilindele umsebenzi oqhubekayo. Ngokufanayo, abantu abathola inhlalakahle, ukukhubazeka, noma ezinye izinzuzo zikahulumeni ngeke ziphele lezozinzuzo ngaphandle kokuqulwa ngokulunga. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Goldberg v. Kelly (1970) sinqume ukuthi abamukela inhlalakahle banelungelo lokuzwa ngokucacile ngaphambi kokuba kususwe izinzuzo.

Inqubo Efanele Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe budala izinselele ezintsha ezifanele. Uma inkampani kahulumeni imisa izinselele ezifanele. Ukuhlola uhulumeni, ukwenza izinqumo nge-algorithm, kanye nokuthatheka kwempahla ye-amanani (njenge-cypopcyring noma ukulandelelana kwe-internet) kuphakamisa imibuzo ngesaziso, ukungakhethi, nelungelo lokuzwiwa. Uma inkampani kahulumeni ivala i-akhawunti yebhange noma izithiyo zokungena engosini yezokuxhumana ngaphandle kokuchaza, ingabe lokho kungqubuzana nenqubo efanele? Izinkantolo zisalokhu ziphikisana nalezi zindaba, kodwa izimiso eziyinhloko ziyaqhubeka: abantu kumelwe batshelwe ukuthi kungani kuthathwa futhi kunikezwe ithuba lokuphendula.

Enye indawo ephumayo i-athom yokufakela i- yokukhipha izilinganiso ekugwebeni, ekunqumeni, ekunqumeni, nasekuhloleni inhlalakahle yabantwana. Nakuba lamathuluzi engathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, angaveza imiphumela exekethile noma efiphele. Inqubo efunekayo yokwenza izinqumo ezingakhethi ingayekwa uma umqondo we-algorithm uyimfihlo noma uma ithinta ngokungenakuqhathaniswa imiphakathi emiphakathini emincane. Abameli babiza ukuba ukukhanya, ama-filimi, kanye nelungelo lokubekela inselele iziphetho ze-althrali.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngenqubo Efanele

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, inqubo efanele ivame ukuqondwa kabi. Nakhu imibono embalwa exazululiwe kaningi:

  • inqubo elindelekile isebenza kuphela enkantolo yobugebengu. Amanga. Inqubo elindelekile isebenza noma nini lapho uhulumeni ephuca umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla (kuhlanganise ezimisweni zomphakathi, zokuphatha, nezokufundisa.
  • `Inqubo elindelekile isho ukuthi ungenza noma yini oyifunayo. Cha. Inqubo elindelekile iyisivikelo se-procedrogen, hhayi isiqinisekiso senkululeko engalawuliwe. Iqinisekisa ukuthi noma imiphi imingcele ekhululekile yakho ibekwa kuphela ngemva kwezimiso ezilungile nangenxa yezizathu ezingokomthetho.
  • “ Uma unikezwa ukuzwa, inqubo efanele iyasutha. Akufanele ngempela. Ukuzwa kubaluleke: udinga isaziso esanele, ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, kanye nomenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. I-sham yezwi ayifinyeleli ezindinganisweni ezifanele zenqubo.
  • inqubo efanele inqubo eqanjwayo yamuva. Nakuba isimo sayo sanamuhla savela ekhulwini lama-20, umqondo wokuthi amanye amalungelo abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba uhulumeni akanakuwagqekeza anemisuka ejulile yomlando, esukela ezimfundisweni zomthetho ezingokwemvelo ezithathiwe yiMsunguli.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho Ohlelo Olufanele: Izinyathelo Eziwusizo

Nakhu ukutusa okungathathwa abantu abangase babhekane nesenzo sikahulumeni esingathinta ukuphila kwabo, inkululeko, noma impahla yabo:

  1. Funda zonke izaziso ngokucophelela. Uma uthola incwadi evela enxuseni likahulumeni, inkantolo ibizwa, noma isaziso sesikole sokuyala, ifunde ngokucophelela. Qaphela izikhathi ezifinyelelweyo, uhlobo lwamacala, namalungelo akho okuphendula.
  2. Ucela ukulalelwa ngokushesha. Ezimweni eziningi, unelungelo lokucela ukulalelwa phambi kwesinqumo sokugcina. Ungalibali; ukuhluleka ukusabela kungaphumela ekwahlulelweni okungahleliwe noma esizenzekelayo.
  3. Gcina amarekhodi. Ibhalwe zonke izigijimi, izinqumo, nobufakazi. Lokhu kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isikhalo noma icala.
  4. Ummeli. Amalungelo afanele angayinkimbinkimbi. Uma ubhekene nemiphumela engathi sína njengokulahlekelwa umsebenzi, ukuwinwa kwengane, noma inkululeko yakho(ukufuna iseluleko esingokomthetho. Izinhlangano eziningi zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza usizo olukhululekile noma oluphansi.
  5. Yazi indinganiso yobufakazi. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, indinganiso ingu-“ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.” Emacaleni omphakathi nawokuphatha, kungaba“ ukuqashelwa kobufakazi” noma “ubufakazi obucacile nobugculisayo.” Ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni umelwe ukufakazelani.
  6. ubandlululo. Uma usola umenzi wesinqumo ucwasana (umz., banobuhlobo bomuntu siqu neqembu noma bame ukuze bazuze emphumeleni), bhala indlela yokuzifaka futhi.

Amacala Enkantolo Ephakeme Abonakala Ephazamisa Inqubo Efanele

Izinqumo eziningana eziphawulekayo ziye zachaza ukuthi inqubo efanele ihamba kanjani. Ukutadisha lezi zenzakalo kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela lesi simiso esisetshenziswa ngayo:

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803): ngokuyinhloko ngenkathi kucatshangelwa ukwahlulela, icala laqaphela ukuthi abantu banelungelo okumelwe livikelwe izinkantolo, isisekelo senqubo efanele.
  • Gos v. Lopez (1975): yaqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi besikole somphakathi ababhekene ne-stemp kumelwe baqashelwe futhi banikwe ithuba lokuzwa.
  • Amas v. Eldiridge (1976): adale ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela kwengxenye ezintathu kokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izivikelo ze-procedro ezidingekayo ezimisweni zokuphatha.
  • Goldberg v. Kelly (70): Waqaphela ukuthi izinzuzo zenhlalakahle azinakunqanyulwa ngaphandle kokuzwa okucacisiwe kwangaphambi kwesikhathi.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Waqaphela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada nemibhangqwana efana-yobulili ngaphansi kweNkathi Elindelekile neSivikelo sika-Claus.
  • Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (202): Old Roe v. Wade futhi wakholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awulinikezi ilungelo lokukhipha isisu, ngokuphawulekayo unciphisa inqubo edingayo elinganiselwe emongweni wamalungelo okuzala.

Inqubo Efanele Nomthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Inqubo efanele ayiqali e-United States kuphela. Amazwe amaningi namathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ahlanganisa izimiso ezifanayo. UDeclaration of Human Rights (Umchamo 10) uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuzwa ngokulunga, futhi i-International Convention on Civil and Politic Rights [i-Actle 14) [i-FLT] iveza isivikelo se-procetural. Ukuqonda inqubo efanele njengendingamanani ebanzi eqinisa ukubaluleka kwayo njengenani layo lomhlaba wonke, ngisho nanjengobangomthetho othile ohlukile ngokwezikhundla.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Inqubo Efanele Ibaluleke Kakhulu Kunanini ngaphambili

Enkathini yokwanda kwemibuso kahulumeni, ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe okusheshayo, nenkulumo yezombangazwe ehlukene, isimiso senqubo efanele sisebenza njengesisekelo sokulunga. Kusikhumbuza ukuthi uhulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhloselwe kahle kangakanani, kumelwe asebenze phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho futhi ahloniphe isithunzi sawo wonke umuntu. Kubafundisi, inqubo efanelekile isho ukuhlomisa abafundi ngolwazi ukuba baqaphele ukungalungi nangamathuluzi okufuna ukulandisa. Kubantu, ukuqonda inqubo efanele kuyisici esibalulekile sokufunda umphakathi ofunda ingcacazelele futhi uvikele umphakathi lapho ubulungisa bungesona nje isici esifanelekile kodwa esingokoqobo.

Ngokuhlala sinolwazi, sikhulume lapho amalungelo esongelwa, futhi sisekela izinhlangano ezisekela inqubo efanele, ngamunye wethu angaba nesandla ekuthuthukiseni isiko lomthetho elibonisa ukuthi ulungile ngenxa yokuzithethelela.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola i-Cornell Information ye-Cal Institute yenqubo efanele, ukuhlaziya kwenqubo efanele enkathini yenombolo, kanye ne-FUM] Jedial Judiary yezemfundo enqubweni efanele.