Ohulumeni nezimiso zomthetho bakha izinsika ezimbili zomphakathi wanamuhla, banikeza izisekelo ezigcina imiphakathi ihlelekile, ilungile, futhi isebenza. Bamisa imithetho, bavikela amalungelo abantu, futhi baxazulule izingxabano lapho kuphakama izinkinga. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zimiso zisebenza kanjani akuyona nje indaba yesithakazelo somphakathi kuphela.

Indima Kahulumeni

Uhulumeni uyinhloko, uhulumeni owenza futhi uphoqelele ukuba umphakathi wenze izinqumo ezihlangene. Unegunya lokwakha izimiso, ukusebenzisa imithombo yengcebo, nokunikeza izinkonzo ezidingekayo abantu abangenakukwazi ukuzinakekela kalula. Umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko kahulumeni uwukulondoloza ukuhleleka, ukuvikela izakhamuzi ezisongweni zangaphakathi nangaphandle, nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle evamile.

Umtapo wohulumeni wekhorathi

Ohulumeni benza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile ethinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila:

  • [ Imisebenzi e-Ilegislative[ - Ukwakha imithetho ngokukhethwa noma ngokumiswa kwezindikimba (njengephalamende noma izingqungquthela) ezichaza ukuziphatha okwamukelekayo nokuqondisa isimiso somphakathi.
  • [ Imisebenzi esebenzayo[ – ukugcwalisa nokumisa leyomithetho ngezinhlangano, iminyango, nezinkonzo zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokugcinwa komthetho kanye nezindikimba ezilawulayo.
  • [ Imisebenzi ye-judicial[ – ukuchaza imithetho nokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezinkantolo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki nangokulunga.
  • [ Isivumelwano seMakethe yomphakathi [ - - Ukunikeza izinkonzo ezisiza wonke umuntu, njengesivikelo sesizwe, izakhiwo zesakhiwo (izindawo zemfundo, amabhuloho), imfundo yomphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nezinkonzo zezimo eziphuthumayo.
  • [ Ukuphathwa kwezomnotho[ – ukuhlelwa kwezimakethe, ukuqoqa izintela, ukuphatha imali yomphakathi, nokusebenzela ukugcina intuthuko eqinile kwezomnotho nokuswelakala kwemisebenzi.
  • I-paresion kanye nokuhlanganyela - Ezimisweni zentando yeningi, ohulumeni bamelela izithakazelo zezakhamuzi futhi banikeza izinqubo zokuhileleka komphakathi ekwenzeni izinqumo.

Izikhundla Zikahulumeni

Ohulumeni basebenza ngamazinga amaningi ukuze babhekane nezidingo ezihlukene:

  • Uhulumeni Wakhona - Izindaba zomphakathi eziqonde ngqo njengendawo, amaphoyisa endawo, iminyango yomlilo, ezokuthutha zomphakathi, kanye nokuphatha udoti. Izibonelo zihlanganisa imikhandlu yamadolobha namabhodi esifunda.
  • Isimo noma uHulumeni wesifunda - Amalunga ezindaba endaweni enkulu, njengezwe, isifundazwe, noma indawo. Imithwalo yemfanelo ivame zihlanganisa izimiso zemfundo, imigwaqo emikhulu, nezinkantolo zokwahlulela.
  • Uhulumeni wezwe - Izwe lonke libheka izindaba ezinjengomthetho wangaphandle, ukuzivikela kwesizwe, imali, nokufuduka. Imisa imithetho esebenza kulo lonke izwe.
  • Izinhlangano zesizwe zaseSukra - Kwezinye izimo, ohulumeni bayabambisana ngemizimba njenge iZizwe ezihlangene[ noma i-European Union ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezinqamule imingcele, njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuhwebelana.

Izinhlobo Zikahulumeni

Akubona bonke ohulumeni abasebenza ngendlela efanayo, isakhiwo sikahulumeni sithonya indlela amandla asakazwa ngayo nendlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo.

  • I-Democracy - Amandla ahlala kubantu, abawasebenzisayo ngokuqondile noma ngabameleli abakhethiwe. Ohulumeni bedemocratic bagcizelela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, amakhetho akhululekile, nokubusa komthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] .Authoritariary Regimes - - Amandla agxilwe kumholi oyedwa noma iqembu elincane, onenkululeko elinganiselwe yezombangazwe kanye nokuhlanganyela okuncane kwesakhamuzi. Ukwenziwa kwesinqumo kuphezulu.
  • Monarchy – Umbusi ofuzo (inkosi noma indlovukazi) unegunya, nakuba imibuso eminingi yanamuhla iwumthetho-sisekelo, imonarch isebenza njengenhloko engokomfanekiso kahulumeni kuyilapho uhulumeni okhethiwe ephethe izwe.
  • Republic - Uhlobo lukahulumeni lapho inhloko kahulumeni ingumphathi okhethiwe (njengomongameli), hhayi inkosi. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yanamuhla iyirepublic.
  • Federal vs. Unitary - Ehlelweni likahulumeni (njenge-United States noma iJalimane), umbuso uhlanganyelwa phakathi kukahulumeni ophakathi nohulumeni besifunda. Esimisweni sohlelo (njengeFrance noma iJapane), uhulumeni omkhulu unegunya, nakuba engase aphathise imisebenzi ezindaweni.

Isimiso Esingokomthetho

Isimiso somthetho siyinqubo umphakathi odala ngayo, ochazayo, futhi ophoqelela ngayo imithetho yawo. Lapho uhulumeni enza imithetho, isimiso somthetho siqinisekisa ukuthi leyomithetho isetshenziswa ngokufanelekile nangokungaguquguquki. Ngaphandle kwesimiso somthetho esisebenzayo, imithetho ibingaba engenanjongo, futhi izingxabano zingabhebhethekela kalula ekubeni isiphithiphithi.

Izingxenye Zesimiso Esingokomthetho

Zonke izimiso zomthetho zincike ezikhungweni nasezindima eziningana eziyinhloko:

  • Ikhothamo - Izindawo lapho izimpikiswano zomthetho zizwakala khona futhi zixazululwe. Izinkantolo zisukela ezinkantolo zendawo kuya ezinkantolo eziphezulu zezwe.
  • [ Izahluleli – izikhulu ezingathathi hlangothi zengamela ukuqulwa kwenkantolo, ukuchaza imithetho, nokukhipha izigwebo.
  • I-Leatmarkment – Imishini enjengeminyango yamaphoyisa ehlola ubugebengu, ibopha, futhi igcina ukuhleleka komphakathi.
  • Attneys oProfessionary - Abameli bamakhasimende enkantolo, abeluleka ngezindaba zomthetho, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi abantu bawaqonda amalungelo abo nezibopho zabo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho nemithetho[[QL:1] - Imithetho ebhaliwe nezimiso ezichaza ubugebengu, izivumelwano, amalungelo empahla, kanye nezinqubo zomphakathi.
  • Isimiso sokuhlukanisa [ – Iziboshwa, izinhlelo zokugcinwa kwecala, kanye nokulungisa ezisingatha abantu ababoshelwe emacala.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zezimiso Zezomthetho

Izimiso zomthetho ziyahlukahluka ngokuphawulekayo emhlabeni wonke, zilolongwe umlando, amasiko namasiko ezombangazwe.

  • Umthetho weCummon [ - - Isiqalo eNgilandi, umthetho ovamile uncike kakhulu esibonelweni esingaphambili", izinqumo zenkantolo zangesikhathi esidlule ziqondisa imithetho yesikhathi esizayo. Usetshenziswa eUnited States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, kanye namanye amakoloni aseBrithani.
  • I-Civil Law[- – Isekelwe emithethweni ebanzi (njengemithetho kaNapoleon), izimiso zomthetho womphakathi azigcizeleli kakhulu inqubo yokwahlulela futhi zigcizelela kakhulu imithetho ebhaliwe. Ivamile ezwekazini leYurophu, i-Latin America, kanye nezingxenye ze-Asia ne-Afrika.
  • UMthetho wobunkolo – izimiso zomthetho ezithathwe emibhalweni nasezimisweni zenkolo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa umthetho we-Sharia emazweni athile amaSulumane nama-halaka (umthetho wamaJuda) e-Israyeli ezindabeni ezithile zomuntu siqu.
  • [ Umthetho osemthethweni - Imithetho engabhalwanga esekelwe emasikweni nasemasikweni asekhona, ngokuvamile atholakala emiphakathini yomdabu nakwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika. Umthetho wesiko ukhona kanye nomthetho kahulumeni ezindaweni eziningi.
  • Izimiso ezixubile - Amazwe amaningi axuba izici zezimiso eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-South Africa ihlanganisa umthetho ovamile, umthetho wesizwe, nomthetho wesiko; iNdiya isebenzisa umthetho ovamile kodwa futhi iqaphela imithetho engokwenkolo ezindabeni zomkhaya.

Isimiso Somthetho

Itshe lesisekelo lanoma isiphi isimiso somthetho esilungile yi- umthetho owenziwe ngokungenangqondo. Lesi simiso sisho ukuthi akekho, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ongaphezulu komthetho. Imithetho kumele icace, yembulwe obala, iqine, futhi isetshenziswe ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Ukubusa komthetho kuvikela abantu emandleni angenazimiso futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa bunikezwa ngaphandle kobandlululo noma ukukhetha. Izinhlangano ezifana ne- World Justice Project [ World Justice Project [[FLT]]

Indlela Izinkantolo Eziwuchaza Futhi Ziwusebenzise Ngayo Umthetho

Izinkantolo zenza okungaphezu nje kokujezisa abenzi bobubi. Zichaza imithetho, zixazulule izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele, zibukeze izenzo zikahulumeni, futhi zimise izenzakalo ezingokomthetho. Uma umthetho ucacile, izinkantolo zicacisa incazelo yawo ngokuhlaziya izinhloso zomthetho, izimiso zomthetho-mthetho, nemithetho emisiwe ngaphambili. Lo msebenzi wokuchaza unamandla ikakhulukazi ezimisweni ezivamile zomthetho, lapho isinqumo esisodwa esiphezulu singabumba indawo engokomthetho iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

Izimiso ezingokomthetho zimisa nezinqubo zokusingatha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamacala:

  • [[QUT:0] Icala eliqulile - Icala elibangelwa yizwe ligadlwe umuntu noma inhlangano emangalelwe ukwephula umthetho. Umgomo uwukunquma icala futhi ubeke isijeziso uma kufaneleka.
  • Icala eliyi-Civil - Ingxabano phakathi kwabantu noma izinhlangano ezingaphezulu kwezindaba ezinjengezivumelwano, impahla, noma ukulimala komuntu siqu. Inkantolo ivame ukukhokhela noma ukuyala izenzo ezithile kunokuphoqa inhlawulo noma ukubopha.
  • Icala lokuphatha [ – Ukubukeza izinqumo ezenziwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, njengempikiswano ngemvume, amalayisense, noma ukubuthelwa umthetho.
  • Icala lombuso - Izinselele zemithetho noma izenzo zikahulumeni okuthiwa ziphula umthetho-sisekelo wezwe.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kohulumeni Nezimiso Ezingokomthetho

Uhulumeni nesimiso somthetho bancike kakhulu. Uhulumeni wakha imithetho nezimali ezinkantolo, kodwa isimiso somthetho sihlola amandla kahulumeni futhi siqinisekise ukuthi usebenza phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho. Lobu buhlobo obunamandla bubalulekile ekulinganiseni igunya nokulandisa.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

Iningi lamandla kahulumeni abusa ngentando yeningi ahlukanisa amagatsha amathathu ahlukene: ukushaya imithetho, ukubusa, nokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Isimiso somthetho (izinkantolo) sisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola kokubili amagatsha emithetho yezomthetho nezikhulu ngokuhlola izenzo zawo zomthetho-sisekelo noma ngokomthetho. Ngokuphambene, igatsha lemithetho lingalungisa imithetho noma ngisho lishintshe izimo zenkantolo, kuyilapho igatsha eliphethe limisa amajaji futhi liphoqelela iziyalezo zenkantolo. Lesimiso se-gnometic, ngokuningiliziwe ngemithombo enjenge USA.gov, yenza ukulungiswa kwemithetho egciniwe.

Indlela Imithetho Eyenziwa Futhi Isetshenziswe Ngayo

Inqubo yokwenza umqondo wesimiso ube umthetho obophayo ihilela kokubili izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezingokomthetho:

  1. Isishaya - mthetho esikhethiwe sikhipha izimvume futhi sivote ngecala elithile.
  2. Umqondisi (umholi, undunankulu, noma umbusi) uwuyisa enkantolo noma awufake phansi.
  3. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zenza izimiso zokusebenzisa umthetho ngokuningiliziwe.
  4. Izinkantolo zichaza umthetho lapho kuphakama izingxabano, futhi izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ziphoqelela ukuba kugcinwe umthetho.
  5. Uma kuphikiswa ngomthetho othile, abahluleli bawubukeza ngokuphambene nomthetho - sisekelo noma imithetho.

Kuwo wonke lo mjikelezo, isimiso somthetho siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ulandela imithetho nezinqubo zakhe.

Isinqumo Esiphikisanayo Nokufinyelela Ubulungisa

Uma abantu noma izinhlangano zingavumelani mayelana nesivumelwano, ingozi, impikiswano ethatha indawo, noma isimiso sikahulumeni esingokomthetho, kunikeza indlela ehleliwe yokuxazulula lengxabano. Izinkantolo, izinkonzo zokulungisa, nezikhungo zokulungisa isebenza njengezezithakazelo. Indima kahulumeni iwukumisa lezi zimo zempi futhi uqinisekise ukuthi zisebenza kahle, kuyilapho isimiso somthetho sihlanganisa izimpikiswano ezisekelwe emithethweni ekhona.

Ukukwazi ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni − ikhono labantu abavamile lokusebenzisa isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo, kuseyinselele emazweni amaningi. Izindleko ezinkulu zomthetho, izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nemingcele yolimi kungavimbela abantu ekuvikeleni amalungelo abo. Ohulumeni nezinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho basebenza ngokuvala leligebe ngezinhlelo ezifana nabavikeli bomphakathi, imitholampilo ekhululekile, futhi benze izinkantolo ezincane ezifuna ukumiswa.

Ukubaluleka Kobulungisa Nokulunga

Ubulungisa buwumgomo oyinhloko wakho kokubili izimiso zomthetho. Ubulungisa busho ukuthi amalungelo avikelwe, amaphutha ayalungiswa, futhi izijeziso zifanelana nobugebengu. Akudingeki nje kuphela imithetho kodwa futhi nezinqubo ezilungile. Umbono wobulungisa bemvelo ugcizelela ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani izinto kanye nezinqumo ngokwazo. Abantu bathambekele kakhulu ukwamukela ukubusa abavumelani nako uma bekholelwa ukuthi lenqubo iveza gcala futhi ingakhethi.

Emiphakathini enezimiso zobulungisa eziqinile, izakhamuzi zijabulela ukwethemba kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zazo, amazinga aphansi engxabano, kanye namathuba ezomnotho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma isimiso somthetho sokonakala noma sinobandlululo, siqeda ukwethembana futhi singaholela ezinxushunxushuni zomphakathi. Amandikimba ezizwe zonke njenge- Commission of Jursts isekela inkululeko yokwahlulela nesivikelo samalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke.

Izinselele Kuhulumeni Nasemithethweni Yanamuhla

Asikho isimiso esiphelele, futhi ohulumeni nezimiso zomthetho babhekana nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezidinga ukunakekelwa nokushintshwa okuqhubekayo.

Ukonakala Nokusebenzisa Kabi Amandla

Inkohlakalo ekhona kuhulumeni noma kumajaji ilulaza umthetho. Uma izikhulu zingafumbathiswa, lapho izinkantolo zikhetha ukukhokha iziphathimandla ezinamandla, noma lapho imithetho isetshenziswa ngokukhethayo, sonke isimiso silahlekelwa ngokomthetho. Izinhlangano ezilwa nokungakhohlisi, izigebengu ezizimele, nezenzo zokubusa ezikhanyayo zibalulekile ekuxazululeni le nkinga.

Ukuphuza Nokunganeliseki

Iziphakamiso zenkantolo kanye nezikhawu ze-bureaucracy zingasho ukuthi amacala athatha iminyaka ukuxazululwa. Lokhu kulimaza okungalinganiyo kulimaza abantu abathola imali ephansi abangakwazi ukulinda. Iziphakamiso ezifana ne-e-fil, izimiso zokuphatha icala, nezinkantolo ezikhethekile (umz., izinkantolo zezidakamizwa noma izinkantolo ezincane) zisiza ekuthuthukiseni izinqubo, kodwa imithombo yemali ihlala iyisithiyo esikhulu.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, abantu abaningi abakwazi ukukhokha izinqubo zenkantolo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinkonzo ze - Probono, ukuxhasa ngokomthetho nemithetho eyenziwe lula kungaxazululwa, kodwa igebe phakathi kwesidingo esingokomthetho nesosizo olutholakalayo lisagcwele emazweni amaningi.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nokushintsha Kwezenhlalo

Imithetho nezimiso zikahulumeni kumelwe zishintshe ukuze zihambisane nobuchwepheshe obusha, izimiso zomphakathi nezinselele zembulunga yonke. Izindaba ezifana nezindaba zokwaziswa, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nezolimi lwe-inthanethi zidinga ohulumeni ukuba benze imithetho emisha nezimiso zomthetho ukuze bazichaze. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuvikela amalungelo nokusungula izinto kuyashesha futhi kuvame ukuphikisana.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zikahulumeni nezomthetho aziyona imiqondo engaqondakali − ayizilolongi zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekulondekeni kwemigwaqo kuya ekuphoqelelweni kwezivumelwano zokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ohulumeni bakha imithetho nezinhlangano ezihlela umphakathi, futhi izimiso zomthetho ziqinisekisa ukuthi leyo mithetho isebenza ngokungakhethi futhi ihlale ikhona. Ukubambisana kwabo, okusekelwe ezimisweni ezifana nokubusa komthetho nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, kudala uhlelo lokuzinza, ubulungisa, nentuthuko. Nakuba izinselele ezifana nenkohlakalo, ukuhluleka, nokungena kwemingcele ziqhubeka, lezi zimiso zinika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo, zigcine abaholi benobuphi bobuphiko, futhi zifuna ukuba zonke izizwe zibungamele ubulungisa.