Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Seziqondiso Zenkantolo Ngesizinda Sokutholwa

Isisekelo sanoma isiphi isizinda sokuhlola isenzakalo sendaba yokutholwa kwezingane sisekelwe ekulinganiseni okubucayi phakathi kwesithakazelo sikahulumeni sokuvikela izingane nelungelo lomuntu lokuba nomuntu siqu. ISichibiyelo Sesine somthetho we-U.S. siyakunqabela ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuqubuka, simise ukulindela okuyisisekelo kokuyimfihlo okuhlanganisa amarekhodi omuntu siqu, imininingwane yezimali, nomlando wobugebengu. Nakuba abazali abazobathola ukutholwa benikeza imvume ebhaliwe yezindlela ezivamile, izimo zivame ukuphakama lapho umthetho wenkantolo usebenza khona njengemvume engokomthetho.

Kule nqubo yokutholwa, i-"warrant" ivame ukuba yisinqumo senkantolo yomphakathi esiqondisa inxusa lokugcinwa komthetho, ukubuthwa kwenhlangano yomthetho, noma izinkonzo zokuvikela izingane ukuze zidlulise amarekhodi. Le nqubo ilawulwa iqoqo lemithetho kahulumeni nemithetho eqondile. Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act ka 2006 imisa isisekelo sikahulumeni ngokufuna ukuba amazwe aqondise umlando wobugebengu osekelwe e-FBIB ukuze ahlole wonke amathengi alindele ukusekelwa nokutholwa kwabazali. Nokho, imithetho yoMbuso igcwalisa emagebengeni ngokuphathelene nokufinyelela imibhalo yabantwana, ukuvalwa kwemidanti yobugebengu, nokuxhasha izingane, ifuna ukutholwa kwe-"impoqolo yomthetho womthetho noma "uhluzo'o-"" ngaphambi kokuba ikhululwe"

ISichibiyelo Sesine Nokulindela Ukuba Wedwa

Izinkantolo ziye zaphikelela zithi abantu balindele ukuba kutholakale imfihlo esemthethweni emarekhodini abo obugebengu nasemibhalweni yezokwelapha. Emacaleni okutholwa, lelithemba alisuswa ngokuphelele ngokufaka isicelo sokuba umzali. Nokho, isithakazelo esishukumisayo sikahulumeni ekuvikelekeni kwabantwana sidala okuhlukile. Ukuze kwaneliswe ukuhlolwa komthetho-sisekelo, izinhlangano kumelwe zibonise ukuthi isicelo sazo sinengqondo futhi sigunyaziwe ngokufanelekile. Umthetho wasenkantolo usebenza njengommeli ongathathi hlangothi, uqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenywa akulona uhambo lokudoba kodwa kuyisicelo esisekelwe ezimfuzweni ezithile eziqondile noma ezifunwayo zemithetho.

Imithetho Engokwesivumelwano Kazwelonke Kahulumeni

Ukuqonda ukufakwa kwemithetho kahulumeni nezimiso zikahulumeni kubucayi. Imithetho uAdam Walsh Act ifuna ukuba kube nomthetho wokuhlola umnwe we-FBI, okudinga ukuqoqwa kweminwe nokuthotshelwa kwaleyo mibhalo kuhulumeni. Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho edlula kule sisekelo, ifuna ukuhlolwa [i-FGLL:2] ukusetshenziswa kabi komnwe we-FBI, futhi ibeke i-Remisterry, isho ukuthi ukubhalisa kweminwe, kanye nokukhomba okungenayo kwemali. Ukukhululwa kokwaziswa kulokhu kugcinwa kulawulwa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufinyelela emalini eqoshweni yemibhalo yentsha noma egciniwe engokomthetho ewubugebenguni kudinga ukuhleleka kwenkantolo ehleliwe engoko engoko engoko komzali.

Ukuvuma okunolwazi v. Iziqondiso zempoqo

Izinhlangano eziningi zokutholwa ziqala inqubo yokuhlola isizinda ngokuthola i-active contreal REAUTY of Information (ROI) kulowo ofaka isicelo. Nakuba le mvume ivumela izinhlangano ukuba zikwazi ukufinyelela amarekhodi amaningi enqubo, ngokuvamile akwanele ukufinyelela amabhukwana amadala noma avinjiwe. Le bhange lingafuna i-athonsi ephansi yemali ngaphambi kokuba likhiphe izingcaphuno ezigcwele zemali. I-projekthi yezwe lingasenqabe ukukhipha umbhalo wecala ngaphandle kosayinwa umahluleli. Kulezi macala, i-qummeli noma ummeli wokwamukeliswano kumelwe anxuse inkantolo ngenxa yemvume yokusebenza ngokuzithandela ukuze kuphumelwe ukuboshelwa, okuyisizathu esenza kudingeke ukuba kukhululwe imithetho eqinile yemithetho ye-proccument.

Abasekeli Bokuthola Imvume Yokwahlulela

Ngaphambi kokuba inkantolo ikhiphe umyalo wokukhululwa kwamarekhodi abucayi, inhlangano kumelwe ihlangabezane nemithwalo engokomthetho ekhethekile. Izimfuneko zivumelana nemvume yomthetho wesiko kodwa zivumelana ne-mosfect yesifundo sokutholwa ekhaya. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa imbangela eyingozi, inqubo eningiliziwe, kanye nokulinganiselwa okuqinile ekufuneni.

Ukusungula Imbangela Enengqondo Noma Ukuzikhohlisa Okunengqondo

Ekuthatheni i-'imbangela engakholeki" ayisho ukuthi umfaki wesicelo usolwa ngobugebengu. Kunalokho, kusho ukuthi kunesisekelo esinengqondo sokukholelwa ukuthi ukwaziswa okufunwayo kuyavumelana nokuhlobana komsebenzi womzali nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uqukethwe emarekhodini aceliwe. Izici ezingase ziveze imbangela zihlanganisa:

  • Umfaki wesicelo uyavuma ekuboshweni kwesikhathi esidlule okwaxoshwa, kudinga umyalo wenkantolo ukuze athole isimo esingokomthetho nemininingwane yesehlakalo.
  • Imibiko yePhathi-mlimo:[ Isisebenzi sezenhlalakahle sithola umbiko othembekile ngophenyo lwezinkonzo zokuvikela izingane ezingaphambili ngokuqondene nomfaki wesicelo.
  • I-Inconsistencies: amaphutha aphawulekayo phakathi kweziphetho zengxoxo yomfaki wesicelo nemiphumela yokuhlola, njengamakheli angaxelwanga lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi amacala angaphambili ayenzeka khona.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Izimpawu ze-Risk:[ Ibhukwana lezezimali elisikisela indlela yamahlulelo angakhokhelwa noma ukukhwabanisa, elithinta ikhono lokondla ingane.

Indinganiso iphakeme kunento nje ewubuwula kodwa ephansi kunobufakazi obungenakungatshazwa.

Ukuphoqa Icala Eliyinselele

I-affidavit iyitshe lesisekelo lanoma isiphi isicelo sesinqumo senkantolo. Leli dokhumende elifungwe ngesithembiso kumelwe lihlanganiswe ngokunembe.

  • Ukuchazwa kwe Application: igama eliphelele, usuku lokuzalwa, kanye nama-namethi.
  • Purpose of the check: Isisho esicacile sokuthi amarekhodi adingeka esifundweni sasekhaya sokutholwa sengane.
  • [ Isisekelo esingokoqobo:[ Ukulandisa okuningiliziwe, ukulandelana kwezikhathi kwamaqiniso abangela isidingo sohlelo. Gwema amahlebezi uma kungenzeka; namathela ekuqondiseni nasekuqinisekiseni imibhalo.
  • Izirekhodi ezikhangisiwe: I-affidavit kumele ichaze ngokukhethekile amarekhodi afunwayo (umz., "Konke ukuboshwa nezenzakalo zemibiko evela kuMnyango Wamaphoyisa Wanoma isiphi itown phakathi kuka-January 2010 noDecember 2015 hilela uJohn Doe").
  • Isidingo: Incazelo yokuthi kungani izindlela ezingathathi-thuthi kakhulu (njenge-regit segin) zehlulekile noma azinele ngokomthetho ukufinyelela amarekhodi.

Ukuphatha Kokwahlulela Nesimiso Sokuhlukanisa

Umahluleli uhlola i-affidavit ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi ihlangabezana nomnyango ongokomthetho. Umahluleli angakhipha uhlelo njengoba luceliwe, alungise ububanzi bayo, noma ayiphike ngokuphelele. Isimiso se sahlukanisa[ sibalulekile lapha. Umyalo wenkantolo obanzi kakhulu njengokungathi ucela "noma yimuphi umkhondo" ngaphandle kwemingcele yendawo noma yesikhashana. Isimiso esingokomthetho kumelwe sichaze ngokuqondile imibhalo, umuntu okuhlobene naye, nesigaba sesikhathi. Uhlelo luhlanganisa futhi ngokujwayelekile amalungiselelo [[FLT] awemilandiso ukubuyisela ngokuqondile enkantolo noma embonini yezentengiselwano, noma egobe i-gobon.

Izinhlobo Eziqondile Zesizinda Ziqinisekisa Ukugunyazwa Kokwahlulela

Ezinye zitholakala kalula ngemvume, kuyilapho ezinye zifuna ukuba kuhlolwe ikomiti yokwahlulela ephakeme.

Umlando Wobugebengu

Umthetho we-FBI udinga ukuhlola iminwe ye-FBI, kodwa isilinganiso sombuso semibhobho yomlando wobugebengu siyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifunda-odoli zimisa amarekhodi ngokuzenzekelayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuxoshwa. Ukukhipha la marekhodi agxishiwe ngokuvamile kudinga uhlelo lwenkantolo. Inhlangano kumelwe ibonise isidingo esiphoqelelayo, iphikisa ngokuthi isimo secala lokuqala sihlobene ngokuqondile nokuphepha komntwana. Ngokwesibonelo, umbhalo ogciniwe wobudlova basekhaya ungafaneleka kakhulu, kuyilapho umbhalo ovalelwe wethikithi elincane lokuphanga kungase kungabi njalo. Inkantolo kumelwe ilinganise ilungelo lokwenza ukuba irekhodi libhalwe ngokumelene nesibopho sombuso sokuvikela umntwana.

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwezingane Futhi Ungakunaki Ukubhalisa Okuphakathi

Izifunda eziningi zigcina umqulu oyinhloko wokugcinwa kokuxhashazwa kwezingane nokunganakwa kwezezimali. Imithetho elawula ukutholakala kwale mvume iqinile kakhulu. Ezizweni eziningi, i-ace ayikwazi ukufinyelela lokhu kwaziswa ngaphandle kwemvume yenkantolo, ngisho nangemvume yomfaki-sicelo. Inkantolo kumelwe ithole ukuthi isicelo sisekelwe ekukhathazekeni okuqondile ngokuphathelene nokuphepha komntwana. Inqubo edinga ukugcinwa ibaluleke kakhulu lapha; uma umbhalisa uqukethe impikiswano yokuthi umfaki wesicelo, i-ace i-ace imele ukuba iphikise ukuneka ukuneka komlando ngaphambi kokuba isetshenziswe ekuphikiseni ukutholwa.

Amarekhodi Ezimali Nomlando Wemali

Nakuba umbiko wesikweleti ovamile ungatholakala ngemvume ngaphansi kwe-Fair Currening Reporting Act (FCRA), inikeza imibhalo enemininingwane eminingi kakhulu yezimali − njengamazwi ebhange, intela, noma izimali zebhizinisi − kungadingeka inkantolo uma izinto eziceliwe noma uma amaqembu amathathu enqaba ukuzikhulula. Ukuzinza kwemali kuyisici esiyinhloko sesifundo sasekhaya, kodwa amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu avikela ukusebenzelana kwezimali okunemininingwane yemali. Uhlelo lwenkantolo kulomo kumelwe luchaze amarekhodi adingekayo, kubonisa ukuthi abalulekile ekhono omfaki wesicelo sokusekela umntwana.

Imibiko Yezempilo Nengqondo

Izinhlangano zokutholwa zidinga ukucwengisiswa kwempilo yezokwelapha nengokwengqondo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abafaka isicelo bayakwazi ukuba abazali ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo. Nakuba ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwezokwelapha kuhlanganiswa ngemvume, ukufinyelela amarekhodi empilo yengqondo noma amarekhodi okusebenzisa kabi izinto ezingokwabantu kulawulwa imithetho eqinile eyimfihlo enjenge-HIPAA ne-42 CFR Part 2 (ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngemidwebo yokusebenzisa kabi imilaliso). Lemithetho ngokuvamile idinga uhlelo oluqondile lwenkantolo, hhayi nje ukukhululwa okuvamile. Umyalo kumelwe uchaze ukwaziswa okudingekayo futhi ubekelwe imingcele ekusetshenzisweni kwayo ekukhuliseni izingane, ngokuvamile idinga ukuba irekhodi igcinwe i-hiPriodo ukuze ivikele izindaba zesikhululo.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile E - Interstate Nezindawo Eziphuthumayo

Amacala okutholwa ngokuvamile adlula emigqeni kahulumeni, ebangela ukuba indawo engokomthetho inciphe ngokuhlola isizinda. [[FLT: 0] I-Interstate Compact on the Prevention of Children (ICPCC) ilawula ukuhanjiswa kwabantwana emingceleni kahulumeni ukuze bathathwe. Nakuba i-ICPC igxile kakhulu kumntwana, futhi ibangela izimfuneko zokuhlola isizinda kokubili ukuthunyelwa nokwamukela izifundazwe.

Iziqondiso Zenkantolo Eziningi Eziyalwa Ngemidanti

Uma ummangali ehlala eState A kodwa enerekhodi lobugebengu eState B, inhlangano eState A ingadinga ukuthola umyalo wenkantolo oqashelwayo eZweni B. Lokhu kungahilela inqubo enzima yokufaka isicelo ezinkantolo zeZwe B noma ukusebenzisa i-Uniformationstation Depositions and Discovery Act. Amanxusa asekela ukutholwa komntwana kumelwe axhumane phakathi kwezinkantolo ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi i-erchy yesizinda iphelele futhi izwakala ngokomthetho. Ukuhluleka ukugunyaza ngokufanele ukugunyaza amarekhodi ebhulo-simende ezweni lika-Estancesting kungaphumela ekunqatshweni kwesifundo sasekhaya sezingane.

Izimo Ezibi Nezindawo Eziphuthumayo

Kulezimo eziphuthumayo, ingane ibekwa nomzali ozoba umzali wokutholwa ngaphambi kokuba zonke izinhlolo zesizinda ziqedwe ngokugcwele. Nakuba ukufakwa kwesikhashana kungokomthetho kwezinye izifundazwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa okuqinile, inkantolo ifuna ukuba izimpawu zesizinda ziqaliswe ngokushesha. Kulezi zimo, inxusa lingase lidinge inqubo [ ExGrect ExPare Order ukuze likhulule ukukhululwa kwemibhalo, liphule isaziso esivamile. Nokho, kamuva inkantolo izofuna inxusa lokubonisa ukuthi kungani inqubo yokukhulula yayidingekile futhi izobeka isikhathi esiqinile sokuqeda uphenyo oluphelele. Ingozi yokuhlelwa kwezinto eziphuthuma iphakeme; uma ukuhlola kamuva kwembulwa kwecala okungafanelekile, kumelwe kususwe ibangele ukuhlulwa kwengane.

Ukuphatha Ngokucophelela Nenqubo Efanele

Ukuthola umyalo wenkantolo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nje. Ukusingatha ukwaziswa okutholiwe kugxeka ngokufanayo. Izinhlangano zokutholwa zisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiqinile sokufihla imfihlo. Amarekhodi atholwa ngeyalo yenkantolo kumelwe agcinwe ngokulondekile, afinyelelwe kuphela izisebenzi ezigunyaziwe, futhi asetshenziselwa injongo yokuqhubekela phambili ukutholwa.

Ukufihla Izindaba Nokuziqeda

Izikhulu eziningi zenkantolo zokuhlola isizinda ziqukethe isigqebhezana sokuthi amarekhodi kumelwe abuyiselwe enkantolo noma abhujiswe ngemva kokuba isinqumo sokutholwa seqediwe. Izimo kumelwe zibe nezimiso ezicacile zokususa noma ukuvala lamaphepha abucayi. Ukwephulwa kwemfihlo . − njengokuveza umlando wobugebengu ovaliweyo womuntu owesithathu owenziwe i-palitle engagunyaziwe − kuphumela ekubekeni icala elingokomthetho lenhlangano futhi kubangele ukuncishiswa kokutholwa.

Inselele Elwazini Olunembile

Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba abafaki bezicelo babe nethuba lokuhlola ukwaziswa okusemuva futhi bavivinye ukunemba kwakho. Uma ukuhlola okuhlelwe yinkantolo kwembula ukungenwa kwecala noma ukuxhashazwa komthetho okuqinisekisiwe kokuthola ukuthi izimpikiswano zesicelo, umfaki-sicelo kumelwe anikwe ithuba elibalulekile lokuphikisa ubufakazi. Lokhu kungahilela ukuzwa lapho umfaki wesicelo enganikeza khona ubufakazi, abize ofakazi, futhi afake amanani ababhali bemibiko. Inkantolo kumelwe ithole iqiniso ngokuphathelene nokwethembeka kokwaziswa kwesizinda ngaphambi kokuba isetshenziswe ekuphikiseni ukwamukelwa.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yezimo Zesikhashana Nezimfudu

Imishini kumelwe ibheke inqubo yokuhlola isizinda ngendlela engathi sína okufanele ngayo. Lokhu kusho ukuqeqesha izisebenzi ezidingweni zomthetho zemvume neziqondiso zenkantolo, ukugcina imvume eqinile, nokusebenzisana eduze neseluleko esingokomthetho.

Ukuqeqesha Abasebenzayo Ekuphakameni Okungokomthetho

Izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle nabaphathi bamacala okutholwa kufanele baqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela uma imvume elula inganele futhi lapho umyalo wenkantolo udingeka. Kumelwe baqonde indlela yokudweba i-partet esekelayo ehlangabezana nendinganiso engokomthetho yesizathu okungenzeka ifezeke ngaphandle kokuthembela ebufakazini obungenakwethenjelwa. Ukuqeqeshwa njalo esifundeni esisontekile nakumthetho ngokuphathelene nokungena komuntu wesimo kanye nokugcinwa kwezincwadi kubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe izinselele ezingokomthetho.

Ukusebenza Nesimiso Senkantolo

Ukuthuthukisa ubuhlobo obuhle bokusebenza nenkantolo yomkhaya yendawo kungahlanganisa le nqubo. Ama-athorney kufanele alungiselele izicelo ezibanzi, ezihlelwe kahle ezenza kube lula ngomahluleli ukuqonda isidingo somyalo. Ukukhulumisana okukhululekile nonobhala wenkantolo namagumbi amajaji kungavimbela ukubambezela. Uma ufuna uhlelo lwesifundazwe, ukuba neseluleko sendawo kwesinye isifunda esiqonda imithetho ethile eqondile ye-procedro.

Isiphetho

Isimiso somthetho sokulawula isizinda sokuthola umntwana sihlolwe ukuvikela kokubili umntwana kanye namalungelo abo abazoba abazali. Isidingo somyalo wenkantolo − esisebenza njengesiqinisekiso − sisebenza njengesehlolo esicophelelayo samandla kahulumeni nakuyizinhlangano zokutholwa, siqinisekisa ukuthi ukufuna ukwaziswa kulungile, kuyadingeka, futhi kunembile. Ngokunamathela ezimisweni zembangela elindelekile, ukuba ngcono, nokwengamele, izinhlangano zingaqhuba ngokucubungula nangokusemthethweni okuholela emakhaya alondekile nahlala njalo emakhaya abantwana. Ukuvuma okungokomthetho akusona nje isiphazamiso esiqinile; kuyisici esiyisisekelo somkhuba wokuthola imithetho esemthethweni nempumelelo.