Isingeniso: Ifa Elingokomthetho Elihlala Njalo LeSimemezelo Sokuzibusa

ISimemezelo se-Independent singesikho nje esingokomlando esilondolozwe kuyi-National Archives. Incwadi ephilayo okuthi ukugomela kwayo ngokuphathelene namalungelo abantu kanye nomthetho kahulumeni kuye kwaqhubeka kulungisa isimiso somthetho sase-United States. ISimemezelo sasetshenziswa ngoJuly 4, 1776, sasebenza njengesephulo esivukelayo sokubusa kweBrithani, kodwa injongo yaso yesibili nesahlala kakhulu yayiwukuthuthukisa isisekelo sefilosofi sohlobo olusha lukahulumeni. Lesisekelo esisekelwe emibonweni yamalungelo abantu angokwemvelo, ubukhosi obuthandwayo, nelungelo labantu lokuguqula noma ukuqeda uhulumeni ocindezelayo, izigebeluleki, izigebezo, nezimpikiswano ezikhulwini ezimbili zeminyaka. Ukuqonda indlela isimiso somthetho esilawula isimiso sethu esilawulayo esilawulayo esidinga ngayo ukuhlolwa kwezimiso zasomthetho, ubuhlobo nendima yaso ezinqulwini eziphambili.

Umsuka Oyinkolelo - ze Wamalungelo Emvelo

Indima yesimemezelo edumile kakhulu ." Sibheka la maqiniso njengasobala, ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana, ukuthi uMdali wabo ubanike amalungelo athile angenakuhlukaniswa, phakathi kwalawa ukuphila, iNkululeko nokuphishekela injabulo"ayiyona nje indinganiso esobala. Ayiyona inkulumo eqondile yefilosofi engokomthetho, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi kaJohn Locke. ULocke waphikisa ngokuthi abantu banelungelo elingokwemvelo elikhona ngaphambi nangaphandle kohulumeni. Isimemezelo saguqula lefilosofi yaba yinkolelo yezombangazwe futhi ekugcineni, yaba indinganiso engokomthetho. Ngokugomela ukuthi lamalungelo "angenakuba khona," le ncwadi isikisela ukuthi akukho hulumeni ongazithatha ngaphandle kwesizathu nenqubo efanele.

Ukuphila, Inkululeko Nokuphishekela Injabulo Njengamatshe Angokomthetho Okuthinta

Nakuba lesiSimemezelo singachazi "ukuphishekela Injabulo" ngokwezimo ezingokomthetho, amazwi aye achazwa izinkantolo njengezihlanganisa inkululeko engokomnotho, ukuzimela komuntu, nelungelo lokufuna ukwaneliseka ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukahulumeni okuzimele. Lomqondo ufana kakhulu neziNguqulo zesihlanu ne 14th zeSimemezelo ukuze uqonde umbono woMsunguli wenkululeko. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ihlanganisa izici ezingenakulinganiswa zenhlala- kahle yomuntu. [FLD:] . [2] [1] [2]

Ukuvunyelwa Kwalabo Ababusayo: Isisekelo SoMthetho Ongokomthetho

ISimemezelo sithi "ohulumeni bamiswa phakathi kwamadoda, bathola amandla abo alungile ngokuvunyelwa ababuswayo" Lesi simiso siyisisekelo somthetho wentando yeningi yaseMelika. Kusho ukuthi imithetho ethola igunya layo ingesuka kumthetho we-monarchy noma ilungelo laphezulu, kodwa esivumelwaneni sabantu. Lomqondo usekela sonke isimiso somthetho se-U.S.: uMthetho-sisekelo wagunyazwa ngemihlangano kazwe emelela abantu; imithetho imiswa abamele abamele; futhi ngisho nezinqumo zokwahlulela zincike ekwakhenisweni okugunyaziwe ngesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi. Uma izinkantolo zishaya imithetho njengengagunyaziwe, zishaya imingcele yokuthi abantu, ngomthetho, baye bamisa uhulumeni, bafaka uhulumeni uhulumeni ngokuqondisa ukusebenza kwemfundiso yeSimemezelo.

Isimemezelo NoMthetho - sisekelo: Kuvumelana Kodwa Kuhlukile

Abantu abaningi bavumelana neSimemezelo Sokuzimela noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kodwa bafeza imisebenzi ehlukene engokomthetho. UMthetho-sisekelo uyisiqinisekiso sezimiso zezimiso zokwenza uzimele. Ngokuphawulekayo, uMthetho-sisekelo uyisibopho esingokomthetho esimisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni futhi sibala amandla akhethekile nemithetho enqabile. ISimemezelo Samalungelo Amalungelo (izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi) saqala ukusebenza ngo1791, iminyaka eyishumi ngemva kwalesiSimemezelo. Ngokucacile, uMthetho-sisekelo awukhulumi ngokucacile "Ukuphila, iNquluko, nokuphishekela injabulo" noma "ilungelo elingenamthethweni" embhalweni wayo. Kunalokho, ivikela inkululeko efana nenkulumo ekhululekileyo, ukuvivinya okungokwenkolo, nokuhlola okungenangqondo. ISimemezelo sinikeza ukuvikela okumelene noMthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho ogciniwe ngokuchaza inte.

"Umvuzo Wenjabulo Ongekhoyo" Emthethweni - sisekelo

Umehluko omkhulu kakhulu uwukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela "imfanelo" kunokuthi "ukuphishekela Injabulo" lokhu kushintshwa kubonisa ukugxila okuwusizo kwabaferame ekulondolozeni amalungelo omphakathi nokulinganisela uhulumeni. Noma kunjalo, ulimi olubanzi loMmemezelo luye lwathonya indlela izinkantolo eziqonda ngayo injongo yamalungelo empahla. Ngokwesibonelo, iSimemezelo sesihlanu sokuthatha uClausle//" nempahla yangasese ukuze isetshenziswe emphakathini, ngaphandle kokukhokhwa"" futhi ngokuvamile luchazwa njengendlela yokulawula yezentengiselwano kodwa njengesivikelo selungelo lomuntu lokuphishekela inzuzo yempahla nemisebenzi yomuntu siqu. INkanto ephakeme iphethe ukuthi amalungelo empahla azimele kodwa kumelwe alinganiswe ngokuncitshiswa, umqondo owenaniswa nenkolelo yomphakathi ukuthi uMthetho womthetho ukwenziwa.

Isimemezelo Esichaza Ukwahlulela: Ukusuka ERepublic Yakuqala Kuya Endulo Yanamuhla

Izinkantolo zaseMelika ziye zacaphuna iSimemezelo Sokuzimela emacaleni angamakhulu, kusukela ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokuba yizakhamuzi kuya elungelweni lomphakathi. Lencwadi ayinawo amandla angokomthetho aqondile elungiselelo noma lomthetho - sisekelo, kodwa ngokuvamile abahluleli babhekisela kuyo njengegunya elishukumisayo lokuveza incazelo yombhalo womthetho - sisekelo noma ukuveza izindinganiso eziyisisekelo isimiso somthetho esiklanyelwe ukuvikela.

Umthetho Wangaphambili: ICorfield v. Coryell Namalungelo Nezikhungo Zokubusa

Enye yezindlela ezinethonya zokuqala zokusetshenziswa kweSimemezelo seSimemezelo se-1823 kwezecala lika-Calt . Coryell, lapho uMahluleli weNkantolo Ephakeme Bushrod Washington (ehambisana nohambo) achaza khona amalungelo kanye no-Immunity Clausse of Article IV. Wahlela amalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamuzi zase-United States okumelwe zijabulele, kuhlanganise "ilungelo lesakhamuzi sombuso esisodwa esizodlula, noma ukuhlala kunoma yisiphi esinye isifundazwe," futhi wabhekisela ngokucacile ezimisweni zemvelo. Nakuba icala lingancikile ngokuqondile eSivumelweni seSimemezelo, lasungula isiko sokubheka amalungelo okumelwe siphawulwe ukuba aqonde amalungelo e-"amasuntry" futhi ngenxa yalokho abekwe ewumthetho.

Isimemezelo Nokulwela Ubugqila: Ukubonakala Okumnyama KukaDkted Scott

Ukuthembisana kokwahlulela okubi kakhulu ngeSimemezelo kwenzeka ku uDred Scott v. Sandford (1857]. IJaji eliyinhloko uRoger Taney, ebhalela iningi, yamemezela ngokwedumela ukuthi abantu abamnyama baseMelika babengahlanganisiwe emazwini "bonke abantu abadalwe belingana" ngakho-ke angeke babe izakhamuzi. UTaney waphikisa ukuthi ukuqonda kwaBasunguli uMemo akunakwenzeka kubantu abagqitshwe izigqila. Lesi sinqumo sabangela intukuthelo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwababhishoshoshoshoshoshoze ukuthi ulimi lwezwe lonke olulahla ubugqila. UAbraham Lincolk wafaka umbiko engxabanweni wakhe noStephen Douglaglas, ugcizelela ukuthi izimiso zencwadi zisebenza kubo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigaba sohlanga. Impi ye-Overst Information, 15th Reformations, kunye nomthetho owerst [12] kumthetho owenzisiwe. [ume]

Ikhulu Lama - 20: Isimemezelo Njengencwadi Ephilayo

[FFF], iNkantolo iqala ukuncika ngokucace kakhulu ezimisweni zeSimemezelo ezicaleni ezihilela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Kweyokubhikibha (1886), iNkantolo yacela isithembiso sokulinganisa ngokulingana ekubulaleni iSan Francisco umthetho owembula abaphathi bezingubo. [FLT] uJohn Marshall Harlan's odumile ku [[FLT:]] Phoppy v.[FLT][FLY] [186] [186] [186] yacaphuna isithembiso soMmemezelo woMmemezelo wokwe-Simemezelo wokubulala i-San Francisco umbango owenqabayo ezindaweni zomuntu siqu.[FF] [ence] ezikamele intente yenkululeko engokomthetho wemvelo, iveza i-'umthetho owembuyise, futhi ikhiphe iziqondiso zeze yezezezezezezena.[Frainst] [F] [F] [ense] [ense] [ense

Ithonya Lomthetho Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Isimemezelo Sokuzibusa siye saba isikhalo esikhuthaza cishe yonke imizabalazo emikhulu yezenhlalo emlandweni waseMelika.

Abashisekeli BobuJuda Nababhali - zincwadi

Ngekhulu le-19, abaphehli bomthetho basakaza amakhophi eSimemezelo futhi baphikisa ngokuthi ubugqila bephule izinkolelo zaso eziyisisekelo. UFrederick Douglas, enkulumweni yakhe ka-1852 ethi `Yini esigqilani ngo-July wesine?' bawudalula ngamandla ubuzenzisi bokugubha umkhosi wokuzibusa kuyilapho benqaba izigidi zabantu. Ngokufanayo, ababhishobhi bawa ngokuqondisisa iSimemezelo sawo se-Sentiments (1848) encwadini yokuqala, ethatha isikhundla "amadoda nabesifazane badalwa" ukuze bafune amalungelo angokomthetho abesifazane. Lezinhlangano zazingamane nje zicaphunyezele iSimemezelo somthetho; zazinga nje zisebenzise ukucukunga okunga okungagunyaza imithetho engekho ngokomthetho futhi ziphikisa imvume yomthetho.

Inkathi yamalungelo omphakathi nolimi lomthetho weSimemezelo

Umthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 kanye noMthetho we-Voing Rights ka-65 wawuyi-project yesithembiso soMvumelwano. Ngo-1963 "Nginephupho" inkulumo, uDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. wahlela ukulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi njengo-"isheshi eyabuya iphawu 'izimali ezingafanele'"" ."" iposi elisemthethweni elibhalwe eSivumelweni Sokuzikhulula. iSivumelo, ngokwengxenye lishukunyiswa yimibono yoMthetho woMvumelo, ukubeka imithetho enqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zomphakathi, umsebenzi, nokuvota. Isimiso somthetho sasabela ngokumisa lemithetho engokomthetho nangokushaya imithetho engokomthetho, ngokuvamile ngokuveza umbono wokulingana ngaphansi kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Ukuziphakamisa Nokulinganiselwa Kwanamuhla

Namuhla, lesiSimemezelo siyaqhubeka sithonya izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezindaweni ezinjengeziqu, izimfihlo, namandla aphezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo leSichibiyelo Sesibili lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali ngezinye izikhathi lihlobene nokukhuluma kwelungelo labantu lokuguqula noma ukuqeda uhulumeni (nakuba lencazelo isaphikiswa. ISimemezelo sivela futhi ezingxoxweni ze "mthetho wemvelo" ekuchazeni umthetho wezomthetho ngokomthetho, ikakhulukazi kubahluleli bokuqala nabaqondisi bemibhalo ebhalwe phansi ababheka ekuqondeni koMsunguli welungelo.

Isimemezelo Sokuphefumulelwa, Asiwona Umthetho Ophoqelelwayo

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi iSimemezelo se-Independent asinawo amandla angokomthetho aqondile enkantolo. Akekho ongamangalela ngaphansi kweSimemezelo sodwa; asiwona umthetho noma ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Kunalokho, ithonya laso aliqondile futhi alikho ukunxenxa. Uma umahluleli ecaphuna uBufakazi, basebenzisa bona ukukhanyisa izindinganiso ezisebenza ngoMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi njengesibonelo esibophayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ulimi olungacacile lweSimemezelo (umz. "Ukuphishekela injabulo") kungasetshenziswa ukusekela cishe noma yisiphi isikhundla sezombangazwe, kuyilapho abavikeli besekela ukuthi izimiso zaso zinikeza ikhampasi yezimiso zokuziphatha ezidingekayo esimisweni somthetho. Ngakho iSimemezelo somthetho siyindima ephefumlelwe nengaqondiswayo, hhayi ukuqondisa.

Isimemezelo Nomthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Ithonya lesiSimemezelo lidlulela ngalé kwemingcele yase-U.S. ulimi lwalo luye lwafakwa emamathuluzini amaningi alwela abantu emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise neSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (1948). Ingqungquthela yokuvula yencwadi ye-UN ." Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belingana ngamalungelo""(aeaccohoes Thomas Jefferson's proparecting. Izinkantolo zaseMelika ngezikhathi ezithile zicaphuna izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, kanye nezimiso zale mithetho yoMthetho zikhombekile kwamanye amazwe ejustistrumentment, ikakhulukazi emazweni avela ekoloneni. Lokhu kuveza isimo somthetho wembulunga yonke njengombhalo wesisekelo semibono yanamuhla yentando yentando yeningi kanye nelungelo labantu.

Isiphetho: Itshe Eliphathelene Nomthetho Eliqhubekayo

ISimemezelo se-Independent sisabalulekile, uma singabambi, sinamandla esimisweni somthetho waseMelika. Ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo emvelo, ukulingana, nohulumeni ngemvume kuye kwaguqula uMthetho-sisekelo, iSivumelwano samalungelo, nokulungisa. Izinkantolo ziye zawunxusa ukuba uqede ukucwasana ngokobuhlanga, uvikele inkululeko yomuntu siqu, futhi uqinisekise inkululeko eyisisekelo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ziye zasebenzisa ulimi lwazo ukufuna izinguquko ezingokomthetho eziye zandisa isigaba salabo abanelungelo "Ukuphila, iNquluko, nokuphishekela iNhlanhloko," nakuba iSimemezelo singesona umthombo oqinile womthetho, sinikeza uhlelo olulawula ukuchazwa okungokomthetho nokuqinisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zentando yentando yeningi. Njengoba kusekhona, izimiso zeSimemezelo ziyo ziyoqhubeka zisenza ithonya, futhi ziqhubeke inselele yemithetho yethu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngethonya elingokomthetho leSimemezelo, hlola iprojekthi yesizwe edluliswayo , [[FLT:] Cornell Information Institute yolwazi olusemthethweni esemthethweni eMthethweni wemvelo[[, futhi inikeza ukuhlaziywa okukhulu kobuhlobo phakathi kweSimemezelo noMthetho-sisekelo.