Table of Contents

Abaqondisi bezimoto bangomunye wemithwalo yemfanelo esobala nebalulekile kahulumeni wendawo, elungisa ngokuqondile ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi, abahambi, nezivakashi. Ngaphandle komgomo olula wokuthutha izimoto kusukela eqophelweni B, ukuqondisa kwezimoto okuphumelelayo kuhlanganisa ukuphepha komphakathi, amandla ezomnotho, ukulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile, kanye nokubukeka kokuphila. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kwendima enikezwa yimisebenzi yohulumeni bendawo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, izikhulu zezokuhamba, amaphoyisa, izinselele, izinselele, izimali, nokulawula izinhlelo zezempatho zanamuhla.

Ukuthunywa Kwezigebengu: Ukulinganisela Ukuxhashazwa Nokuphepha

Impikiswano eyisisekelo ekuqondiseni izimoto iphakathi kokundisa imoto phakathi kwemoto empompolozweyo nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabo bonke abasebenzisa imigwaqo, kuhlanganise nabahamba ngezinyawo, abagibeli bamabhayisikili, nabagibeli. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe basebenzise lokhu kulinganisela ngenhlanganisela yezezimali zezemisebenzi, izimiso zokuqondisa, inqubo yokuphoqelela, nokubopha umphakathi. INhlangano yaseMelika yeSizwe ne-Tortorgation Officements (ASHTO) kanye neNhlangano yezokuthutha inikeza iziqondiso eziphezulu, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kuyaqhubeka kuveza isayensi ehlukile yomphakathi ngamunye, izifunda, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, nezinto ezihamba phambili. Indikimba ekhulayo yokucwaninga ibonisa ukuthi imigwaqo ehlelwe kahle inganciphisa izingozi kanye kanye nokuthuthukisa izikhathi zokuhamba, kodwa ukufinyelela lemiphumela kudinga imininingwane, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso, okwenziwa ngezimiso ezihlelwa ngezimiso zezikhulu zendawo zendawo.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Yohulumeni Bendawo Ekuqondiseni Izimoto

Ohulumeni bendawo banawo futhi basebenzisa imigwaqo eminingi eqhele kakhulu e-United States, ngaphandle kwemigwaqo emikhulu kahulumeni namazwe ahlukene. Lokhu kunikeza iqoqo elikhulu lemithwalo yemfanelo ethatha indawo engaphezu kokufaka izimpawu nokudweba. Izindawo ezilandelayo zimelela imisebenzi eyinhloko ohulumeni bendawo abayenzayo ukuze balawule ukuhamba kwezimoto nokuphepha.

Ukuhlela Nokunakekela

Imigwaqo, amabhuloho, imigwaqwe, imizila yamabhayisekili, izimpawu zezimoto, kanye nezibani zasemgwaqweni ziyikho isisekelo sanoma yisiphi isimiso sokuqondisa izimoto. Ohulumeni bendawo banomthwalo wokuklama izakhiwo ezintsha ukuze kuhlangane nesidingo samanje sokuhamba, kuyilapho belondoloza impahla ekhona ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuminyana nezingozi. Uhlelo lokuhamba ngezikhathi ezimisiwe, ukuhlelwa kwendlela yokuhamba kwemoto, ukuhlelwa kwe-geometry, nokunqanda ukutholakala kwayo yonke into yehlela ngaphansi kwale simiso somgwaqo. I-Federal Highway Ad Administration (FWA) ilinganisela ukuthi cishe imigwaqo eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-5 ehambayo, idinga ukugcinwa kwemali eyinhloko. Ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi ephambili kuhilela ukuhlelwa kwesimiso sokulungiswa kwendlela kanye nokuphepha, ngokuvamile i-erotivelventsss , ivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu.

Imithetho Yezimoto Nemithetho Ephoqelelwayo

Imingcele yejubane, imingcele yokupaka izimoto, ihlela imikhawulo yokuvimbela, nemishini yokulawula izimoto emiswa ngemithetho yendawo, ngokuvamile ngesilinganiso sikahulumeni okwazi ukumisa umthetho. Ohulumeni bendawo babeka isilinganiso sejubane elisekelwe ezifundweni zobunjiniyela ezicabangela i-geometry, indawo eseduze nokusetshenziswa kwezwe, umlando wokuphahlaza, nomthamo wezimoto. Ukubekwa kwalemithetho kuqhutshwa ngemishini yeze-athonsi, futhi kusetshenziswa futhi kusetshenziswa kakhulu yimishini yezehlakalo ezisezingeni elibomvu, ukuphatha i-DUI, kanye nokushayela ngobudlova. Ukusebenza komthetho kuxhomeke ekubekeni imithetho ecacile, nokuthemba komphakathi. I-Automatrated amathuluzi asebenza njengemishini ebomvu nesivinini kusetshenziswa kakhulu ngohulumeni bendawo ukuze kufakwe ukuhlanganisa kwezelule impikiswano yezeko.

Ukuhlola Izimoto, Ukuqoqwa Kokwaziswa Nokuhlaziywa

Ukwenziwa kwemininingwane kusemqoka kubaphathi bezimoto banamuhla. Ohulumeni bendawo baqhuba izilinganiso zezokuhamba, ukuhlola isikhathi, ukujikeleza kwemigwaqo, nokuhlolwa kwesiqalo sokuqonda izindlela zokuhamba. Ukwaziswa okufinyezayo kucaciswa ukuze kuphawulwe izindawo eziphakeme (izinhlayiya) nokuhlola ukusebenza kwezindlela zokuphepha. Izinhlangano zendawo eziphambili zisebenzisa izinzwa ze-Bluetooth, irada, kanye nemininingwane yezimoto ehlangeneyo ukuze kuhlolwe izimo zangempela zesikhathi. Imiphumela yalezi zifundo inikeza ulwazi ngezimpawu zemisebenzi emikhulu yezesikhathi. Ngaphandle kokuqoqwa kwemininingwane eqinile nenhlaziywe, ohulumeni bendawo bafaka izingozi zokungahambi kahle emithola imithombo yezo yokuphepha noma ukuvimbela izinhlelo zokuhlola ezingekho esimweni esikhona.

Ukuvumelana Nomthetho Nokusetshenziswa Kwezinkonzo Eziphuthumayo

Abaphathi bezimoto babambisana ekusebenzeni kweminyango eminingi. Imithetho inikeza ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezengozi, nokuhlelwa kwemithetho yezimoto. Imishini yomlilo neyosizo oluphuthumayo idinga izindlela ezithembekile zokungena futhi kungadingeka imigwaqo evalekile okwesikhashana. Izinhlangano ze-Transit zisebenzisa amabhasi nenja ekhanyisayo esebenzelana nezimoto ezivamile. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bavumelane ngokuhambelana ngekomiti emile, izinqubo zokuhlela, nangezimiso zemininingwane yemininingwane. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isenzakalo esikhulu esinjengemidlalo noma umkhosi sidala izicelo zezimoto ezingavamile, onjiniyela bezimoto basebenza namaphoyisa okulungisa imigwaqo yesikhashana, imingcele yezokupaka, kanye nezinguquko zesikhathi sangempela.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokwanda Komphakathi

Izinqumo zokuqondisa izimoto zivame ukuvusa isithakazelo esiqinile emphakathini, ikakhulukazi uma zihilela izinguquko zesivinini, ukupaka imoto, noma umklamo wemigwaqo. Ohulumeni bendawo banomthwalo wemfanelo wokucela nokufaka imvume yomphakathi ngemihlangano yomphakathi, ukuhlola nge-inthanethi, amabhodi okuqondisa, futhi bahlongoze ukufinyelela inani labantu abangelutho. Ukungenela umphakathi kusiza ekuphawuleni izindaba ezingase zivele ezisendabeni zenhlekelele, njengokukhathalela ukuphepha okucatshangelwayo ephambanweni noma ekuminyaneni okungapheli eduze kwesikole. Izivumelwano eziphumelelayo zakha ukuthemba nokumelana nokumelana nezindlela ezintsha, njengokudla okungadla umgwaqo noma amabhayisekili anikezelwe. Nokho, ukulinganisela izithakazelo eziqhaza izithano eziphakathiniswe phakathi kwezimoto, amabhizinisi, amabhizinisi, nezakhamuzi.[8]

Umshini Wokuthutha Izimoto

Ukuqondisa ukuhamba kwezimoto ngaphandle kokuyekethisa kudinga ithuluzi lokusebenza. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa la maqhinga ngokusekelwe ezimweni zendawo, ekutholeni imali, nasejongweni lezombangazwe. Amasu alandelayo abonisa izindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuhamba kwezimoto.

Ukuvumelana Kwabantu Ngezikhathi Ezingafani Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Izimpawu zezimoto ziyindlela eyodwa enethonya kakhulu yokulawula imigwaqo yasemadolobheni. Onjiniyela bendawo bahlela isikhathi sokunikeza iziyalezo ukuze banciphise ukuqhubekeka (amaza aluhlaza okwengca), banciphise, futhi babhekane nesidingo esihlukile phakathi kosuku. Izimiso ezithuthukile zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokulawula izimpawu (ASCT) obuzivumelanisa ngokuzenzekelayo nesikhathi esisekelwe ekwazini okungokoqobo kwezimoto. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izimpawu ezihlangene kahle zinganciphisa izikhathi zokuhamba nge 10/30%, ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha okuphansi, nokuncishiswa kwegesi. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo baye bashintsha isikhathi esimisiwe besebenzisa imishini elawulayo ukuze baqhube noma balungise imishini emincane, nakuba izindleko zokulungisa nokulungisa imishini emincane zilokhu zinezithiyo.

Ukuzungeza Kwamaplanethi Nemiklamo Yanamuhla

Izindawo ezingqukuva ziye zaba yindawo ethandwayo ezindaweni zokuhlangana ezilawulwa ngezimpawu ezingokwesiko zohulumeni abaningi bendawo ngenxa yokuphepha kwabo okuqinisekisiwe nezinzuzo ezisebenzayo. I-FHWA iveza ukujikeleza njengesilinganiso esiqinisekisiwe sokuphepha, iphawula ukuthi inciphisa zonke izinhlobo zengozi ngo 35% nokulimala okungu 76% ezinqamule imigwaqo ehamba ngezinyawo ezimbili ezilawulwayo. Ihlela futhi inciphisa isidingo semishini yokushaya izimpawu, inciphisa izindleko eziqhubekayo zokuzilondoloza nokuzibambezela phakathi nokuphuma kwamandla. Nokho, ukujikeleza kudinga indawo engaphezu kwemigwaqo evamile, futhi ukwamukelwa komphakathi kungancipha ngenxa yokuqala yezindawo ezingajwayelekile. Ngokuvamile uhulumeni bendawo ihlanganisa ukufakwa kwemishini yomphakathi ngemikhankambo yeze yeze yezemfundo.

Ukuguquka Okuzinikezele Nezinsika Ezibhayisekili

Izindlela zokuhamba ngemoto ezingekho eyodwa ziyindlela eyinhloko yokunciphisa ukuminyana nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha. Imigwaqo yamabhasi enikezelwe (ebizwa nangokuthi i-bhasi esheshayo, noma i-BRT, amaphasishi) ivumela izimoto ezihambayo ukuba zidlule izimoto ezivamile, zithuthukise ukwethembeka nokukhanga abagibeli abashayeli abasha. Ngokufanayo, imigwaqo evikelekile yamabhayisekili ehlukanisa amabhayisekili nezimoto ezihambayo, ngokuphawulekayo ukunciphisa ingozi yokushayisana. Izingozi zezimoto zihlanganisa i-injini ye-injini ye-injini. Izibonelo zamazwe asendaweni yakhona ziye zamukela imigwaqweqweqwele yezimoto (ne) i-injini ye-injini ekhuselweyo, inciphisa imikhondo yezimoto ezihambayo.

Izimiso Zokuhamba Ezihlakaniphile (ITS)

IMINYE ihlanganisa uhide lwezobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezimoto. Ohulumeni bendawo bathumela izimpawu eziguquguqukayo zomyalezo (i-VMS) ukuze banikeze ukwaziswa okuthatha isikhathi esingokoqobo, amakhamera okuhlola izenzakalo, nezimiso zokulawula imizila ezinamandla ezilungisa izabelo zemizila esekelwe ekufunekeni. Ezinye izinhlangano ziye zasungula izikhungo eziphambili zokuqondisa izimoto (TMC) ezihlanganisa ukwaziswa okuvela emithonjeni eminingi ukuze zihambisane nokuminyana, ukuphahlazeka, nezenzakalo ezikhethekile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ITS nezimoto ezix (CV) kanye nezimoto ezihambayo zisebenzisa izimoto kumele umngcele olandelayo, nakuba ubuchwepheshe obusakazekile busekude kakhulu kohulumeni abaningi bendawo.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenguquko Yomphakathi Nokuphathwa Kwesidingo Sokuhamba

Ukunciphisa inani lezimoto emgwaqweni ngokuvamile kunciphisa izindleko kunokunezela amandla omgwaqo. Ohulumeni bendawo batshala intuthuko yokuthutha umphakathi ngokukhushulwa kwamahora enkonzo engeziwe, nokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokuthutha, ukuthutha nokuthutha okungcono, ukuhambisa izinto ezikhanga kakhulu. Izinhlelo zokuhamba zikhuthaza izindlela zokushayela zodwa ngokusebenzisa izimfihlo zomqashi, ukusekela imoto, ukulingana, nokupaka imoto. Amanye amadolobha aye asungula izifunda ezihlanganisa i-locationsting, njengaseLondon nase-Stockholm, nakuba imithetho enjalo ingavamile eUnited States ngenxa yemigoqo yezombangazwe. Ohulumeni bendawo bakhuthaza nezikhamiso zokuqala zebhayisekile, kuhlanganise nokusekela izimoto, ukuhlanganisa izinkonzo zokupaka izimoto, ukuhlanganisa nemishini encishiniswe ngezikhungosi.

Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Ohulumeni Bendawo

Ukuphepha kwemigwaqo kuyindaba yomphakathi eyisisekelo yezempilo. Ngo-2022, abantu abangaphezu kuka-42 000 bafa ezingozini zezimoto e-United States, futhi abahamba ngezinyawo nabahamba ngebhayisikili bafinyelela emazingeni aphakeme kakhulu emashumini eminyaka. Ohulumeni bendawo baye basabela ngezinhlelo eziqondene nokulondeka nezimiso, eziningi zazo eziyingxenye yenhlangano ye-Resource Zero ebanzi, ehlose ukuqeda zonke izingozi zezimoto kanye nokulimala okukhulu.

Iqanda Lombono Lisondela

Amadolobha ase-U.S. agunyazwa amadolobha angaphezu kuka-50, i-Vioparent Zero redeporation i-spected ukuphepha kwezimoto njengendaba yezimiso ezisemgangathweni kunokuba bathi izingozi zibangelwa yiphutha lomshayeli kuphela. Ohulumeni bendawo abasebenzisa lokhu kuhlola isisekelo sokushayelela izingozi eziphelele, bamise izimpawu ezicacile zokunciphisa izingozi zengozi, futhi basebenzise imishini eqinisekisiwe, ukuphoqelela, nezindlela zemfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, eSeattle, uhlelo lwe-Resoion Zerot quet lunciphise ukufa kwabantu ngezikhathi zezimoto ezingaphezulu kwa-30% kusukela ngo-20% kusuka ngo-2015 ngezindlela eziphambili eziphambili ezihambayokwehlela izimpawu (LPIs) ezishaya izimpawu zezimoto, futhi i-Resouay Network Network Network yemfundo yezemfundo. I-Droosetwe i-osetwe inikeza imithombo kanye nethuba lokufunda izinhlangano zendawo zendawo zendawo.

Izindlela Eziphephile Eziya Esikoleni Nasemazweni Okuphepha Omphakathi

Izingane ziphakathi kwabasebenzisa umgwaqo abasengozini kakhulu, futhi ohulumeni bendawo babeka ukuphepha eduze kwezikole ngezindlela eziphephile zesikole (SRTS) uhlelo. Zixhaswe yi-Infrablic Reformationment and Jobs Act (IJA), izimali zokuhamba ngezinyawo nezokusebenza kwamabhayisekili, intuthuko yezinhlelo zonogada, kanye nezifundo zemfundo. Ngokufanayo, amadolobha amaningi aye amisa izindawo zokuphepha zomphakathi eziseduze kwezikhungo zakudala, izibhedlela, noma amapaki .

Ukudlulela Nokutholakala Kwawo

Amathuba okunqamula aphephile abalulekile kubantu abahamba ngezinyawo, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni eziphakathi kanye nasemigwaqweni eyinkimbinkimbi. Ohulumeni bendawo bafaka amabhange aphawuliwe, iziqhingi zokuphephela zabahamba ngezinyawo, amaza asheshayo (amaRFB), kanye nezimpawu ezibonisa izimoto ezihambayo (Izimpawu ze-HAWK) ukuze bathuthukise ukubonakala nomshayeli ovumela ukuziphatha. AmaMelika anemidanti ekhubazekile afuna ukuba abantu abahamba ngezinyawo bangene ngokukhubazeka, baqhube ukufakwa kwemigqa enqandayo, izimpawu zesixwayiso ezisheshayo, kanye nezimpawu ezifinyezayo (IPS) ezibonisa ukuzwakalayo kanye nezokuhamba. I-ADA iyindisho esemthethweni futhi izimali eziphambili kubantu abahamba ngeminyango bendawo.

Imikhankaso Yokuxwayisa Umphakathi

Imikhankaso yemfundo ingaphelelisa ubunjiniyela nokuqiniswa kwemithetho ukuze kushintshwe ukuziphatha. Ohulumeni bendawo baqala imikhankaso eqondile ephazamisayo njengokushayela, ukushayela, ukugijima nokubona abantu. Izembu jikelele, izikhangiso zezentengiselwano, izikhangiso zethelevishini, nezinhlelo zesikole zivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, “Izintambo, i-Fourses Dow” kumazwe ahlukahlukene iye yazama ukunciphisa ukuphambuka nokushayela. Nakuba ukuqaphela umphakathi kukodwa kunganele ukwenza ushintsho olukhulu lwendlela yokuziphatha, kuyasiza ekusekeleni ukugcinwa kwemithetho yemisebenzi yezenzwe nemishini yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi.

Ukubona Imininingwane Ngokubona Kahle Nokusebenza

Ohulumeni bendawo basakaza ngokuqhubekayo amabhodi okuphahlazeka kokwaziswa okushayelwayo ukuze kwandiswe ukubonakala kwangaphandle nokwenza izinqumo eziqondisayo. Ngokwenza ukwaziswa okushaqisayo kutholakale obala, izinhlangano zingabona izinkinga zokuphepha ezivelayo futhi zibonise ukulandisa. Izinyathelo zomsebenzi ezinjengengozi emotweni eqhele (VMT), inani lezingozi ezinkulu, nebhayisekili/ingozi yebhayisekili ligcinwa kahle unyaka wonke. I-Federal Highway Administration’s Highway Refective Program (HSIP) inikeza izimali zemisebenzi yokuphepha, idinga ukukhethwa kwe-data esetshenzwashini eprojective project. Ohulumeni bendawo abahamba phambili ekwazinisweni ngokuvamile banikezwa indawo engcono ukuze banciphekele i-moye-moyeni yombuso futhi banikeze i-umbuso.

Ukuhileleka Komphakathi Ekuqondiseni Izimoto

Abaphathi bezimoto abaphumelelayo abanakubekwa phezulu; kudinga ukuxoxa okuqhubekayo phakathi kukahulumeni wendawo nabantu abasebenzisa imigwaqo. Ukuhileleka komphakathi kunezici eziningi, kusukela kumakomiti angokomthetho aqondisayo kuya emihlanganweni yesikhashana yomphakathi. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zezimoto zibonisa izidingo nezindinganiso zendawo, kuyilapho futhi kwakha ukusekela komphakathi ushintsho ngezinye izikhathi oluyimpikiswano.

Imihlangano Yeningi Nezinhlelo Zezindlebe

Uma uhulumeni wendawo ehlongoza uphawu olusha lwezimoto, ukudla komgwaqo, noma ukushintsha kwe-packart, umthetho kahulumeni udinga ukuthethwa komphakathi. Le mihlangano inikeza i-commeter kuzakhamuzi, abanikazi bebhizinisi, nabanye ababophayo ukuba bakhulume ngezizathu eziphazamisanayo futhi basikisele ezinye izindlela. Nakuba imihlangano engokwesiko ingabuswa abaphikisi abaningi abaphikisi abaphikisi abaphilile, izinhlangano eziningi manje zinezela kuzo ngamapulatifomu, izintshumayelo eziqoshiwe, nezinkelelelo ezibhaliwe ukuze zifinyelele ezibusweni eziningi.

Amabhodi Akhangisayo Namabutho Omsebenzi

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bamisa izindikimba ezihlala njalo noma ezihlongozayo ukuze zinikeze ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo kwezokuhamba nezokuthutha. Lamabhodi angahlanganisa abameleli abahlangene nomphakathi, imifelandawo, amabhayisekili, ukuhambisa amaqembu okukhubazeka, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, nomphakathi wezebhizinisi. Nakuba amabhodi okuqondisa angenagunya elibophayo, ukutusa kwabo kunezikhundla eziphawulekayo ezikhethiwe nezisebenzi zezezosizo. Emadolobheni anamasiko aqinile ezakhamuzi, lezindikimba zingathonya yonke into kusukela esikhathini esimisiwe kuya eziqongweni eziyinhloko zezimali eziyinhloko zezezinhloko - dolobha.

Ukuhlola Nokuhlanganyela Kwezinombolo

Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bomphakathi kuye kwandisa amathuluzi akhona ukuze kuhlangane umphakathi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Online, amathuluzi okubala amabala (njenge-MetroQuest noma i-Polco), kanye nokuhlola kwezenhlalo yezokuxhumana kuvumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba baqoqe ukwaziswa kubantu abaningi kakhulu futhi abahlukene kakhulu kunemihlangano yendabuko kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elihlela uhlelo lokulungisa amabhayisekili lingase lisebenzise ibalazwe le-inthanethi lapho izakhamuzi zingalahla khona izipini ezithandekayo zezindawo ezintsha zamabhayisekili noma izindawo eziyingozi. La mathuluzi emishini asebenza kakhulu ekufinyeleleni izakhamuzi ezisezingeni lokulalela umphakathi.

Ukucabangela Ukungalingani Kwezivumelwano

Izinqumo zokuphatha izimoto zingaba nemiphumela emiphakathini ethola imali ephansi nemiphakathi enemibala ephansi, eye yasinda ngokomlando ngemishini ehamba ngezinyawo ehamba ngezinyawo, izakhiwo ezingezinhle, kanye namazinga aphakeme okuphahlazeka kwezimoto. Ohulumeni bendawo manje bazama ukuphatha isithembiso esifinyelelwe esiqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi aphansi angokomlando azwakalayo. Lokhu kungahilela ukusebenzelana nezinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini, ukunikeza ukuhumusha nezinkonzo zokuchaza, ukugcina imihlangano ezindaweni ezifinyelelekayo nasezikhathini, nokunikeza usizo lwezingane kanye nezokuthutha. Umgomo ukudlula ukufinyelela ekufinyeleleni okulula ezindleleni zomphakathi eziqotho ezingenisweni zezimoto ezithintekile kakhulu.

Ukuhlola Ukuphathwa Kwezimoto Okuphumelelayo

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela ohulumeni bendawo abangasebenzisa ngayo inhlanganisela yamasu ukuze bafinyelele intuthuko ephawulekayo ekumileni kwezimoto nasekuphepheni.

Portland, Oregon: IBribboards NeGreen Street

IPortland sekuyisikhathi eside ingumholi wezinto zokuhamba eziqinile. Imigwaqo yedolobha ehamba ngezinyawo ebanzi eklanyelwe abagibeli nabahamba ngezinyawo − iye yaba isibonelo sesizwe. Ngokusebenzisa imishini edambisa izimoto, ukuwela okuphambili, nokuthola izimpawu, iPortland iye yakhuthaza ukwanda okuphindwe kayishumi kokuhamba ngebhayisekili kusukela ngo-1990. Ibhayisekili ledolobha le-oulevard eNeeg Street linciphisa ijubane lezimoto kuyilapho igcina ukungena kwezakhamuzi zendawo. Indlela yePortland ibonisa ukuthi ukutshala izimali ezinikezelweyo ezindleleni zokuhamba kunganciphisa umfutho lwemicimbiza yemicimbiza ngaphandle kokufuna ukwanda komgwaqo obizayo.

Idolobha LaseNew York: Iqanda Lokubona Nokuvikela U - bike Lane

Isimiso seResource Zero saseNew York City, esaqanjwa ngo-2014, siye saba esinye sezinyathelo eziphambili zokuphepha emgwaqweni e-United States. Idolobha liye lahlela amakhulu emigwaqo neziqhingi zabahamba ngezinyawo, ihole abantu abahamba ngezinyawo, nezindlela ezivikelweyo zokuhamba ngebhayisekili. Kuwokuqala naku-Second Avenues, ukufakwa kwemigwaqo evikelweyo kwanciphisa ukulimala kubo bonke abasebenzisi bezimoto ngo-20%. Idolobha futhi liye lamisa isivinini sekhamera ezindaweni ezingu-750, okuphumela ekunciphekeni okukhulu kokuhamba kwejubane nezingozi zezombangazwe. Naphezu kwezinselele zezombangazwe, i-NYC iye yanciphisa kancane kancane ukubulala izimoto, ibonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kweminyango yezezombangazwe ne-data kungasindisa ukuphila.

ILondon, eUnited Kingdom: I - Congestion Pricing

Ukuminyana kwe-London okuminyana okuthiyayo, okwaqala ngo-2003, kwakungokunye kokusetshenziswa kokuqala kwesilinganiso esikhulu sokuthuthukisa izimoto edolobheni elikhulu lembulunga yonke. Abashayeli abangena engxenyeni ephakathi kwesonto bakhokhela imiholo yezimoto nsuku zonke, eye yanciphisa imitha yomgwaqo cishe ngamaphesenti angu-30% futhi yanciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngo-15%. Imali ekhiqizwayo isetshenziswa ekuthuthukiseni izimoto, kuhlanganise nokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zebhasi nezindawo ezisemjikelezweni. Icebo lokulwa nezindawo zokuzimela ibhasi libhekene nokuphikiswa okukhulu kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi liye lathola ukusekelwa okukhulu ngenxa yezinzuzo zalo ezibonakalayo. ILondon inikeza ucwaningo olunamandla kuhulumeni bendawo ecabangela ukusetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuqondisa izicelo, nakuba izombangazwe zisephansi kakhulu eU.S.

Izinselele Ohulumeni Bendawo Ababhekene Nazo

Naphezu kwenqwaba yamathuluzi atholakalayo, ohulumeni bendawo babhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ezibavimbela ukuba bakwazi ukulawula ukuhamba kwezimoto nokuphepha ngendlela efanele.

Izimo Zokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokungaqiniseki

Izakhiwo zendawo zidinga ukudlula kakhulu izimali ezikhona. Amadolo amaningi axhasa ezokuthutha ngentela yempahla yendawo, intela yokuthengisela, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwentela kahulumeni, okungahambisani nokunyuka kwamandla emali noma izindleko ezikhulayo zezinto. Ukushintshela ezimotweni zikagesi kuqeda intela yegesi. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo kumelwe bahlele imisebenzi evikela ukuphila, njengokulungisa amabhuloho kanye nokuthuthukisa i-ADA, ukukhushukumiswa kwezimoto. Ngaphandle kokuzinzisa okuphuthumayo. I-antititive izinhlelo zeRAISE (Reaultrastmental RAcylee (ISlactive Ins) intela ye-operactiveasensity ne-Ectives) inikeza izicelo ezinkulu zenhloko-nhloko-kartment, kodwa badinga ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kweminyango, ukufakwa kwezentengosi ezindaweni ezigciniwe. Ngaphandle kokuzinziswa kwemali, izinhlangano zendawo zendawo.

Izombangazwe Nomphakathi Kuyamelana Nokushintsha

Izinguquko zezimoto zivame ukubangela ukuphikiswa kwezakhamuzi nabaphathi bamabhizinisi abesaba ukuminyana okukhuphuka, ukumisa izimoto, noma ukushintsha izindlela zokuhamba. Ukudla okususa imizila yokuhamba ukuze kufake amabhayisekili noma imizila emikhulu kungabangela ukuwohloka okukhulu kwemidanti, ngisho noma ukwaziswa kubonisa ukuthi ithuthukisa ukuphepha ngaphandle kokuminyana okuyandayo. Ngokufanayo, amakhamera esivinini kanye namakhamera abomvu akhanyisayo ngokuvamile kugxekwa ngokuthi amapayipile emali kunokuba amathuluzi okuphepha. Izikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe kumelwe zihambe kulendawo yezombangazwe, zilinganisele isidingo sokuthuthuka ngokucindezela kokulondoloza isimo. Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo nokusetshenziswa kwemishini kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukumelana nokwanda kwemoto, kodwa kuhlala kuyinselele.

Ukushesha Kwamabhange Nokwanda Kwenani Labantu

Amadolobha amaningi abhekene nokwanda kwenani labantu okudlula ukwanda kwezakhiwo zokuhamba. Abantu abaningi basho izimoto ezengeziwe, isidingo esikhulu sokulawula indawo enqandayo (isibonelo, ukugibela amaveni athuthayo, amaloli okuthutha imoto), kanye nokucindezela okwengeziwe emigwaqweni egcwele kakade. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe balawule lokhu kwanda kuyilapho bevimbela ukwanda okufanayo kokufa kwezimoto. Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo, ukuthuthuka okusekelwe endleleni, nezimiso zemigwaqo eziphelele ziyingxenye yekhambi, kodwa zidinga ukuhlangana phakathi kokuhlelwa, ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo, nezinhlangano zezokuthutha cishe ziqhekene. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukwanda kwezimoto okuhlelekile, ngisho nezindlela zokuphatha izimoto ezingcono kakhulu zinganqotshwa.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe Nokuwohloka Kwesimiso Sobuchwepheshe

Abaqondisi bezimoto banamuhla bancike kakhulu ezimisweni ezixhunyiwe − abalawuli bezimpawu abaxhumanisa nge-software ephakathi, amakhamera angenayo i-computer video, nezimpawu zemiyalezo eziguquguqukayo ezingase zishintshwe kude. Lamathuluzi obuchwepheshe aletha impumelelo kodwa adala futhi amabhungane. I-Cybersecurity boobles ingavumela abadlali abayingozi ukuba baphazamise izimpawu zezimoto, babangele ukuhlelwa kwe-oprockbock noma izimo eziyingozi. Ukuhlasela kwamuva kwe-reawebhu yomthetho womphakathi kugcizelela isidingo sescrectersetivery actives nezimiso zokusekela isisekelo. Ohulumeni abambalwa bendawo ngokuvamile abanazokunikezelwa kakhulu ukuba bangazikhonzi izisebenzi ze-IT, zikwazi ukuzifaka kalula. Njengoba isimiso sokuhamba sixhumana kuxhume kakhulu, ukuhlasela okuqhubekayo, kudinga ukuhweba okuqhubekayo ezimisweni zokuphepha ezigciniweyo.

Izisebenzi Nezindawo Ezincane

Ukuqasha nokugcina onjiniyela bezimoto abafanelekayo, abahleli, nabahlaziyi bemininingwane yemininingwane kuyinselele kohulumeni abaningi bendawo, ikakhulukazi labo abasezindaweni zasemaphandleni noma ezicindezelekile ngokwezomnotho. Iholo lezisebenzi ezizimele lisusa iziphiwo zemisebenzi yomphakathi. Ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwabaphathi bezimoto banamuhla .(ukuphelelwa ulwazi lwe-software, izinzwa, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemishini yezokuhlola imishini ekhona. Izindawo ezincane zisebenza ngezinhlangano zezifunda noma ochwepheshe abazimele ukuze zigcwalise izikhala, kodwa lokhu kungabiza futhi kunciphise ukulawulwa kwendawo. Ukukhomba umsebenzi kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo bangasebenzisa izinhlelo ezichazwe kulesi sihloko.

Ikusasa Lokuphathwa Kwezimoto

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa ukuxubana nokulungisa izinto eziza kuqala kulungisa indlela yokulawula izimoto. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe balungiselele ikusasa elizihambelayo, elihlangene kakhulu, futhi eligxile kakhulu ekulondolozeni nasekulinganiseni kunanini ngaphambili.

I - “behicles ” Exhunyiwe Nezizenzekelayo (I - cavs)

Ubuchwepheshe bezimoto obuhlangene buvumela izimoto ukuba zixhumane (V2V) kanye nesisekelo (V2I), ukuze zikwazi ukusebenzisa imishini enjengokunqanda ukungqubana kwemigwaqo, izimpawu zangempela zangaphambi kokuhamba kwezimoto eziphuthumayo, kanye nokuzilungisa ngamandla. Izimoto ezizimo ezizihambelayo, nakuba zisekhona, zithembisa ukunciphisa iphutha lomuntu, okubangela ukuphahlazeka okukhulu kwemikhumbi ehambayo. Nokho, ukushintshela enqoleni yezimoto ezisemotweni ezizihambelayo kuyothatha amashumi amaningi eminyaka, futhi ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bahlele indawo ehlukene lapho izimoto zisebenza khona eduze kwezimoto ezivamile, amabhayisekili, nabahamba ngezinyawo. Lokhu kudinga ukushintshwa kwemithetho, iziqondiso ezimisha, nezivumelwano ezintsha.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuklanyweyo Nezibikezelo Ezibikezelayo

I-AI ingahlaziya izilinganiso ezinkulu zemininingwane yezimoto zokubikezela ukuminyana kwezimoto, ukuqaphela izingozi zenhlekelele, kanye nokuhlela isikhathi sokusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela. Imishini yokufunda ingabikezela isidingo esisekelwe esimweni sezulu, ezehlakalweni, nasemiklamweni engokomlando, ivumele abaphathi bezimoto ukuba balungise izimiso ezisebenzayo. Abanye ohulumeni bendawo baqondisa izikhungo zokuphathwa kwezimoto ezinamandla e-AI ezisabela ngokuzenzakalela ezingozini ngokuzihlela kabusha izimoto noma ngezimpawu ezilungisayo. Nakuba i-AII inakho ukukwazi ukubhekana nesidingo sokwaziswa, futhi kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngemibandela yezomthetho wezomthetho, ukuguquguquka izimpawu zezimoto ezisezimweni ezibucayi. Ohulumeni bendawo abamukela i-AIAR kumelwe baqinisekise ukuba sobala nokuzisebenzise.

Ukulondolozwa Kwezimo Nezimo Zezulu

Ukulawula izimoto kuya kuhlanganiswa nenhloso yesimo sezulu. Ukunciphisa imoto ehamba amakhilomitha ahamba nge-(VMT) ngendlela ehamba ngayo, ukukhuthaza imoto ehamba ngemishini (EV) ehamba ngezindlela ezihambayo, nokuklama imigwaqo yokulawula amanzi anesiphepho kuyizibonelo zendlela izinhlangano zokuhamba ezingasiza ngayo ekulondolozweni kwendawo ezungezile. Ohulumeni bendawo futhi bafaka ukuqina kwesimo sezulu ekwakheni kwezimoto ezilawula izimoto (ngokwesibonelo, ukuphakamisa iziteshi zezimoto ukuze zivikele izikhukhula, noma ukusebenzisa imifantula yemigwaqo emigwaqweni ephansi. Izindlela zokuqondisa izimoto nezokunyakaza kwezulu ziyo ziyo ziyokhula ngokuphakama kakhulu uma izenzakalo zezulu zezulu ziqhubeka.

Ukuphathwa kwezimoto okuhlangene

Ikusasa lokuphathwa kwezimoto kumelwe lihlele i-equality. Lokhu kusho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imiphakathi ingenayo inzuzo, uhlanga, noma ikhono lokuhamba ("ikwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngokuphepha, ukuthenga nokuyithemba". Ohulumeni bendawo baqala ukusebenzisa i-quity metrics ekukhetheni iprojekthi, isebenzise ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-oceal cources kuqala, futhi imigwaqo ebomvu esendaweni engokomlando ehlukene. Ukuhamba ngakuyo kuya “kwidolobha elinamathumbuna ayi-15,” lapho izakhamuzi zingahlangabezana khona nezidingo eziningi zansuku zonke phakathi nohambo olufushane noma ukugibela ibhayisela ibhayisekile, zihambisana nalombono. Ukuphumelela kwemisebenzi engaphansi kokuphatha izimoto akudingi ubuchwepheshe kuphela kodwa futhi ukuzinikela ekulawuleni kanye nempahla.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni bendawo bamile phambili ekuqondiseni izimoto, belinganisela izindleko ezivame ukuhlanganiswa zokuhamba, ukuphepha, ukuphatha indawo ezungezile, nokusetshenziswa komphakathi. Ngokuhlela ngokucophelela, ukusebenzisa imishini yobuchwepheshe, ukuqiniswa komthetho, nokubophana okuqotho nomphakathi, bangakha izimiso zokuhamba ezisiza wonke umuntu ngokuphumelelayo. Izinselele zinkulu mayelana nezindleko zemali, ukumelana nezombangazwe, ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe okusheshayo, kanye nokungaguquguquki kwezindawo zezobuchwepheshe, kodwa namathuba aqhubekayo. Njengoba amadolobha nezindawo zokulawula izimoto ziqhubeka zikhomba, indima kahulumeni wendawo elawula izimoto iyohlala ibucayi, ifuna ukuhlaziselana, ukubambisana, nokuqina kwemigomo esindisa ukuphila nokuthuthukisa ukuphila. Ngokulungisa izinhlelo zezentengoniso nezimiso zendawo, ohulumeni bendawo ngeke bashintshe kuphela kodwa bashintshe imigwaqo yezimoto, futhi baphumelele kuyo yonke imisebenzi.