Indima YabaHluleli: Ukuhumusha Imithetho Nokubona Izilingo Ngokweqile

Abahluleli basendaweni eyinhloko kunoma isiphi isimiso somthetho esisebenzayo, abasebenza njengabameli abangakhethi abasebenzisa umthetho ukuze baxazulule izingxabano futhi basekele ubulungisa. Igunya labo lidlulela ngalé kokwenza izinqumo ezilula; bachaza izimiso, bahlole ubufakazi, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi ukubusa komahluleli kuyaqhubeka ngokulunga. Isisindo sokubusa komahluleli singathinta hhayi nje amaqembu akhona kuphela kodwa futhi simise izibonelo ezibumba indawo engokomthetho iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola imithwalo yemfanelo ehlukahlukene yamajaji, izimiso eziqondisa umsebenzi wabo, izinselele ababhekene nazo, nendlela indima eqhubeka ngayo iguquka ezweni elishintshile.

Imisebenzi YabaHluleli Yekhori

Umsebenzi womahluleli uhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ekuqondiseni ubulungisa.

Ukuhumusha Imithetho

Ingxenye eyinhloko yendima yokwahlulela iyindlela yokuchaza imithetho. Abahluleli kumelwe bahlukanise imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, imithetho, namalungiselelo omthetho ukuze banqume ukuthi isebenza kanjani emaqinisweni endaba. Le nqubo ivame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlola inhloso yomthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, nencazelo ecacile yombhalo. Ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, incazelo eyodwa yokwahlulela ingamisa isibonelo esibophayo okumelwe izinkantolo eziphansi zilandele. Ngokwesibonelo, iU.S. incazelo yeNkanto ephakeme yeSikhawulo Sesine . [Ohiouk:] Mapp v.[[FLD:] [1961]]]) ngokuyisisekelo inguquko esobala yendlela ubufakazi obutholalwe ngokungekho emthethweni obungavunyelwe ngayo.

Ukubona Izilingo Ngokwedlulele

Abahluleli basebenza njengabagcini bamasango benqubo yasenkantolo, beqinisekisa ukuthi amacala aqulwa kahle futhi aqhutshwe ngendlela ephumelelayo. Balawula ngezindlela ezithatha izithuba, banqume ukuthi buphi ubufakazi obuvumelekile, futhi bafundise abahluleli enkantolo. Phakathi necala, umahluleli ulondoloza ukuziphatha okuhle, uphatha isimiso, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zinethuba elihle lokuveza icala lazo. Ngaphandle komphathi, inqubo yokuqondisa ingabangela isiphithiphithiphithi. Lendima ibaluleke kakhulu emacaleni aphakeme lapho imizwelo iphakeme.

Ukwenza Imithetho Ngokuhamba Nobufakazi

Ngaphambi naphakathi kwecala, abahluleli banquma ukuthi kunezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ezingahlela umphumela wecala. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo ukuze kukhishwe isahlulelo esifingqiwe, futhi kuthathwe indlela yokuthatha isinyathelo ukuze kukhishwe ubufakazi. Isinqumo ngasinye sidinga ukucatshangelwa okucophelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umahluleli kumelwe alinganisele inani eliphambili lobufakazi obumelene nengozi yokucwaswa okungalungile lapho enquma ukuthi uzobuvuma yini, njengoba kuboniswe ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-Federal Arence of Evidence 403 ezinkantolo zase-U.S.

Ukugwetshwa

Ezinkantolo zobugebengu, abahluleli bakhipha izigwebo kubamangalelwa ababoshiwe. Lomthwalo wemfanelo udinga ukulinganisela ngokunakekela isijeziso, ukunqanda ukunqanda, nokulungisa isimo. Abahluleli bacabangela iziqondiso ze-statery, ubuqatha bomthetho, umlando wobugebengu, kanye nezinkulumo zezisulu. Umgomo uwukunikeza isigwebo esilinganayo futhi sivikela umphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umahluleli angakhetha isigwebo sokuthatha isigwebo ngezinhlelo zokwelapha zecala lomethisigebengu wesigebengu esingenazigwegwegwegwegwe, isigwebo sobugebengu somkhothazo esinezele impathi yezidakamizwa ukuze alungise isigwebo esine.

Ukuzimela Ekwahluleleni

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuyisisekelo somthetho oqinile. Kuvumela abahluleli ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe kuphela emthethweni nasemaqinisweni, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Ukuthonywa Ithonya Lezombangazwe

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, abahluleli bamiswa kunokuba bakhethwe ukuba bavikele izingcindezi zezombangazwe. Nakuba ukukhethwa kwabahluleli kukhona kwezinye izifundazwe zase-U.S., kwenziwa imizamo yokunciphisa ithonya labashokobezi ngezigaba noma ngokukhetha. Emhlabeni wonke, izindikimba ezinjengeNhlangano ye-Valec Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary igcizelela ukuthi abahluleli kumelwe banqume izindaba “ngokungakhethi, ngokusekelwe emaqini nasekuvumelaneni nomthetho, ngaphandle kwemingcele, amathonya angafanele, izisusa, izingcindezi, izingcindezelo, noma iziphakamiso.” ([] Izimiso eziqinile ze-UN [FLT]]]] ]]

Ukulondeka

Amajaji amaningi akhonza ukuphila konke noma kuze kube inkathi yokuthatha umhlalaphansi ephoqelelwe, eqinisa ukuzibusa kwawo ngokususa ukwesaba ukususwa ngenxa yezinqumo ezingathandwa. Ngokwesibonelo, amajaji kahulumeni e-United States amiswe ukuba aphile ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo, ahloselwe ukukhokhiswa kuphela ngenxa yobugebengu obukhulu. Lokhu kulondeka kuwenza akwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezinzima, njengokushaya imithetho engekho emthethweni, ngaphandle kokukhathalela ukulondeka emsebenzini.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo, abahluleli banamandla okuhlola ukwahlulela---------lignade ukubukeza imithetho nezenzo zobuphathi zomthetho-sisekelo. Lombuso, owamiswa e-U.S. ngu- Marbury v. Madison (1803] [183]), uvumela amajaji ukuba ashabalaze imithetho ephula umthetho-sisekelo. Isebenza njengesesha emagatsheni omthetho-mthetho-mthetho nesikhulu, itshe lesisekelo lombuso wentando yeningi wanamuhla.

Inqubo Yokwahlulela: Ukusuka Ekuphoqeleni Kuya Ekusolweni

Indima yomahluleli ihlanganisa yonke i-commant comment, kusukela ekuhlalweni kwecala lokuqala kuya ekuthatheni inqubo yangemva kwenkundla. Isigaba ngasinye sidinga ulwazi oluqondile lwendabuko nokungaphathi hlangothi.

Ukuqhubeka Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale, abahluleli basingatha izindaba eziningi zokwandulela. Bamisa ibheyili emacaleni obugebengu, bezwa izinyathelo zokuxosha, futhi baxazulule izimpikiswano zokuthola izinto. Empikiswaneni eyinkimbinkimbi, abahluleli bangahlela izingqungquthela ukuze bahlele izikhathi ezimisiwe. Izahlulelo zangaphambi kwenkantolo zingalandelana kakhulu ngenqubo noma ngisho nokuxazulula icala ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala, njengasehlulelweni ngokufingqiwe lapho kungekho mpikiswano eqotho ekhona.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Phakathi necala, abahluleli yizikhombisi. Balawula ngokuphikisa okusobala, bayayala abahluleli (ekuqulweni kwecala), futhi baqinisekise ukuthi abameli balalela imithetho yezimiso. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi (ngaphandle kwejaji), umahluleli usebenza njengothola ubufakazi obuyiqiniso, ehlola futhi afinyelele isinqumo. Lendima ehlukene idinga ukunaka okukhethekile emininingwaneni nasekhonweni lokuhlukanisa imibono yomuntu siqu ekuhlaziyweni okungokomthetho.

Izindaba Zangemva Kombiko

Ngemva kwesinqumo, amajaji angasingatha izikhalo, agwebe (emacaleni obugebengu), athathe izinyathelo zangemva kwecala njengezenzwe zokuqulwa kwecala elisha noma ukubeka eceleni isinqumo. Bengamele nokugcinwa kwezahlulelo, kuhlanganise neziqondiso zokubuyiselwa noma ukukhululeka okungalawuleki. Ezimisweni eminingi, abahluleli banendima ethile ekwahluleleni okungahambisani nempikiswano, ukukhuthaza ukuxabana noma ngisho nokusakaza izimpikiswano.

AbaHluleli NoMthetho: Izandulela Nencazelo

Abahluleli abazona nje izingosi ezisebenzisa imithetho ecacile, kodwa bangabahumushi abakhuthele abanezinqumo eziwuthonya ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umthetho.

Incazelo Eyisisekelo

Uma umthetho udida, abahluleli kumelwe banqume incazelo yawo. Basebenzisa amakhompuyutha ahlukahlukene okwakha: umthetho ocacile, umlando wemithetho, nenjongo yomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. i-Bostock v. Clayton County [2020] yachaza isiHloko VII se-Poligin Rights Act ukuvikela ungqingili nolwenziswano oluthambile, incike kwincazelo esobala yencazelo ye-“stex” kanye nendinganiso ye-“ kodwa nge-ault. ”

Ukuncika Ezintweni Eziyingozi (Izici Ezinganembile)

Ngaphansi kwesimiso ses decis, abahluleli balandela izinqumo zangaphambi kokumiswa ukuze baqinisekise ukubikezela nokungaguquguquki komthetho. I-predentidenti ayiphelele; izinkantolo zingalawula izinqumo zangaphambili uma zinephutha noma ziphelelwe yisikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yagumbula Prevecy v. Ferguson[ [1896]] [[FLT]] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo [195]], iqaphela ukuthi izakhiwo ezihlukeneyo azilingani.

Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Abahluleli bavame ukuchaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile ezimweni ezihilela amalungelo ayisisekelo. I-apesses iyahluka: ubukhomanisi bokuqala bugxila enjongweni yomsunguli; ukuphila ngomthetho-sisekelo kuvumela incazelo yokuziguqula nomphakathi. Ukucindezela phakathi kwalamafilosofi kulawula ukubusa ngenqubo ekhululekileyo, eyedwa, nesivikelo esifanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokulingana emshadweni oqashelwa obergefell v. Hodges [20] (20) [20)] isekelwe enqubeni efanelekile yeSigwegwegwegwegwe se-i ye-14 yeSiphetho se-Inda nesivikelo.

Abahluleli Banqamula Izimiso Zezomthetho

Amasiko ahlukahlukene angokomthetho anikeza imithwalo yemfanelo nemibuso ehlukahlukene.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezivamile

Emazweni avamile anjenge - United States, i - United Kingdom, iCanada ne-Australia, amajaji abalulekile ekumiseni imithetho ngendlela engokomlando.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Kumagunya omthetho womphakathi (umz., eFrance, eJalimane, eJapane), abahluleli ngokuyinhloko basebenzisa imithetho egunyazweyo. Indima yabo ingaphezulu: bahlola amaqiniso, ofakazi ababuzayo, futhi bafuna iqiniso. Izinqumo zokwahlulela zimfushane futhi zincike kakhulu esibonelweni esimisiwe. Umsebenzi wamahluleli uwukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okulungile kwemithetho elotshiwe kunokuba amise imithetho emisha engokomthetho.

Izimiso Ezingokwenkolo Nezomthetho Ezingokwesiko

Amanye amazwe afaka umthetho wenkolo, njengowe-Islam Sharia, ezimisweni zawo zokwahlulela. Kulemimo, amajaji (ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi amaqadis) achaza imibhalo engokwenkolo futhi asebenzise izimfundiso ezindabeni zomkhaya, izivumelwano, nomthetho wobugebengu. Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo ezingokwesiko emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika zisingatha izimpikiswano ezisekelwe emikhubeni engokwesiko. Abahluleli kulezi zimiso kumelwe bafunde kakhulu kokubili imibhalo yenkolo namasiko.

Izimfuneko Nokukhethwa Kwabahluleli

Izindlela zokukhetha zihlukahlukene futhi zithinta indlela abahluleli abaqanjwe ngayo nokuzibusa ngayo.

Imfundo Nokuhlangenwe Nakho

Abahluleli cishe bangabameli abavamile kuqala. Kumelwe babe neziqu zomthetho futhi babe neminyaka eminingana yokuzijwayeza, ngokuvamile bahlanganise nomsebenzi njengabashushisi, abavikeli bomphakathi, noma abameli bomphakathi. Abaningi banolwazi futhi njengoprofesa bezomthetho noma omabhalane kubahluleli benkantolo ephakeme. Amajaji asenkantolo ephakeme ngokuvamile aye ahlukanisa imisebenzi yemisebenzi nobuchwepheshe obujulile emasimini abo.

Ukunqumelana usuku

Amazwe asebenzisa izindlela ezihlukene ukukhetha abahluleli. Abahluleli abaphethe e-U.S. bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa yiSigele. Abahluleli abaningi bamazwe bakhethwa umphakathi, okuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngeminikelo yomkhankaso ethonya izinqumo. EUnited Kingdom, abahluleli bakhethwa yi-Recounciptions Preventions Commission esekelwe ngokufanele. Indlela ekhethwe imiphumela yokuzibusa nokuqonda komphakathi. (Melikan Bar Association)

Izimiso Zokuziphatha

Abahluleli kumelwe banamathele ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha eziqinile ukuze balondoloze ubuqotho nokwethenjwa umphakathi.

Ukungakhethi Nokuqubuka

Umahluleli kumelwe azisole kunoma iliphi icala lapho ethambekele khona ngokomuntu siqu, isithakazelo sezimali, noma ubuhlobo obuseduze nomkhandlu. Icala leNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.[[FL:1] [2009] [209] lathi ukwehluleka komahluleli ukuphinde aphendule uma iqembu lichithe imali eningi emkhankasweni wakhe wokhetho lwezelele.

Ukuziphatha Nezipho Zomuntu Siqu

Abahluleli benqatshelwe ukuhlanganyela kwezombusazwe, ukwamukela izipho ezingase zibangele umbono wethonya, noma ukusebenzisa isikhundla sabo ukuze bazuze.

Isiyalo Nokulandisa

Ukuziphatha okubi kokwahlulela kusingathwa ngamaqumrhu aqondisayo, anjengezikhomishane zokwahlulela zikahulumeni noma iKomiti Yokwahlulela yaseU.S. engahlanganisa ukusola, ukuthumba, noma ukususa. Lezi zinqubo zilinganisela ukuzimela nokulandisa.

Izinselele Abahluleli Ababhekene Nazo Namuhla

Abahluleli banamuhla basebenzisa isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe esigcwele ukucindezela okuyingqayizivele.

Ukucwaninga Komphakathi Nokunakwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Amacala aphakeme adonsa ukusakazwa okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba nombono womphakathi, ngezinye izikhathi kuholela ekusongeleni amajaji. Imithombo yezokuxhumana iveza ukugxeka futhi ingasakaza ukwaziswa okunganembile ngemithetho. Abahluleli kumelwe babe nobhadane futhi bathembele ekubusweni komthetho, kodwa ukuhlolwa njalo kungakhubaza.

Izincwadi Zezifo Nokusebenza Kwazo

Amachweba agcwele, ikakhulukazi ezinkantolo zasemadolobheni nasemacaleni, abangela ukulibala okungahambisani nobulungisa obufike ngesikhathi. Abahluleli bavame ukusebenza kuze kube sebusuku nangezimpelasonto ukuze balawule amacala abo. Emazweni amaningi, imali enganele yokuxhasa izinkantolo ibhebhethekisa lenkinga. Imizamo yokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe nesinqumo esihlukile sokuphikisa inhloso yokunciphisa iziqiwu, kodwa imfuneko iyaqhubeka ikhula.

Ukulondoloza Ukungakhethi Ezweni Elinowangala

Ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe kwenza kube nzima ngabahluleli ukugwema ukubhekwa njengabahlukumeza amacala. Ukuhlasela kwejaji ngokomthetho kwezombangazwe kungaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi.

Ikusasa Le - yudicia

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, nendima yomahluleli injalo.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe buguqula amankantolo. I-electronic e-seclecule, i-tec comfications ye-temple, kanye nokucwaninga okugunyaziwe kwe-Al okusemthethweni kwandisa ukusebenza kahle. Abahluleli manje baphatha ubufakazi obuyimfihlo nobezinombolo, obudinga amakhono amasha. Ezinye izinkantolo zizama ngezindlela ezizodwa zezindaba ezivamile, nakuba zikhathazekile ngokungena nokuphepha kuyaqhubeka.

Ukungenela Ekulungeni

Abantu abaningi abanakho ukukwazi ukuveza izimpawu zomthetho, futhi inani elikhulu lama-ligigiya livela enkantolo ipro se (ngaphandle kommeli). Abahluleli bavumelanisa izinqubo ezilula, banikeza izikhungo zosizo, futhi basebenzisa ulimi olulula ngemiyalo. Iziphakamiso ezifana ne-inthanethi yokuphikisana nenqumiso kanye nodwebi benkantolo basiza ekuhlobaniseni inkundla.

Imfundo Nokuqeqeshwa Okuqhubekayo

Imfundo yokwahlulela ibalulekile ukugcina intuthuko engokomthetho, ubufakazi obungokwesayensi, nobuzwe. Amazwe amaningi adinga imfundo eqhubekayo ngezihloko ezinjengobandlululo oluphelele, isayensi yokuthatheka, nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNational Judicial College zinikeza izifundo zokusiza abahluleli ukuba bathuthukise amakhono abo. ([[FLT: 0]] National Judicial College[FLT: 1]])

Ukubambisana Kokwahlulela Komhlaba Wonke

Izindaba zomthetho eziseceleni kwemingcele ye-octal − njenge-i-inthanethi, ukuthatha i-inthanethi, ukuvalwa kwemithetho, kanye namalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke — zazithi amajaji ayayiqonda imithetho yakwamanye amazwe futhi avumelane nozakwabo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge International Association of AbAbhrist zikhuthaza ukuxoxa nemikhuba emihle kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Abahluleli banesikhundla esingenakuthathelwa indawo emphakathini: bachaza imithetho, beqondisa ukuqulwa kwemibuzo, futhi badlulisele ubulungisa ngokungakhethi nangokungakhethi. Ukukhululeka kwabo kubalulekile ukuze bagcine umthetho. Kodwa babhekene nezinselele ezinzima, kusukela ekulahlweni okukhulu kuya ekuhlolweni umphakathi, futhi kumelwe baqhubeke bezivumelanisa nezinguquko zezobuchwepheshe nezenhlalo. Ukuqonda indima yamajaji kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukubaluleka kwejaji nesidingo sokusekela isimiso senkantolo esiqinile, esizimele. Njengoba indawo engokomthetho iqhubeka ikhona, abahluleli bayohlala bengabagcini bobulungisa, kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uvikela amalungelo nenkululeko yabo bonke abantu. [[FLT:] [FLD].[FLD] [FLD]