Kumthetho waseMelika, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile lisekelwe esisekelweni. Kodwa, ezigidi zabantu abangakwazi ukuthenga ummeli wangasese, lelo lungelo lingaba nanjongo ngaphandle komsebenzi onikezelwe abavikeli bomphakathi. Laba bameli abasebenza ngemisebenzi kahulumeni basebenza njengesisekelo sesiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seSitha seSithathu seMiyalo Yezomthetho, ukungenela lapho izimo zezimali zommangalelwa zingabashiya bengenakuzivikela. Abameleli abahleli benkantolo abamisiwe, abameleli abaqondisi bemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yezentelezi, ababekela inselele, futhi balwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa abugcinelwe yilabo abangakho abakwazi ukukhokha kuphela. Indima yabo ibaluleke kakhulu uma kungenjalo nje kubathengi babo ngabanye, kodwa ngenxa yobuqotho babo bonke ubuqotho babo bonke ubugebengu.

Uyini Umlweli Womphakathi?

Umlweli womphakathi uyi-glovsword oqashwe yinhlangano kahulumeni (ngokusho esifundazweni, esifundazweni, noma esilinganisweni sikahulumeni) ukuba amelele abantu abangakwazi ukuqasha iseluleko esiyimfihlo ngokwezimali. Indawo isuka ngokuqondile enkantolo ewuphawu lwe-U.S. Ephakeme Gideon v. Wainright [1963]], ekholelwa ukuthi iSimemezelo seSimemezelo seSitha sezimali sidinga ukunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho sokunikeza abamangalelwa bezobugebengu ababhekenezomthetho ezingathi sína. Phambili kwe- [FLT]] [FLT]], kuphela izinkantolo zikahulumeni okwakudingeka ukuba zibeke iseluleko kulabo abangasakwazi ukusilawula. Inkantolo ekwandisiwe isibopho sokunikeza zonke izinkantolo izikhulu izikhulu zeze.

Namuhla, amahhovisi omphakathi avikela umphakathi asebenza ezikhundleni eziningi zase-U.S., nakuba izakhiwo zawo zihluka kakhulu, phela ezinye ziyizinhlangano ezilawulwa uhulumeni, ezinye zisekelwe ngokwezifunda, futhi ezimbalwa zithembele kumanxusa esivumelwano noma izinhlelo ezabelwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisiphi isifanekiso, umsebenzi oyinhloko uhlala ukhona: ukunikeza izimpawu eziqinile, eziphumelelayo kunoma iliphi ikhasi elinenkululeko esengozini. Lokhu kuhlanganisa konke kusukela ekuphathweni kwezenzo zobuhlongandlebe nakwezinsolo ekwahluleleni kwabantwana, futhi, ezimikhankasweni eziningi, izigaba zokuqala zezelele ukufuduka.

Izibopho zokuziphatha zomlweli womphakathi ziyafana nezanoma yimuphi ummeli wezelelesi: ukushisekela ukuphatha imingcele yomthetho, ukufihla imfihlo, nokugwema izingxabano zesithakazelo. Okuhlukanisa abavikeli bomphakathi umthamo omkhulu wamakhasimende abawamelelayo kanye nokucindezela kwezimiso ababhekene nakho, okungaphoqelela ngisho nommeli ozinikele kakhulu ukuba afinyelele onqenqemeni.

Indima Ebucayi Yabavikeli Bomphakathi Esimisweni Sobulungisa

Abavikeli bomphakathi bakhonza imisebenzi eminingi, imisebenzi ehlanekezelwe ebaluleke kakhulu esimisweni somthetho womthetho osebenza kahle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela ekwahlulelweni kobulungisa, ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, ukunikeza ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile obungokomthetho, ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwezimiso, nokukhuthaza ukwethenjelwa komphakathi.

Ukulungiselela Ukufinyelela Ubulungisa

Kubantu abahlawulwa kancane, izindleko zokuqasha ummeli ozimele, cishe izinkulungwane zamadollar ngenxa nje yomgcini-sango. Ngaphandle komsekeli womphakathi, abamangalelwa abaningi bangabhekana nesimiso somphakathi kuphela, ukudluliswa kwemali, ukuncenga izicelo, nokuqulwa kwecala ngaphandle kwesiqondiso esingokomthetho. Abavikeli bomphakathi bagcwalisa leligebe eli, beqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abakhokhi abajeziswanga ngokuphumelelayo ngaphambi kokuba baqulwe ngenxa nje yokuthi abakwazi ukumelela. Brenan Center yeJaji [, cishe 80% yabamangalelwa bobugebengu eUnited States bafanelekela njengabamangalelwa abakhokhisweyo futhi bathembele ekuthelweni obala.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ngaphandle kokuvela enkantolo, abavikeli bomphakathi bawalondoloza ngentshiseko amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo abathengi babo − kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqubuka icala elisheshayo, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuthula, nelungelo lokungaphenyeki ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuthutheni. Bathatha amafayili ukuze bacindezele ubufakazi obungavumelekile, babekela ukukhethwa kwabahluleli abanobandlululo inselele, futhi babambe umthwalo wabo wokuveza icala lingenakungabaza okunengqondo. Esiminyangweni lapho amacala angaphezu kuka-90% ephelela khona ekucebiseni, umlweli womphakathi onekhono angabona ubuthakathaka ecatshangelweni kukahulumeni futhi axoxe ngokuncishiswayo, ngokucushelwa kwezinhlelo zecala, noma ngisho nokukhishwa kwecala.

Ukunikeza Imvume Engokomthetho

Umthetho wesigebengu uyinkimbinkimbi, unezandulela ezihlala zikhona nemithetho esekelwe kumthetho. Abamangalelwa abaningi abanakho ukuqeqeshwa okungokomthetho nokuqondwa okuncane kwemiqondo enjengehemuhemu, iketanga lokugcinwa kwejele, noma iziqondiso zokugweba. Abavikeli bomphakathi baletha ubuchwepheshe obuthi udlale abashushisi, ngokuvamile abakwazi ukuxhumana namaphoyisa, ochwepheshe bezentengiselwano, kanye nemithombo ebanzi. Ulwazi lomphakathi lwesiko lenkantolo lendawo, izigwebo, nokuthambekela kokwahlulela kungaba umehluko phakathi kwesigwebo esithathelwanayo kanye nomphumela omuhle.

Ukunciphisa Ukungalingani Nokuthuthukisa Ubulungisa

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu ngokomlando siphazamisa abantu bemibala, abantu abanezinkinga zempilo yengqondo, nalabo abaphila ebumpofwini. Abavikeli bomphakathi bathatha indiva enzima kulokhu bandlululo. Babekela inselele imikhuba yokuhlasela ngobandlululo, basekela ezinye izindlela zokungaboshwa, futhi baqokomisa ukwehluka endleleni umthetho osetshenziswa ngayo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, basiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imiphumela yomuntu ayinqunywa kusengaphambili ngezimiso zabo ze-zip noma ibala lesikhumba sabo.

Ukwakha Ukuthembana Komphakathi

Lapho abamangalelwa bebona ukuthi banommeleli ozinikezele olwela amalungelo abo − umuntu olalelayo, ahlole, futhi abeke inselele emagunyeni, uqinisa ukufaneleka kwesimiso somthetho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukuzivikela komphakathi kungathandeki noma kungekho, abamangalelwa bangase bazizwe beshiywe, kuholele ekugxekeni nasekuthukutheleni. Izinhlelo zomphakathi eziphumelelayo zisiza ekuthuthukiseni umbono wokuthi isimiso, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi asiphelele, sizama ukuba silungile.

Umsebenzi Wansuku Zonke Womlweli Womphakathi

Ukuqonda lokho abavikeli bomphakathi abakwenzayo nsuku zonke kwembula ukujula nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwendima yabo. Le nqubo ivele ibe khona ngokwezigaba:

Ukuhlola Ikhasimende Kokuqala

Ngokushesha nje lapho ikhasimende liboshwa noma limangalelwa, umvikeli womphakathi uhlangana nabo cishe endlini yenkantolo enyinyekile ephethe isitokisi noma ijele lesifunda. Lengxoxo yokuqala iyagxeka: ummeli kumelwe aqale ukuthembana, achaze izimangalo nezijeziso ezingase zivele, futhi aqale ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngesizinda sekhasimende, izivikelo ezingase zitholakale, nanoma ibuphi ubufakazi okungenzeka amaphoyisa abuthole. Kulesi sigaba, umlweli kumelwe ahlole ukuthi ikhasimende lifanele yini ukukhokhwa noma ukukhululwa.

Ukuphenya Nokulungisa Icala

Ngokuphambene nombono odumile wommeli omane avele avele enkantolo, umsebenzi omlweli womphakathi uyenzeka ngaphandle kwenkantolo. Bahlola iqiniso − behlola izigcawu zobugebengu, bebuza ofakazi, behlola imibiko yamaphoyisa nokuhlasela kwemizimba, futhi bebuza ochwepheshe bezentengiselwano. Kubaningi abadakiwe, umlweli angasebenza njengomphengululi wabo siqu, ahlinze imoto ngenkathi echitha inqwaba yezinye izenzakalo. Uphengululo lwe-mkhankani lungaveza i-libinis, ukunyuswa, noma ubufakazi bokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa obungase bungaqashelwa.

Umkhuba Wokuhamba Nobungcweti Bezokwahlulela

Abavikeli bomphakathi bathatha amafayela ashintshwa kakhulu ashicilelweyo okungaguqula ukumelana necala. Ukucindezela kubekela inselele ubufakazi obungaqondakali ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni noma ngokuvuma izono ngokuphoqelelwa. Izinhloso zokulahla ukuthi idokhumende elikhohlakele linephutha noma ukuthi umthetho wokulinganiselwa usuphelile. Ukuthatha imingcele kuphikisa ngokufuna ukukhululwa noma ibheyili encishisiwe, ngokuvamile ngokunikeza ubufakazi bobuhlobo bomphakathi kanye nokungakhonzi ingozi yokundiza. Lemidwebo idinga ukucwaninga okunzulu okungokomthetho kanye nokubhala okuyekelelayo okuthatha iminyaka eminingi ukuba kuvele.

Ukudweba Ibhande Njengethuluzi Elihlelekile

Ngenxa yokuthi amacala amaningi obugebengu axazululwa ngesivumelwano, abavikeli bomphakathi bachitha isikhathi esiphawulekayo bexoxa nabashushisi. Bahlaziya amandla obufakazi bamacala, bahlole amathuba okuthola isiqinisekiso lapho kuqulwa icala, futhi bahlole izingozi zesigwebo esinzima uma ummangalelwa equliswa futhi ehluleka. Abavikeli abanekhono balwela ukunqanda imiphumela enciphisa imiphumela ewumphumela.

Ukumelela Icala

Uma icala liqulwa, umlweli womphakathi unomthwalo wemfanelo wezici zonke zenkantolo zokuphatha izigebengu: ukukhetha ijaji, ukunikeza izimemezelo zokuvula, ofakazi abaqaphile, ukuphikisa ubufakazi obungafanele, nokuvala izimpikiswano. Icala lingathatha izinsuku zokugcina noma amasonto, lifune ukulungiselela ngamandla futhi liqine. Ngisho nasezikhundleni eziningi ezivalelwe izimali, abavikeli kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi amakhasimende abo athola izinga elifanayo lokumelela njengomuntu okwaziyo ukuthenga ummeli wangasese.

Izinselele Ezinkulu Abavikeli Bomphakathi Ababhekana Nazo

Naphezu komsebenzi wabo obucayi, abavikeli bomphakathi basebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele enzima esongela ikhono labo lokunikeza iseluleko ngokuphumelelayo. Lezi zinselele azizona izinkathazo ezincane, kodwa zimelela isimo esibucayi esisenamashumi eminyaka.

Ukunqwabelana Kwezinkinga Ngokweqile

Inkinga engapheli nelimaza kakhulu ukuqubuka kwecala. Abavikeli abaningi bomphakathi basingatha amakhulukhulu ezenzakalo ngonyaka, futhi badlula kude kakhulu amazinga atuswayo amiswe iNational Aid & Definder Association. Kweminye imikhankaso, abavikeli bathwala izingxeba zecala ezigcwele zabathengi abangamakhulu angamakhulu amahlanu-200 ngesikhathi esisodwa, kuyilapho izindinganiso zesizwe zisikisela ukuthi amacala angaphezulu kuka- 150 anzima ommeli ngamunye ngenani lommeli ngalinye . Umsebenzi onjalo ushiya isikhathi esincane sokunaka, uphenyo, noma ikhasimende elibalulekile. Umphumela uyinqubo yokuzivivinya, ukuqhuba izingcingo ezikhokhelo zempi ngaphandle kokuzihlola.

Umkhuba Wokungakhathaleli

Amanxusa omphakathi avikela umphakathi ancishisiwe ngokuqhubekayo mayelana nokuqulwa kwecala nokugcinwa komthetho. Lokhu kunikeza izimali ezilula kunciphisa abacwaningi, amaqembu akhethekile, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili. Abavikeli bomphakathi, ngokungafani, bangase bantule imali yokuqasha ofakazi abangochwepheshe, ukukhokhela ukuhlola komphakathi, noma ngisho nokunikeza izinto eziyisisekelo ezifana nezimiso ze-memory. Lokhu kususa umehluko owenziwe ngokuqondile kululaza isimo somthetho wobugebengu. I-American Liberistom Union

Izimiso Nezinhlanga Ezingafani

Abavikeli bomphakathi basebenza esimisweni esiphawuleka ngokuhlukana okukhulu kwezinhlanga nangokwezomnotho. Abantu abanombala, ikakhulukazi abantu abamnyama nababhilabhila, bayaboshwa, babekwe icala, futhi bagqunywe emazingeni aphakeme ngokungenakulinganiswa. Abavikeli bomphakathi kumelwe basebenzise isimiso lapho ubandlululo olucacile lungathonya khona ukukhipha izinqumo, ukunxusa, ukunikeza, nokugweba. Babuye babhekane nokucwaswa kweqembu ngokukhetha abahluleli, izenzo zamaphoyisa, kanye nezinqumo zebheyile. Nakuba umlweli angalwa nalemibono ezindaweni ezithile, ushintsho lwesimiso ludinga ukukhuthaza kakhulu, okungasekela isikhathi noma ukusekela.

Ukutubeka Nokuvuvukala

Imiphumela engokomzwelo nengokwengqondo yokuzivikela komphakathi mikhulu. Abavikeli bafakaza njalo ngokukhungatheka, ukungabi nabulungisa, kanye nezindleko zomuntu ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi. Babona amakhasimende agula ngengqondo, ewumlutha, noma exhashazwayo, futhi abaningi bazizwa bengenamandla okusingatha izimbangela eziyisisekelo. Bahlanganiswa namahora amaningi, iholo eliphansi (abavikeli bomphakathi ngokuvamile bathola imali encane kakhulu kunabashushisi noma abameli abangabodwa), futhi ukungaqashelwa umphakathi, ukutubeka kakhulu.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nezeziqu

Abavikeli bomphakathi ngezinye izikhathi babhekwa kabi ngokugcinwa komthetho, umphakathi, noma izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezilinganisa ukuvikela ummangalelwa “nokungalungi kobugebengu.” Lokhu kungaholela ekuziphindiseleni lapho abalweli bamakhasimende abamangalelwa ngobugebengu obunobudlova noma ukubekela inselele ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa inselele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi amahhovisi omphakathi ayizinkampani zikahulumeni, bangase babhekane nokucindezela kwababenzi abanganaki ngokomthetho noma abahluleli abangabazameli abangezwanga ukuhlehlisela izikhundla ezibangelwa ukuswe amaphoyisa angenamali.

Ithonya Labavikeli Bomphakathi Ekushintsheni Ubulungisa Bezigebengu

Naphezu kwalezi zithiyo, abavikeli bomphakathi baye bahola ekushintsheni okukhulu esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kwasemhlabeni kubanika ukuqonda okuyingqayizivele kokuthi isimiso sihluleka kanjani kakhulu, futhi abaningi basebenzisa lololwazi ukuze basekele ushintsho.

Ukunciphisa Izinkolelo Ezingalungile

Abantu abangenacala balahlwa icala unyaka ngamunye, futhi ngokuvamile ngenxa yokubona okungamanga, ukuvuma izono, noma ubufakazi obungamanga. Abalweli bomphakathi abanesikhathi nemithombo yokuphikisa lezindaba baye basiza ukukhipha amakhulu abantu ababoshelwe ngokungafanele ngezenzo, ngokuqulwa kwecala, nangokuqulwa kwecala ngemva kobufakazi. Iprojekthi yeInnoce ifakazelwe i-DNAT] engaphezu kuka-35, eziningi zazo zifinyelelwe abameli abathola ubufakazi bokuthi amaphoyisa nabashushisi baye baphuthelwa noma banganakwa.

Ukuthuthukisa Ezinye Izinto Ezingasetshenziswa Ekuthuthweni

Abavikeli bomphakathi bavame ukusekela izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, nezinye izindlela ezisingatha izindaba eziyisisekelo kunokuba bamane bavale abantu. Ngokuhlolela ukwelashwa esikhundleni sesigwebo sasejele, abavikeli basiza ekunciphiseni ukuncishiswa kwemali futhi balondoloze imali ekhokhwayo. Lezi ezinye izindlela zibaluleke kakhulu kakhulu kubantu abaphansi, izihlubuki ezingenabudlova ezingase zingenele esimisweni sokuthunjwa iminyaka eminingi.

Izinselele Zemikhuba Engavumelani Nezimiso Zobuzwe

Abavikeli bomphakathi baye baba neqhaza ekudaluleni nasekubekeni inselele imikhuba engekho emthethweni enjengamajele anamacala (lapho abantu beboshelwa khona ngokukhokhelwa noma ngezimali), izimiso zemali ezijezisa ubumpofu, nokusetshenziswa kwabaphathi bejele abanikeza ubufakazi bamangalela. Ukumangalela kwekilasi okulethwe yizinhlangano zomphakathi kuye kwaholela ekuyaleni kwemithetho yenkantolo edinga izakhiwo zokuthuthukisa izimiso zokuzivikela ezingekho emthethweni, njengoba kwenzeka ku- HURRRELT-harbrbv v. State of New York[[FLD:1] [20]]

Ukuqaphelisa Umphakathi

Ngemibiko, izingxoxo, nemikhankaso yokuthola izigebengu, abavikeli bomphakathi bafundisa umphakathi nabenzi bezimiso ngamaqiniso alesi simiso. Baletha ukunakekela eqinisweni lokuthi i-United States iqophe abantu abaningi kunanoma iliphi elinye izwe, nokuthi inani elishaqisayo lalabo ababoshwe yiziboshwa zangaphambi kwenkantolo ezingabekwanga icala. Lokhu kulwa kwenza umfutho wezinguquko ezinjengebheyili, ukuncishiswa kwecala eliphansi, kanye nokukhushulwa kwezimali ezikhuphulwayo ezinkonzo zokuvikela.

Isiphetho

Abavikeli bomphakathi bangaphezu kakhulu kokuba abameli abavikeli bakahulumeni abanobuphekula; bangabagcini ababalulekile besithembiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi bonke abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu bafanelwe ithuba elifanelekile lokuzivikela. Basebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezingamukeleki kunoma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi − ukuchoboza imithwalo yecala, izimali ezincane, nokucindezeleka okungapheli ngokomzwelo okungapheli ngokomzwelo, kodwa bayaqhubeka belwela abathengi babo nsuku zonke. Ukuba khona kwabo enkantolo kuvimbela ukushushisa, kuveza ukungabi nabulungisa, futhi kusekela isimiso sokuthi akekho umuntu kufanele abekwe icala ngaphandle kokuzivikela okunamandla. Uma isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu siphila ngokuvumelana nezinhloso zaso, umphakathi kumelwe wenze inkonzo yomlomo elungile. Kumelwe unikele imali ekwanele ekuvikeleni umphakathi, ukusekela izimo ezinengqondo, ukusekela, ukusekela omunye owenzela imisebenzi enzima futhi owenzela inselele.