IUnited States Nesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu: Ubuhlobo Bokuthula

I-Good Wear Advement, eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, ingenye yezivumelwano zokuthula eziphawuleka kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Yaphela iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yobudlova bamahlelo eNyakatho Ireland, inkathi eyabizwa ngokuthi "Izinkinga" cishe ikhona iMibango ebulala abantu abangu-3 500 futhi yashiya ifa lokuhlukana okujulile komphakathi. Nakuba isivumelwano sasiwumkhiqizo womsebenzi ongapheli owenziwa ohulumeni baseBrithani no-Irish kanye namaqembu ezombangazwe eNyakatho ye-Ireland, i-United States yadlala indima ekhethekile nengathandeki kakhulu ekudaleni izimo zempumelelo. Ukuxhumana kwezentengiselwano kwezomnotho, ukusekela, nokusekela kwezombangazwe okuphakeme kwanikeza amandla nokuthemba okudingekayo ukuze ishintshe isakhiwo esingapheli sezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda ukujula kokuhileleka e-U.S. kudinga ukubheka ngalé kwetafula lokugcina lokuxoxa eBelfast. Iminikelo yeWashington yahlanganisa ukuphatha okuningi, yafaka ithonya le-Irish-American diaspora, kanye nempahla ethunyelwe kusukela ekukhulumeni okuthulile okusuka emuva okungalawuliwe kuya ekumisweni komphakathi kwesithunywa esikhethekile. Lesi sihloko sihlola umlando, izimiso eziyinhloko zokufa kwaseMelika, kanye nefa elihlala njalo le-U.S. eNyakatho ye-Ireland yokuthula.

Umlando: Iminyaka Engamashumi Eminingi Yokuxabana Nezingxoxo Ezingaphumelelanga

Ukuze umuntu aqonde indima yaseMelika, kumelwe aqale aqonde ukungezwani kwalempi. Izinkinga zaqubuka ekupheleni kwawo-1960, ukukhipha amabutho empi (ikakhulukazi ama-republic yase-Iritarian Republican Army, noma i-IRA) ngokumelene nebutho lamabutho athembekile namabutho aseBrithani. Izimpikiswano eziyinhloko zaziwumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo: abashisekeli besizwe (abaningi abangamaKatolika) bafuna i-Ireland enobunye, kuyilapho abanyunyana (abaningi kakhulu abaProthestani) bephikelela ekuhlaleni eUnited Kingdom. Ubudlova bezombangazwe baba yinto engokoqobo nsuku zonke, ngokubulala, ukubulala, nokuxabana kwemigwagwa kwangaphakathi kwemigwaqo.

Imizamo yangaphambili yokuzinza kwezombangazwe yahluleka. Isivumelwano se-Sunningdale sonyaka ka-1973 sawa ngemva kokugadla kwempi ethembekile. Isivumelwano sango-Anglo-Irish sango 1985 sathuthuka ukubambisana okuphakathi kwemikhawulo enqamule kodwa asiqedanga ubudlova. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, impi yayisifinyelele ekuyekeni kwempi. Zombili izimpi zasebupolitiki namabutho athembekile zaqaphela ukuthi zazingeke zikwazi ukufinyelela izinjongo zazo ngenkani kuphela, futhi ohulumeni baseBrithani no-Irishrish baqaphela ukuthi indlela yokuphepha esekelwe ngokuphelele engekho ngokomthetho. Imigwaqo eyimfihlo yaqala ukuvula, kodwa amaqembu ayedinga ukumelana ngezempi. Izinhlangano zangaphandle zazingasithola isikhundla esikhethekile.

Ukwenyuka Kwenqubo YaseMelika

Uhulumeni we-U.S. ugcine iMibango eminingi iqinile, i-Hugh Carey , ibhekisa phambili kuhulumeni waseBrithani. Nokho, umnyango wokwamukela i-Ireland-American wawukhuluma kakhulu, futhi izinombolo eziyinhloko eSingress Edward Kennedy, uSweer Title O’Neill, noMbusi Hugh Carey/purey ngenxa yendima ekhuthele kakhulu yaseMelika. Lokhu kwaphumela ekutheni kuthatheni isinqumo sika-1993 nguMongameli uBill Clinton ukuba anikeze imvume kuGerons, umholi weSin Féin, u-Sy Finein, uphiko lwezombangazwe lwe-IRA. Uhulumeni waseBrithani waphikisana kakhulu. Waxwayisa kakhulu ukuthi uhulumeni waseBrithani wayesazoqhubeka nokuhlanganyela ubudlova. Kodwa u-Clinlinn nomeluleki bakhe babona ithuba lokulwa kwezombangazwe lokulwa kwezombangazwe nezombangazwe. Kodwa u-Adaminn no - .

Isinqumo sevisa sabonisa ukuthi iWashington yayizimisele ukubeka izingozi zokuthula. Yabonisa futhi ukuqonda okucacile ukuthi ukuxoxisana, hhayi ukuzihlukanisa, kwakuyindlela yokuqeda ubudlova. Lokhu kuphumelela kwavula uchungechunge lokuxhumana okuyimfihlo phakathi kwe-U.S., abaholi berepublic, nohulumeni baseBrithani no-Ireland, kuvulela inkundla yokunqamuka komlilo owalandela.

Imishini Eyinhloko Yokuvikela Isikhumba Sase - United States

Ukuhileleka kwaseMelika enqubweni yokuthula kwakungokwezikhawu. Kwakungeyona nje indaba yomphathi oyedwa noma inkulumo eyodwa. Kunalokho, i-U.S. yasebenzisa icebo elihlangene elahlanganisa ukuxhumana kwezindawo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, izisusa zezomnotho, kanye nokusekela umphakathi.

Ubuholi Bokuholwa Kwezicubu Zomzimba: IKhomishane YeMitchell

Ingxenye eqondile yaseMelika yafika ngohlobo lweSenator George Mitchell, owayeyiMajority Monity Host eMaine. Ngo-1995, uMongameli Clinton wamisa uMitchell njengeNxu ye-U.S. Umsebenzi kaMitchell okhethekile eNyakatho Ireland. Wawunzima: wacelwa ukuba ahlale esihlalweni sekhomishane yomhlaba wonke ekuthuleni izikhali zempi, i-athonsi emiswe uhulumeni waseBrithani we-Sinn Féin kuzo zonke izinkulumo zesigaba.

UMitchell wazibonakalisa ebaluleke kakhulu izimfanelo zakhe siqu. Wayenesineke, engazinaki, futhi ephikelela ekuphishekeleni kwakhe ukuhlehla. Waqonda ukuthi ukuyeka ukulwa kwakungalungiseki ngokuzihlukanisa; kwakudingeka kube ingxenye yesivumelwano sezombangazwe esikhulu. Ikhomishane yakhe yaveza izimpawu zenqubo yokuthula. Bavumela iSin Féin ukuba ingenele izingxoxo ngaphandle kokuqala ukudela izikhali, kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukuthi imishado yayihlanganisa ingqikithi nesibopho esiphelele sokuthula, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zentando yeningi, nokuvumelana kokuvinjwa kwesimiso sokuthula.

Kamuva uMitchell wabuyela esihlalweni izingxoxo zangempela zengxenye eziningi ezaveza i-Good Wear Agreement. Usihlalo wakhe wekhono ukuphathwa usihlalo (*) elawula izimfuno zezinhlangano zezombangazwe eziyisishiyagalombili ezihlukene, kanye nohulumeni baseBrithani no-Ireland (__ukumethemba nhlangothi zonke. amaHistoria ancoma ukubekezela kukaMitchell nobuqotho bakhe njengezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokugcina .

Izinhlangano Zezomnotho: Imali Yomhlaba Wonke Ye - Ireland

Nakuba ukuxhumana kwakugxeka, i-United States yasekela futhi izivumelwano zayo zemali. Ngo-1986, i-U.S. yasiza ekumiseni iNgxowa - jikelele ye-Ireland, imoto yokuqondisa iMelika, iCanada, neyaseYurophu yokunikeza iminikelo yokunqamula izinhlangano zezomnotho ekwandeni kwezentengiselwano eNyakatho Ireland kanye nezilinganiso zemali zeRepublic. Imali enikezelwe ukusungulwa komsebenzi, izakhiwo, nezinhlelo zokubuyisana. Yanikeza ubufakazi obuphathekayo bokuthi ukuthula kungaletha inzuzo yezomnotho, i-Dannadian encithane nempikiswano egcwele emiphakathini encishiswa ukuswe yincithane nokuswe yimisebenzi.

I - U.S. yayiwumnikelo wemali owedlula wonke owenziwe ngezimali, inikela amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi phakathi namashumi eminyaka. Ngokutshala izimali ezindaweni ezihlukene nasethubeni lezomnotho, lesi sikhwama sasiza ekuqedeni izithiyo zezomnotho ezaqinisa ukuhlukana kwamahlelo. Sathumela futhi uphawu olucacile kwezempi: umphakathi wezizwe zonke wawukulungele ukutshala imali esikhathini esizayo esinokuthula.

Ukuhlanganyela Kobumongameli Nokubusa Komphakathi

Ukuzimisela kukaMongameli Clinton ekuthuleni eNyakatho Ireland kwakuqinile phakathi kwawo wonke amagalelo akhe amabili. Wavakashela eBelfast ngo-1995, emi emvuleni ukuze axhakathise isixuku esasihlanganisa kokubili abashisekeli besizwe nabashisekeli bokuhlangana. Inkulumo yakhe phambi kwehholo ledolobha yagcizelela ukuthi i-United States yayingenazinhloso zezombangazwe eNorthern Ireland qha kuphela isifiso sokubona isiphelo sengxabano. Lokho kuhambela kwamisa inqubo yokuthula futhi kwanikeza isibindi kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ukuqiniseka kokuqhubekela phambili.

Ezinsukwini zokugcina ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelelwe i-Good Wear Agreement, kubikwa ukuthi Clinton washaya izingcingo eziningi kubaholi beqembu elikhulu, ebanxusa ukuba bangasuki etafuleni lokuxoxa. Wanikeza isiqinisekiso sokuthi i-U.S. iyakuhlala ithembisekile ngemva kwesivumelwano. Lokhu kunakekela okuphezulu kwasobala ukuthi ukuhluleka kwakuzoqashelwa, futhi impumelelo yayiyogujwa, esitejini sembulunga yonke. Irekhodi loMnyango woMbuso uqokomisa indlela isithembiso sikamongameli esasizoba ngayo umthombo obalulekile wengcindeze nesikhuthazo.

Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu: Lokho Esakufinyelela

Isivumelwano ngokwaso sasiwumsebenzi ophambili wobunjineli bezombangazwe. Samisa uhulumeni owehlayo olawula amandla eNyakatho Ireland, i-Northern Ireland, owawudinga ukusekela okunqamule i-communiny ezinqumweni eziyinhloko. Sasungula izinhlangano ezintsha zokubambisana phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Rwanda yase-Ireland (iNyakatho-Northern Council) kanye ne-Rwanda ye-Northern - Industry (iNgqumier Council) phakathi kwazo zonke iziqhingi zaseBrithani ne-Ireland (i-i-irrish Council). IRepublic of Ireland yamisa umthetho wayo ukuze ilahle umthetho wayo wezwe layo eNorthern Ireland, futhi uhulumeni waseBrithani waqinisekisa ukuthi i-Northern Ireland ihlala iyingxenye yombuso i-United Kingdom ngaphandle kokuba iningi livotiwe ngaphandle kwemvume.

Lesivumelwano sathintana namalungelo abantu, inguquko yamaphoyisa, nokukhululwa kweziboshwa zezempi kwasekuqaleni. Kwakuyiqoqo elikhulu elalidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu. Abameli bobumbano bamukela indima yeRepublic of Ireland eMayakatho ne-Irish; amaRepublic avuma ukuthi ubunye base-Ireland babuyovela ngezindlela ezinokuthula, zentando yeningi. I-United States ayizange ibhale isivumelwano, kodwa yabangela ukuba kube khona ukuhlehla okunjalo.

Ukuhlanganyela Okuqhubekayo E - United States Ngemva Ko - 1998

Ukusayinwa kweSivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu kwakungesona isiphetho sendaba. Izinhlangano ezasidala zabonakala zibuthakathaka, futhi inqubo yokuthula yabhekana nezingxabano eziningana, kuhlanganise nezingxabano zokukhishwa kwezikhali, ukunqandwa kweMihlangano kaningi, nezingxabano eziqhubekayo zamahlelo. iUnited States yahlala ingumngane oqhubekayo phakathi nalezi zinkinga.

Ukuqubuka kwangemva

UMongameli George W. Bush waqhubeka esekela lenqubo, nakuba engagcizelelwa kakhulu kuno-Clinton. Inxusa lakhe lamisa i-Greader Richard Haass njengesithunywa esikhethekile, owasiza ekusizeni ekulungiseni inguquko yamaphoyisa ngo-1999 futhi kamuva wasebenza ekuxazululeni izingxabano ezisele ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe. Kuwo wama 2010, uMongameli uBack Obama noMongameli uJoe Biden wavakashela eNyakatho Ireland, futhi i-U.S. yaqhubeka inikeza usizo lwezentengiselwano yezimali nge-International Fund ye-Ireland. Imali yezemisebenzi yokubuyisana, njengomsebenzi wefa ka , uBarand Fund [FLD:1], wasiza ekulondolozeni ukuthula kwezenhlalo.

Inselele Ye - Breexit

Isinqumo se - United Kingdom sokushiya i - European Union ngo - 2016 saletha inselele entsha eMbusweni WeSivumelwano SangoLwesihlanu. Lesi sivumelwano sasithembele kakhulu emngceleni ovulekile phakathi kweNyakatho Ireland neRiphabliki yase - Ireland, womabili amalungu e - EU. i - Brexit yasongela ukuphinde iqale i - estroducation, okungabangela ukuba ukubambisana okuphakathi kwe - commony kuncike ekugcineni ukuthula.

Nalapha futhi, i-United States yafeza indima. IKhongolokazi lase-U.S., ikakhulukazi i-Freens of Ireland caucus, yanxusa ngokuphindaphindiwe abaholi baseBrithani nabase-EU, ukuba bavikele inqubo yokuthula. UMongameli uBiden, oye wakhuluma kaningi ngefa lakhe lase-Ireland kanye nenkolelo yakhe kwi-Good Wearth Recouncince, wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi noma yiliphi ibhizinisi phakathi kwe-U.S. ne-U.K. lithembele ekulondololweni kwalesivumelwano. [[FLT: 0] I-Prouncilven Procencess iqaphele ukuthi ukucindezela kwezwe lase-Rwanda kwakuyisigent.S. kuyisiciso sokulungisa amalungiselelo e-Nort - Britlands [[FLT]]

Izifundo Zokubulala Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Indima ye-U.S. eSivumelwaneni saseGood Wesihlanu inikeza izifundo ezihlala njalo ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano. Okokuqala, kubonisa ukuthi abadlali bangaphandle bangaphumelela uma bebhekwa njengabakhohlisi abathembekile abangenazinhloso ezifihliwe. I-United States yayingenasifiso sokubeka inhloso yendawo eNorthern Ireland futhi yayingenasifiso sokubeka umphumela othile womthetho sisekelo. Lokhu kungathathi hlangothi kwayivumela ukuba yakhe ukwethembana kuyo yonke imiphakathi.

Okwesibili, inqubo yokuthula ibonisa ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa ukuhlangana kwezombangazwe ezisezingeni eliphezulu neziguli, ukuphambaniswa emhlabeni. Izinqumo zesibindi sikaClinton nengcingo zocingo zasekelwa umsebenzi wokucophelela kaSenator Mitchell kanye nokutshala kwezezomnotho kweInternational Fund. Isici ngasinye saqinisa ezinye.

Okwesithathu, lesi sibonelo siqokomisa ukuthi ukuthula kudinga ukunakekelwa njalo. i - Good Friver Agreement ayizange izixazulule zonke izinkinga zeNyakatho Ireland; yakha isisekelo sokuzisingatha. isithembiso sesivumelwano saseU.S. asiphelanga ngomkhosi wokusayina kodwa saqhubeka nakuzo zonke izinkinga ezalandela.

Isiphetho: Ifa Elihlala Njalo

Namuhla, i-Good Wear Advement iseyisisekelo somthetho-mthetho seNyakatho Ireland. Nakuba le ndawo isabhekene nokuwohloka kwezombangazwe, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, nenselele eqhubekayo yeBrexit, ukuthula kusekhona. i-United States ingaziqhenya ngendima eyafezwa ekunikezeni ukuthula. Kusukela esinqumweni esiqinile sokunikeza imvume kuGerry Adams, esandleni esiqinile sikaGeorge Mitchell, izigidi zamaRandi athengiselwe ukubuyisana, ukuhola kwaseMelika kwenza umehluko osobala.

Indaba yeSivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu ayiyona nje indaba elula yaseMelika edinga umusa, futhi eyingxenyana engavamile nokuyekethisa kwabantu baseNyakatho Ireland ngokwayo. Kodwa iUnited States yanikeza isilinganiso esavumela lesosibindi ukuba sichume. Njengoba izingxabano ziqhubeka emhlabeni wonke, okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseNyakatho Ireland kuyisikhumbuzo esinamandla sokuthi ukuxoxa ngezingxoxo, okusekelwe ukubekezela nengcebo, kungaphumelela ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima kakhulu. I-U.S. isibopho se-Good Wetwetwe LangoLwesihlanu sasingesona nje impumelelo; kwakuyisivumelwano senkolelo yokuthi ukuthula kuhlala kufanelekile.