Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sobuholi Bezinkinga

Igatsha eliphethe i-Guaudio lithola igunya lalo lokuphatha inhlekelele eSiphakamisweni II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. elibeka igunya lokubusa kuMongameli futhi limbeke icala ngokunakekela ukuthi imithetho ifezeke ngokuthembeka. Lombhalo obonakala ulula utolikiwe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ukunikeza amandla aphuthumayo abalulekile okuvikela ukulondeka kobuzwe nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Ngokungafani neGabhu lase-Legislative Branth, okumelwe livote futhi livote, noma igatsha Lokwahlulela, okumelwe lichaze ngecala ngecala, igatsha eliphethe i-Administration lingasebenza ngesivinini nangentwayo futhi lithathe isinyathelo esiwumphumela lapho kugadla inhlekelele.

Abahleli baqaphela ukuthi izimo eziphuthumayo zifuna igunya elinamagama aphakeme. KuFederal List No. 70 uAlexander Hamilton waphikisa ngokuthi "ukungavumelani nohulumeni ophethe" kuyisici esiphambili sikahulumeni olungile, ikakhulukazi phakathi nobunzima lapho ukulibala kungabulala khona. Lesi sisekelo somthetho-sisekelo siye savumela amongameli abavela kuGeorge Washington ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha phakathi nezifo eziwumqedazwelo, izinhlekelele zemvelo, ukuwa kwezomnotho, nokusongela. Ikhono leSebe Lezempathiyeni lokuhlanganisa izikhali linqamule izinhlangano, liyale amabutho ahlome, futhi lixhumane ngokuqondile nabantu baseMelika kwenza ukuba kube yinjini eyinhloko yokusabela kwenhlekelele yezwe.

UMongameli Njengomphathi

UMongameli umi esiqongweni seSebe Eliphethe, esebenzisa igunya phezu kwemishini emikhulu yokuphatha ehlanganisa iminyango yamakhabethe engu-15, amakhulu ezinhlangano, nezisebenzi ezivamile zikahulumeni ezicishe zibe yizigidi ezingu-2,1. Phakathi nenhlekelele, lesi sakhiwo sezesayensi sivumela ukwenziwa kwesinqumo okusheshayo nezindawo ezigciniwe. UMongameli angaqondisa uMnyango wezempilo neMinyango Yomphakathi ukuba ukhiphe izinto zezokwelapha kuMnyango Wesizwe Wezentelekelelo, ayale uMnyango Wezikhungo wokukhulula onjiniyela bempi, noma afundise i-Evironment Protective Agement i-gement ukuba ikhiphe izinhlelo ezithile zokuhlanza. Lo myalo ungayiqeda nanoma yiliphi elinye igatsha likahulumeni.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Phakathi Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Nakuba uGunya lwegatsha luhola ekuphenduleni kwenhlekelele, uMthetho-sisekelo ulondoloza ukuhlola nokulinganisela ngisho nasezimweni eziphuthumayo. UKhomishane ulawula ukuthatha iziphakamiso futhi ungahlola izenzo zobuphathi, kuyilapho izinkantolo zihlola ukufaneleka kwezinyathelo eziphuthumayo. I-Constitution[[ ayinikezi amandla aphuthumayo angenamkhawulo, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele njalo ukuthi ngisho naphakathi kwezinkinga, izenzo zokuphatha kumelwe zivumelane nesivikelo somthetho. Ubunzima phakathi kwezokuphatha kwenhlekelele ephumelelayo nokulondoloza inkululeko yomphakathi buyisihloko esiphindaphindeka njalo embusweni yaseMelika, futhi i-Gauth Counci i-partment kumelwe ikwazi ukuhambisana kahle nale hlangothi.

Imithwalo yemfanelo yokuphatha inhlekelele kamongameli

Uma kuvela inkinga, uMongameli uthatha izindima eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lemithwalo yemfanelo idinga ukuzwana phakathi kwezinga likahulumeni, ukubophana kwemikhakha, nokubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe kuye ngokuthi isimo sinjani esiphuthumayo. Ukuqonda umthwalo wemfanelo ngamunye kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukusebenza kukamongameli phakathi nezimo eziphakeme.

Isimo Sokuhlolwa Nokubuthana Kokuhlakanipha

Ngaphambi kokuba uMongameli enze izinqumo ezinikezwa ulwazi, kumelwe aqonde ubukhulu, ukuqina, nokuthathelwa phambili kwenkinga. Lokhu kudinga ukufinyelela ekuhlakanipheni kwangempela kanye nokuhlola kochwepheshe besikhathi kuvela kuwo wonke uhulumeni. UMongameli uthola incazelo yansuku zonke evela kuMqondisi weNational Intelligence, imibiko yezimo evela ku-FEMA phakathi nezinhlekelele zemvelo, kanye nemininingwane yezesayensi yezesayensi yezifo e-CDC phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo. I-White House Amonment House isebenza njengesikhungo esiyinhloko sokuhlola izenzakalo eziqhubekayo nokuphendula okuhambisana nomphumela we-Ebola. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli wansuku zonke wahlanganisa izikhulu zempilo ukuba zihlole icala, isibhedlela, nezindlela zempilo.

Ukwenza Isinqumo Ngaphansi Kokucindezela

Ukwenza isinqumo esibucayi kuhilela izigxobo eziphakeme, ukwaziswa okungaphelele, kanye nemingcele yesikhathi. UMongameli kumelwe alinganisele izinto eziza kuqala ezincintisanayo, acabangele imiphumela engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe, futhi akhethe izifundo zokuthatha isinyathelo ezingase zibe nemiphumela engenakulungiseka. Omongameli bathembela enqubweni engokomthetho yokwenza izinqumo ehlanganisa imihlangano ye-National Security Council, iziqephu zeKomiti yeSimiso, nezingxoxo nababhali bekhathelelane. Ukwenza isinqumo esiphumelelayo esibucayi kudinga ukuvumelana nokuqonda okuhlukile, nokuzimisela ukulungisa amasu amasu ahlukene njengoba ulwazi luvela. Ihhovisi eliphethe i-National Searchy Committery Com linikeza ukusekela okubalulekile phakathi nalezi zinqubo.

Ukuxhumana Komphakathi Nezinkulumo Zesizwe

UMongameli usebenza njengesikhulumi esikhulu sesizwe phakathi nezinkinga, nekhono eliyingqayizivele lokufinyelela wonke amaMelika ngesikhathi esisodwa ngamakheli acushwe ngethelevishini, ukucosha amakheli, nezokuxhumana kwezenhlalo. Ukukhulumisana okucacile nokungaguquguquki kufeza izinjongo eziningi. Ukwazisa izakhamuzi ngohlobo losongo futhi kutuswa izenzo zokuvikela. Kwakha ukwethemba umphakathi emizamweni kahulumeni yokusabela. Kuhlanganisa ukuziphatha phakathi kwabantu, kukhuthaza ukulalela iziyalezo zokuthuthwali, imikhankankaso, noma ukuphambuka kwezenhlalo. Ukuhluleka kokuxhumana kwamakhosi kungabhebhethelisa inhlekelele ngokudala ukudideka nokululaza ukuthemba umphakathi. Ukusabela esiphendukeni ngo-20055 kubonise indlela ukushesha nokungacacile kwe-Triver House House eyabacse esimweni esinzima kakade.

Ukubambisana Kukahulumeni

UMongameli kumele axhumanise ukusabela kwenhlekelele enkulu kuhulumeni kahulumeni, wezwe, wesizwe, nowendawo. Umthetho weSizwe umisa uhlelo losizo lwenhlekelele kahulumeni, kodwa ukumiswa kudinga ukubambisana okuseduze nababusi bombuso abagcina umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuvikela umphakathi phakathi kwezindawo zabo eziphethe. UMongameli angamemezela inhlekelele enkulu noma isimo esiphuthumayo, evula imithombo yezimali nezimali, kodwa ababusi bakahulumeni kumelwe bacele lesi simemezelo. Phakathi nemqeda-Covid, uhulumeni wasakaza imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu kanye nezigodlo ngeminyango yempilo kahulumeni, idinga ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo phakathi kweWashington nezifundazwe. Igatsha eliphetheyo lihlelana nezihlobo ezihlangene phakathi kwemingcele yezizwe zonke phakathi kwemingcele, njengemiqeda - zifo noma ukugawundayo yonke imbulunga yonke.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nemingcele Yawo

UMongameli unezindawo ezihlukene ezingokomthetho eziwumthetho ezigunyazwe uMkhandlu oye wazinika ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lamandla asheshisa ukwenza izinqumo, ukudlula izinqubo ezivamile, futhi anikeze ukutholakala kwemithombo eyengeziwe. Nokho, aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokulandisa ngentando yeningi nokugxilisa igunya.

Isinyathelo Sesizwe Sezimo Eziphuthumayo

Idlula ngo-1976, iSivumelwano seNational Emermentary Act inikeza abaphathi indlela engokomthetho yokumemezela izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe. Uma sekushiwo, uMongameli angasebenzisa iziphathimandla zomthetho ezihlala zingaqinile ngezikhathi ezivamile, kuhlanganise namandla okukhipha izijeziso zezomnotho, ukuqondisa izimali zikahulumeni, nokuqoqa imithombo yezempi. Lesi senzo sidinga ukuba uMongameli achaze ukuthi yimaphi amagunya azosetshenziswa futhi azise iSishaya-Congress. Izimeommende kumelwe zivuselelwe minyaka yonke noma ziphele. Kusukela ngo-1976, omongameli baye bamemezela izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe ezingaphezu kwezingu 60, eziningi ezisasele. Inkonzo yokucwaninga yeze-Rhonational Servicervery [[FLT]]

UMthetho KaStafford Nosizo Lwenhlekelele

I-Stafford Disaster Disaster Act ibusa ukusabela kwenhlekelele nomphumela kahulumeni wenhlekelele. Igunyaza uMongameli ukuba aqondise i-FEMA ukuba inikeze usizo kuhulumeni nasehulumenini abahlaselwe izinhlekelele zemvelo, kuhlanganise neziphepho, ukuzamazama komhlaba, izikhukhula, nemlilo. I-Stafford Act imisa isimiso sokuphendula esinezitebhisi lapho imithombo yendawo nezwe kubekwa khona kuqala, nokusekela okungokwezikhundla zikahulumeni lapho amandla edlula. UMongameli angaqondisa u-FEMA ukuba anikeze usizo lwezwe, kuhlanganise nezindlu zesikhashana, ukulungiswa kwezakhiwo zesikhashana, nokukhokhwa kwezindlu ezithintekile, nokukhokhwa kwemali ngazinye ezintsholweni zezinhlekelele. I-Stafford Act iye yasetshenziswa ezinkulungwanenikweni zezenhlekelele kusukela ekuvinjweni kwayo ngo-1988.

Izimiso Eziqondisayo Ezingxabanweni

Iziqondiso zesikhulu zinikeza uMongameli ithuluzi lokuqondisa imisebenzi yegatsha ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunyelwa kwe-conomional. Phakathi nezikhathi zezinhlekelele, omongameli basebenzisa iziyalezo zokuhlela kabusha izinhlangano, ukumisa izisekelo zemisebenzi, izimfuneko zokuqondisa, nokusebenzisa izimiso eziphuthumayo. UMthetho woMqondisi 1312 owehlise izakhiwo zezemisebenzi ku-2001 zezemishini elawulayo ku-Odder 13950 efundisa izinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi yomphakathi phakathi nesiphithiphithiphithi-mphithi-msibindi somphakathi ngo-202020. Iziqondiso zeziphathimandla kumele ukunikeza umthetho ngokomthetho noma igunya lobucukume, futhi zihlale zingaphansi kokubukezwa kwemithetho. Uma umthetho wesikhulu uwedlula igunya likamongameli noma izingxabano ngomthetho okhona, inkantolo ingawuhlasela.

Izinhlolo - vo Zomthetho - sisekelo Nokulinganisela

Amagunya oMongameli aphuthumayo awanamkhawulo. Umhlangano ungaqeda isimemezelo sesizwe esiphuthumayo ngesinqumo esihlangane, futhi izinkantolo zingayala izenzo eziphetheyo eziphula amalungelo omthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yalahla iziphakamiso zegunya lobumongameli elizuzwe ngefa lokumisa i-habeas corpus phakathi kwezimo eziphuthumayo, njengaku Hamdi v. I-Rumsfeld [2004], futhi ibeke imingcele kaMongameli yokuthatha impahla yomuntu siqu ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Ohulumeni bangamelana neziqondiso zikahulumeni ezidlula imingcele yomthetho womthetho, futhi balawule izigaba zikahulumeni zezwe ngaphandle kokuba ziqondiswe umthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphatha kwesimo akushintshi ukulinganisela ngokuphelele ukulinganisela komthetho phakathi kwamagatsha noma phakathi kohulumeni.

Indima YeKhabhinethi Ekusabeleni Ezinkingeni

IKhabhinethi kaMongameli inezinhloko zeminyango ephethe engu-15, ngayinye eletha ulwazi olukhethekile ekuqondiseni izinhlekelele. Onobhala beKhabhinethi bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswe iSigele, besenza babe nesibopho sezombangazwe kuyilapho befaneleka ngobuchwepheshe ukuhola iminyango yabo phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo.

UMnyango Wezokulondeka Kwasekhaya

I-Derrement of Homeland Security, eyaqala ngo-2002 isabela ekuhlaseleni okungu-9/11, isebenza njengomxhumanisi kahulumeni wezokuphathwa kwezenzakalo zasekhaya. UNobhala we Homeland Security wengamela i-FEMA, i-Fotration Security Administration, i-U.S. Customs and Bord Provice Providential Providect, kanye ne-Ugadentier. Phakathi nobunzima, unobhala ubeka isihlalo se-Homeland Security Council futhi uqondisa ukusabela kombuso nge-National Responsealformation Frameyoowey. DHS uhola imizamo yokuvikela imingcele phakathi nezikhathi zempilo, izigwebo zezokuhlola i-Screasts, nokuvikela izakhiwo ezibucayi ezisongeni ezisekwini ezisefweni.

UMnyango Wempilo Nezinkonzo Zabantu

UNobhala wezempilo nezezinkonzo zabantu unakekela izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi nge CDC, i-Food and Drug Administration, kanye ne-National Institutes of Health. HHS ihola ukusabela kombuso ekuqubukeni kwezifo, izenzakalo zobuphekula, kanye nokukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi. Lomnyango unakekela i-Stectical National Stockpile yezindawo zokwelapha, uqhube i-Dreatry Limblernet Program, futhi wengamele ukuvela kwemilingo yezokwelapha. Phakathi ne-COVIID-19, i-HS exhumanisa i-Octivectivectiveial Warp , okusheshisa ukusungulwa kwe-yokusetshenziswa kwe-omisa imithi yokwelapha nokusakazwa ezweni.

Umnyango Wezokuvikela

UNobhala wezokuvikela unikeza iziphathimandla zempi phakathi nezinhlekelele phakathi noMnyango Wezokuvikela. I-Posse Comitatus Act ivame ukunqabela ibutho lezempi ukuba lingaqhubeki lisebenze imisebenzi yomthetho phakathi kwe-United States, kodwa ibutho lempi linganikeza ukusekela komthetho, ubuchwepheshe bobunjiyela, izisebenzi zezokwelapha, kanye nezinto zokuhamba. IButho lase-U.U.S. Corps of Engineers lakha izibhedlela zesikhashana nokulungisa izakhiwo eziwohlokile. Imikhumbi yesibhedlela yesibhedlela ukuze yandise abaphathi bezezokwelapha. I-Airound Forces inikeza izimpahla nezisebenzi zezindawo ezithintekile. Ukusekela kwezempi kuhlala kungaphansi kokulawula nokusekela kwezwe nemisebenzi yokusabela kwezwe.

Ukusebenzisa Umshini Ovumelanayo

Ukusabela okunzima kudinga ukubambisana okungenamsoco phakathi kweminyango yamakhabethe. Imihlangano ye-National Security Council ne-Homeland Security Council ihlanganisa amasu nokuxazulula izingxabano. AmaMikhosi Omnxeba Ombaleki Womsebenzi ahlanganisa izisebenzi eminyangweni eminingi ukuze abhekane nezinsongo ezikhethekile, njenge-Joint Task Force for Covid commenter-19. Abaqondisi abakhulu base-Whited House bahlela inqubo yokuthuthukisa iminyango yezentengiselwano, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uMnyango Wezokuthutha, uMnyango Wezenzwe, neminye iminyango inikela amandla abo akhethekile esabelayo yonke. I-Starford Act idinga usizo lukahulumeni oluhlangene lwe-FERMA ngohlelo lwe-ocestery, ngokwezimo-mo-mfo.

Izinhlangano Eziqondisayo Ezisemgqeni Oyinhloko

Ngaphandle kweminyango yamakhabethe, izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele zifeza izindima ezikhethekile ekuqondiseni izinhlekelele.

I - agency yokuqondisa inhlekelele kaFederal

IFEMA iyinhlangano eholayo yezwe yokulungiselela inhlekelele, ukusabela, ukululama, nokukhuliswa. Yadalwa ngo-1979 futhi yakhushulelwa esikhundleni se-khabethe phakathi kwe-DHS ngemva kuka-9/11, iFEMA ixhumanisa usizo lukahulumeni ngamahhovisi enhlekelele ezifundazweni kulo lonke izwe. I-FEMA ilondoloza i-National ResponseFrameworkwork, echaza indima nemithwalo yemithwalo yemisebenzi yabo bonke abaphendula ngenhlekelele. Inhlangano yangaphambi kwezindawo ngezindawo ze-logiststings, ithumela amaqoqo eMnyango eMnyango wokuphathwa kwenhlekelele ehlela izifundazwe, futhi ihambisa izinhlelo zokusiza abantu ngabanye nemiphakathi. Ikhono lika-FEMA ukulingana nokusabela kwayo ekukhukhuleni kwenhlekelele ezindaweni eziphethe amagatsha.

Izikhungo Zokunqanda Nezokuvimbela Izifo

I-CDC, inhlangano ephakathi kwe-HHS, isebenza njengenhlangano yezempilo yomphakathi yesizwe enomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuhlola, ukuhlola, nokuphatha izifo eziqubukayo. ICDC ilawula i-Emergency Observations Center, eqondisa izinsongo zempilo yembulunga yonke futhi ixhumanisa ukuqubuka kwezifo zasekhaya. Ososayensi behlola indlela evela ngayo, basungula ukuhlola ukuxilonga, iziqondiso zokwelapha, i-Epidemic Intelligence Service emiphakathini ethintekile. I-CDC futhi ilawula i-Strategic National Stockpiles ex wamunts Stockipilene noMgavicel of Veters Affaiaiation, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zokwelapha ziyavela ngokushesha phakathi nezimo zempilo.

Ulwandlekazi Lwezwe Nokulawula Kwe - atmosphera

UNOA, phakathi koMnyango Wezentengiselwano, unikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile kanye nesimo sezulu okusekela ukulawulwa kwezinkinga. I-National Weather Service izibikezelo zeziphepho, amawashi, nezixwayiso ngeziphepho, iziphepho, iziphepho, iziphepho, nezinye izingozi zesimo sezulu. I-NOA satellitellites zihlola izimo zendawo ezungezile ngesikhathi sangempela, zinikeza ukwaziswa okusiza abaphathi besimo esiphuthumayo balindele izinsongo futhi banikeze imithombo yemali. Isiphepho senhlangano siveza ukuphakama kwekhono abenzi bezokuthutha nokulungisa iziphepho. Phakathi kwezindawo ezishisayo, i-NOAA inikeza izibikezelo zemvelo zemvelo nezihlabane zemoto ezisakazelayo ezizisa umphakathi izibikezempilo.

Ezinye Izimo Ezibucayi

I-Nvironmental Protection Agency isabela ekuchithekeni kwezinto ezibonakalayo okuyingozi nasezenzekeni okuyingozi nge-On Scene Centre Conservation yayo. ISebe Lezegesi lilawula i-Stratec Petroleum Reserve futhi lihlela ukubuyiselwa kwe-atry ye-octive producence phakathi nezikhathi eziphuthumayo zamandla. Umnyango we-Precureal Agement unikeza usizo lokudla ukudla okuthinta abantu futhi usekele abalimi nabalimi nabathengi ngemva kwezinhlekelele zemvelo. Inhlangano ngayinye inikeza imali eboleka imali engcono kakhulu emabhizinisini, kubanini, abanikazi, nabasebaqashe. Umnyango we-Hostling and Urbacrome Development unikeza usizo lwesikhashana futhi usekela ukululama komphakathi omude. Inkampani ngayinye isekela amandla akhethekile ahlanganisa kanye nezimiso ezihlangene kanye nezimiso ezisebenza kahulumeni ezisebenza kabanzi.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekuqondiseni Izinkinga Ezingalawuleki

Ukuhlola izinhlekelele zomlando kwembula kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka bamakhono okuphathwa kwenkinga yegatsha eliphethe isigaba esiphezulu. Lokhu kuhlola kunikeza izifundo eziwusizo zokuthuthukisa ukusabela esikhathini esizayo.

ISiphepho uKatrina

ISiphepho uKatrina sawisa isango ngoAugust 29, 2005, sadala umonakalo omkhulu eGulf Coast ukusuka eLouisiana kuya e-Alabama. Isiphepho saphahlaza i-leves eNew Orleans, sakhukhula amaphesenti angu-80 edolobha futhi sasusa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi. ISiphepho seSebe Lezokuqondisa Izindawo saveza ukuhluleka okukhulu kokubambisana. I-FEMA yahluleka ukuqaphela isimo futhi yahluleka ukunikeza izimpahla ezanele nezisebenzi. Ukukhulumisana phakathi kukahulumeni, umbuso, nezikhulu zendawo kwabambezela ukuseshwa nokuhlengwa. Umnyango we-Homeland Security wazama ukuhlanganisa izikhali nemizamo yokusabela engekho ngokomthetho. [[FLT:] FLT] FM [FLT] Fit] ukuhlola kokusabela okuphawuliwe ekuhleleni, ekuhleleni izimo, ekuhleleni, nasekuhleleni izikhulu.

Izinguquko zangemva kukaKatrina zahlanganisa ukuqinisa igunya le-FEMA nemithombo yengcebo, ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zenhlekelele ngezindawo ezibekwe ngaphambili, nokumisa imithetho ehlangene yesimo esiphuthumayo sesikhathi esizayo. Umthetho wePost-Katrina Emergency Management Reformation Act ka 2006 waxoxa nalezi zimpikiswano eziningi, kodwa iziphepho ezalandela, kuhlanganise neziphepho ezithi iSiphepho uHarvey, uMaria no-Ian, ziye zabonisa ukuthi izinselele zokuhlela nokuhlela nokuhlela imithombo ziyaqhubeka.

I - COVID - 19 Pandemic

Isifo se-COVOID-19 savivinya amakhono okulawula inhlekelele yeHhovisi Lesikhulu esiphetheyo ngokwesilinganiso esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili. Lo mqedazwe wadinga ukusabela ngesikhathi esisodwa esimweni esiphuthumayo somphakathi nasenhlekeleleni yezomnotho, kuyilapho futhi uhulumeni wafuna ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke. Umbuso wamisa i-Warp Speed ukuze uqinise ukuthuthukisa umjovo wokugoma, okwaphumela ekugunyazeni ukugoma okuningi okugunyaziwe phakathi nonyaka owodwa wegciwane elivelayo. I-CDC yakhipha iziqondiso zempilo yomphakathi zokufihla, ukuhlola, nokushintshashintshashintsha kwezenhlalo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kwadala ukudideka. Umnyango Wezempilo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi wasakaza izigidi zemali yosizo, futhi uMnyango wezentengo wakwazi ukukhokha izindleko zosizo kubantu ngabanye nasemabhizinisini.

Lo mqedazwe wadalula amagebe ezinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezimiso zemininingwane eseziphelelwe isikhathi, ukugcinwa kwezindawo ezigciniwe, nokuswelakala kwemisebenzi eminyangweni yezempilo kahulumeni nasezindaweni zendawo. Igatsha eliphethe i-Guevidual lasabela ngokuhlukahlukahluka kwezinye izikhulu futhi laqokomisa izinselele zokuhlela uhulumeni endaweni ehlukene ngokwezombangazwe. Izifundo ezivela ku-COVID-19 ziye zaqhubekisela phambili izimali ekuhlolweni kwezifo eziwumqedazwelo, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuhlola i-geomeomcomicssss nenguquko eqekelelekile ye-National Stockpile.

Ukuhlasela Kwamaphekula Okungu - 9 / 11

Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-September 11, 2001, kwayiguqula ngokuyisisekelo indlela yeGatya lokuqondisa inhlekelele. Ngamahora ambalwa nje ukuhlasela, uMongameli wagunyaza ukusabela kwezempi, waguqula zonke izindiza zezentengiselwano, futhi wabambisana nezinhlangano zomthetho kahulumeni ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlasela okwengeziwe. Ukuhlasela kwaholela ekusungulweni kwe-Department of Homeland Security, uhulumeni omkhulu kakhulu wahlela kabusha kusukela ekusungulweni koMnyango Wezentengo yezentengo ngo-1947. I-USA PATRIOTT Act yandisa ukuqapha kwe-kaphela kwe-kampatho neziphathimandla zobuhlaka. I-Hulumeniwe yamisa i-National Counter Counter Counter ukuze ihlole uH zinqamle izinhlangano. I-9/11 yabonisa ikhono likaMongameli lokuthatha isinyathelo esimweni esiqotho, kodwa yaphakamisa nemibuzo ngezinkinga eziphakathi kwezokuvikela phakathi kwenkululeko.

Izifundo Ezafundwa Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ikhono lokulawula inhlekelele yegatsha eliphethe liye lashintsha kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, lishukunyiswa okuhlangenwe nakho nokuhlaziywa kokwehluleka kwesikhathi esidlule. Intuthuko eqhubekayo idinga ukugcinwa kokusetshenziswa kwemali ekulungiseleleni, izimiso ezicacile zokubambisana kohulumeni, kanye nokuhlelwa kokuqonda kwamandla esimo esiphuthumayo.

Ukuzilungisa kuseyinselele enkulu. Izimiso zokusabela ze-Federal, isifundazwe, kanye nendawo kumelwe zisebenze ngaphandle komthungo naphezu kokwehluka kwemithombo yemali, izinto eziza kuqala, nokuhleleka kwezombangazwe. Ukuvivinya umzimba nokuqeqesha kusiza ukwakha ubudlelwane nokuhlola ukusebenza komphakathi ngaphambi kokuba kuvele izinhlekelele zangempela. I-Gradetive Bread Yombuso kuqhubeke ifaka imali eMthethweni we-National Execroup Program nesigaba sombuso ukulungiselela ukulondoloza ukuzimisela. Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuba okuthuthukisa ukuqaphela isimo ngokuhlanganyela kwangempela ulwazi, ukubikezela i-alytic, kanye namapulatifomu athinta athinta iziphetho ezisabelayo ezizweni ezihlukene. I-Federal Emeternatemimetagency ingaqinisa ukuhlanganisa ulwazi ngokusebenzisa izimiso zayo zobuphili nokusebenzisa izindinganiso ezisebenza ndawonye ezingoko zezwezwe nabangane bendawo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imingcele ye-proprietary.

Imibuso ephuthumayo idinga ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo. Izinkantolo kufanele zihlole iSivumelwano seNational Emerdiation Act ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimemezelo zinezindlela ezicacile zokuqeda inqubo futhi iziphathimandla eziphathisiwe zihlala zifanelekile ekusongweni kwanamuhla. Igatsha eliphethe i-Grade lifanele ukuveza izimpawu ezibonisa ukuthi izimpawu eziphuthumayo zidinga ukuqulwa kwemithetho engokomthetho yegunya eliphethe ngesikhathi esiphuthumayo, futhi liyoqhubeka lichaza imingcele yezimiso zobuphathi-hulumeni phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo, futhi izinqumo zalo kufanele ziqondise isinyathelo sobumongameli. Ukulondoloza ukulandisa kwentando yentando yeningi phakathi nezinhlekelele kudinga ukuba kuthathwe imibandela ephuthumayo, isilinganiso, futhi iholwe.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuletha izilinganiso ezintsha zokulawula izinkinga. Ukunyuka kwezinga lolwandle, iziphepho ezinkulu, izinkathi zequbula zemvula ezinde, namaza okushisa ayandayo kudinga ukuba iSebe Lezokulawula izakhiwo nezimiso zezakhiwo zikahulumeni. Izilinganiso zesimo sezulu se-FEMA's National Risk Index ne-NOA zinikeza amathuluzi okulindela izingozi zesikhathi esizayo. I-Gertive Branch kufanele ihlanganise ukuhlelwa kwesimo sezulu esiphuthumayo futhi iqinisekise ukuthi izinhlelo zokusiza ekwakheni izinhleloni eziqinile ngemva kwezenzakalo ezidlule.

Isiphetho

Igatsha Eliphethe linesikhundla esiyinhloko esimisweni sokuqondisa inhlekelele yezwe, lihlanganisa igunya elingokomthetho namandla asebenzayo okuvikela ukuphila, impahla, nokulondeka kwesizwe. Kusukela ekusebenzeni kukaMongameli nasekuxhumaneni nomsebenzi okhethekile weminyango ye-kaputeni kanye nezinhlangano eziphetheyo, uhulumeni ulondoloza amandla amakhulu okusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo. Ukuhlolwa kweSiphepho uKatrina, i-CHOVAD, kanye ne-CHOD, kanye ne-octivessss arective (umphanist) ukuze kuvivieze ukuphila, kubonise kokubili ukuphumelela kokuhola kwesizwe nokungalawuleki kwezimiso kanye nemiphumela yokusebenza kwezinhlangano. Njengoba izinsongo nezinselele ezintsha zivela, iGavidi le Komiti yombuso kumelwe iqhubeke nokulungisa izakhiwo zayo, iziphathimandla, nemikhuba yokuqinisekisa ukuthi isizwe sihlala silungele noma iziphi izinkinga. Isimiso sokuphatha esimweni esiqinile asixhobinisiwe kuphela kuhulumeni sezwe lonke esisebusweni samazwe sawo.