Isingeniso: Umshini Wokubusa

Igatsha eliphethe liyinjini ebonakala kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile elinamandla kakhulu likahulumeni. Nakuba iKhomishane ibhala imithetho nemithetho yejaji, igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa isifundazwe nsuku zonke. Ngokuhambisa iposi nokuhlola ukudla kwethu ukuze siqhube izingxoxo zezokuxhumana nokuqondisa amabutho ahlomile, igatsha eliphethe izikhali liguqula ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zonke. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zalo, amandla, nokulinganiselwa kwalo akuyona nje imfuneko eyisisekelo yezemfundo yesizwe esibotshelelwe ukuba sibe isakhamuzi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza i-sibindi, sibheka ngokunzulu, sihlola indima yegatsha eliphethe i-democracy eMelika, sihlola izisekelo zalo zomthetho womthetho, izinhlangano, imibuso, izinselele zanamuhla zibhekenendawo yezombangazwe ezibanzi.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: ISiphakamiso II

Ipulani yegatsha eliphethe itholakala eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ngenhloso ifinyele futhi ayicacile uma kuqhathaniswa nezincazelo eziningiliziwe zeSiphakamiso I, iSiphakamiso II siqala ngesimemezelo esilula kodwa esijulile: "Umbuso ophethe uzakubekwa kuMongameli we-United States of America." Lomusho owodwa ubeyindaba yengxoxo enkulu nencazelo, ukwakha isisekelo segunya elikhulu kakhulu esilibonayo namuhla.

Amaframes anjengo-Alexander Hamilton aphikisa ku-Federalist Papers "Onamandla" aphethe nge "Siphendu" nange-"Speach", ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zenkambiso yezezwe nezokuzivikela. Nokho, babeqapha ngokufanayo ngokuqapha i-monarchy ukuphambana. Lokhu kungathiya okuphakathi kwamandla nokuvinjelwa kubekwe ehhovisi. ISiphakamiso II sichaza indima kaMongameli njengoMphathi-Mphathi-iChief, unikeza amandla okwenza izivumelwano futhi amise izikhulu (ngeseluleko seSigeqe nemvume), futhi uMongameli abeke u-"Aka iMithelela ukuba ibone ukuthi iMiyalo iqekelwe ngokwethembeka."Lena "Sinakekela uClabel" yisimende semithwalolo yegatsha, kodwa sisikisela umbutho wegunya elikhulu elifanele ukunikeza i-evoluleki ye-ombutho yezisebenzi eziphethe zezezwe, izikhulu zezisebenzi ezisembutho zezisebenzi ezisembutho zezezwe ezisembusweni zezwe eziyizigidi ezimbili.

Izingxenye Zekhora Nezimpatho Ze - Institus

Igatsha eliphethe lingaphezu kakhulu kokuba uMongameli. Liyindawo eyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlangano, abakhangisi, nochwepheshe bemisebenzi abafeza umsebenzi wohulumeni wezinsuku zonke.

UMongameli Nomongameli Oyisekela

UMongameli usebenza njengomphathi wombuso nomphathi kahulumeni, inhlanganisela egxilisa igunya elikhulu elingokomfanekiso nelisebenzayo kumuntu oyedwa. Umongameli wanamuhla uthonye amandla ahlobene nokuphathwa kwezomnotho, ukuholwa kwembulunga yonke, nokusabela kwenhlekelele. UMongameli uVice, owaqale waklanywa njengelungu lemithetho ngemva kokucabanga (uMongameli weSigele), uye waguqukela ekubeni ngumngane ocushekayo ophethe. Omongameli banamuhla baphethe i-portfolios, banikeza iseluleko sezombangazwe, futhi bakhonza njengesibopho esiyinhloko soMkhandlu yeSishayamthetho nohulumeni. ISiphenduku se 25 se-Prentellivements (umongameli weSigesaseBhathi) sangaphambili (umongameli weSigele) , , zenza leli hhovisi labasethisisebenzi elibucayi kakhulu lokuqhubeka kwezempathilo.

IKhabhinethi Nombuso WaseBudminial

IKhabhinethi, ehlanganisa izinhloko zeminyango engu-15 (njengezwe, iNdoda, iNdawo yezimali, neJaji), isebenza njengebhuloho eliyinhloko phakathi kwesimiso sobumongameli nokukhishwa kwecala. Nakuba lezizikhombisi zimiswa nguMongameli futhi ziqinisekiswa iSigele, kumelwe zilinganisele ukwethembeka ezimisweni zikaMongameli ezihleliwe kanye nemithetho yeminyango yazo emikhulu ekhona.

Phansi kweKhabhinethi kukhona iqoqo elihlala njalo lezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Leli qoqo lezinhlangano, amabhuleki, namahhovisi lisebenza kakhulu izisebenzi zomphakathi ezingezona isigaba ezibuswa yisimiso esifanelekile. Ubuchwepheshe nenkumbulo ehlelile yalezi zingcweti zemisebenzi inzima ekusebenziseni izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, ukucindezela kulokhu kuphakama phakathi kwamalungu abekwayo ezombangazwe afuna ushintsho olusheshayo nezisebenzi zemisebenzi ezigxile enqubweni, esemthethweni, nasekuqhubekeni kwenhlangano. Ukuqonda indima esobala yabaphathi bezombangazwe nezisebenzi zomsebenzi wezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezezwe kungukubaluleka kokuqonda indlela inqubo yegatsha eliphethe.

Ihhovisi Eliphethe Lomongameli (EOP)

Ukuphatha igatsha elikhulu kunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sokusekela esinikezelwe. I-EOP, eyakhiwa nguMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt ngo-1939, ihlala iziphathi eziseduze kakhulu zomongameli nesimiso esiyinhloko sokuhlela. Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • Office of Management and Bactal (OMB): Inxusa elinamandla kakhulu phakathi kwe-EOP. OMB yengamela ukuthuthukiswa kwemali kaMongameli, ihlela izihlongozo zomthetho, futhi ibukeza ukuphumelela kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni.
  • UMkhandlu Wesizwe Wezokuphepha (NSC): isikhungo somongameli sokucabangela izindaba zenhlalayenza yesizwe nezimiso zakwamanye amazwe. I-National Security Advisor, ehola izisebenzi ze-NSC, ivame ukuba ngenye yezibalo ezinethonya kakhulu eWhite House.
  • Ikhonucile ye-Economic Advisers (CEA):[ Inikeza ukuhlaziywa okunenjongo kwezomnotho kanye neseluleko esisekelwe kuyo yomibili inqubo yezomnotho yasekhaya neyomhlaba wonke.

I-EOP yakhula ngokuphawulekayo phakathi nekhulu lama-20 njengoba ubukhulu begunya likahulumeni bukhula. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iye yadala umongameli "okanye nohulumeni" ovikelekile ekuqondiseni i-conotional cornion, kuyilapho abavikeli belokhu bewusekela ukuze umholi wesizwe avumelane ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi.

Amandla Omthetho - sisekelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Iziphathimandla zegatsha elikhulu zinkulu, zithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwesizwe.

Ukulondeka Kwezempi Nezempi Nesizwe

UMongameli unguMphathi-Sikhulu weButho neButho leMpi. Lombuso unika uMongameli igunya eliphelele lokusebenzisa amabutho ezempi. ISigqi sango-War Powers Resolution ka-1973, yadluliswa kuMongameli Nixon's, yayiwumzamo wokuphinde alwele igunya lokuququzelela i-amperial-buthorial joni, ifuna ukuba uMongameli azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okusebenza nokuhlela amabutho futhi abekelwe ezinsukwini ezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume. Naphezu kwalo mthetho, amongameli banamuhla baye baqhuba imisebenzi emikhulu yezempi ezindaweni ezinjengeLibya, i-Siriya, ne-Somalia ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okuxhumana. Igatsha lilondoloza igunya lokuhlelwa kokwaziswa okuhleliwezwe, ukusebenza kokuhlakanipha, nokuvikelwa kwesizwe, kuhlanganise ne-CIA, ne-CALCS, ne-FBB.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe Elingaphandle Nezobuchwepheshe

UMongameli ungumphathi wezwe. Umbuso wokuqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle, ukuzwana, nokungena ezivumelwaneni eziphetheyo unikeza igatsha eliphetheyo ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe. Nakuba izivumelwano zidinga ukuvunyelwa yizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeSigele, ukusetshenziswa kwezivumelwano zezikhulu , okungadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSigele seSigele (ukuthi kudinga ukuvunyelwa kweSigele), kugqashuka kusukela ekuhwebeni kwezomthetho ukuya ekulawuleni izikhali. Lelithuluzi likabani elikhona livumela uMongameli ukuba asheshe aphume ezibophweni zezizwe zonke, nakuba lizenza zibe sengozini enkulu yokubuyiselwa umlandeli womlandeli. UMnyango weSizwe, ngaphansi kwesiqondiso sikaMongameli, uthatha umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi wezokuxhumana, ukuphatha ubuhlobo nezikhali emazweni angu - 190.

Igunya Lemithetho Nelemali

UMongameli akayena nje umphoqeleli wemithetho kodwa umshayeli oyinhloko wezinhlelo zomthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba uMongameli abike ku-Sishaya-mthetho "Isimo soMbuso" futhi atuse "Izilinganiso Ezinjengalezi azakuhlulela ngazo ngokudingekile nangokushesha." Lokhu kuye kwashintshela ekubeni iqophelo lemithetho eliningiliziwe.

I-veto ithuluzi elinamandla loMongameli. I-veto evamile ingazukiswa kuphela yinani eliyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu emagumbini womabili. Usongo nje lwe-veto lungabumba noma lubulale umthetho ngokuqondile. UMongameli futhi udlala indima ephambili enqubweni yohlelo lokuhlela imali. Ngokomthetho, uMongameli unikeza isicelo semininingwane yemali ebanzi kuKhongolo unyaka ngamunye, emisa izimfuneko zengxoxo yokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezwe nentela. Ukwehluleka kwale nqubo, kuholela ekuqhubekeni kwesinqumo nomthetho wokuvinjelwa, kumelela ukuwohloka okuphawulekayo kwezimiso zomthetho.

Ukumiswa Kwezinqumo Nehudi

UMongameli umisa bonke abahluleli bahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nezinkulungwane zezinye izikhulu zegatsha eziphetheyo, amanxusa, nebutho lase-U.S. Lokhu kugunyaza kudinga ukuqinisekiswa ngevoti eningi eSigele. Leligunya lokumisa mhlawumbe liyifa elihlala njalo uMongameli angalishiya. [FLT: 0] Ukumisa kwe-judicia kubumba ukuchazwa komthetho amashumi eminyaka , nangaphezulu kwesikhathi sikaMongameli esehhovisi.

Igatsha Eliphethe Esimisweni Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Nakuba linamandla, igatsha eliphethe lisebenza ngaphakathi kohlelo lomthetho - sisekelo oluklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwamandla.

Ukuphatha Kwenhlangano Namandla Okuthenga

Ukuhlolwa okunamandla kakhulu kweBhunga Lombuso amandla esikhwama semali. Ayikho imali engachithwa ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwe-aprrection i-components. Lokhu kunikeza ithonya elikhulu legatsha lemithetho phezu kwezinto eziza kuqala. Amakomiti esizwe aqondisa ukuqulwa kwamacala, akhipha ubufakazi obungagunyaziwe, futhi aphoqelela ubufakazi obuvela kubaphathi begatsha abaphethe. Amandla okulawula nokususa uMongameli, uMphathi-Mongameli, nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ze "Thikkivryry, noma ezinye izigele eziphezulu neMisdemeators" yikhambi lokugcina komthetho wempatho ephakeme. Inkantolo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mithetho ephakeme nezivumelwano.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nokuvinjelwa Okungokomthetho

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinamandla okuhlola, okusho ukuthi zingaqeda izenzo zobuphathi eziphula umthetho noma umthetho kahulumeni. Izehlakalo ze-Landmark njenge- Intsha ehamba phambili Phee Phee Phee Thube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), elulaza ukuthatha izinsimbi zocingo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea, isebenza njengezibonelo ezinamandla zokulinganisela igunya lesikhulu. I-Adminitive Procedure Act (A) inikeza ipulani engokomthetho yezakhamuzi nezezezezenhlalakahle yezezenhlalakahle enkantolo, iqinisekisa ukuthi uMphathi we-Calbacter ungenzanga ngokusemthethweni noma ngokungafanele. Izinkantolo zifaka umthetho ovimbela ukulawulwa kwezikhulu, njengokusetshenziswa kwe-edult.

Imishini Yangaphakathi Yokuqondisa

Igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi lamaphoyisa ngokwalo. I-Inspectors General (IGs) izinja ezizimele ezifakwe phakathi kwezinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni, ezisebenza ngokuhlola ukukhwabanisa, ukulahla, nokuxhaphaza. I-Hulumeni Authority Accounting Office (GAO), inxusa leKhomishane, izinhlelo zegatsha eziphethe nezindleko. Imibiko yeGAO nemibono engokomthetho [ zingamathuluzi abalulekile olwenziwokuqondisa, inikeza inhloso, okungekho kwezengxenye ekuhloleni ukuthi izinhlangano zenkampani yezempatho ziyavumelana yini nomthetho.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nemvelaphi Yamandla Aphakeme

Igatsha eliphethe namuhla libhekene nezinselele eziningana ezinamandla ezivivinya ukuqina kokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ukuvela Kwesenzo Esingekho Ngokomshoshaphansi

Kulenkathi yokuhlelwa kwezindawo ezihlukene kakhulu nokubekwa kwemithetho, abaphathi banamuhla baye baphendukela kakhulu emamathuluzini angekho awekho awezomthetho ukuze bafeze imigomo yabo. Iziqondiso zobumongameli, i-mestertalranda, nokubekwa kwezinhlangano kuye kwaba yinqubo eyinhloko yokwenza zonke izinqubo kusukela ekuthuthweni kwezindawo ezizungezile kuya ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile. Nakuba lamathuluzi evumela uMongameli ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngokushesha, futhi abuthakathaka; uMongameli olandelayo angawaguqula ngokushaya ipeni. Lomjikelezo wesenzo nokushintsha isimiso uyenza kube ukuntengantenga okulawulayo futhi ubhebhethezelele umqondo olawulwa yi-palensi yentando yeningi kunokuba ulwe yi-demokrasi.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe NoMbuso Ophethe

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukaMongameli nenhlangano ehlala njalo buye bawohloka kakhulu. Ababengamele bezombangazwe abavela kuwo womabili amaqembu baye bamangalela izisebenzi zomsebenzi wezemisebenzi zomphakathi ngokuphazamisa uhlelo lwabo, kuyilapho izisebenzi zemisebenzi ziye zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe ekubekeni umthetho nakukucwaninga okungokwesayensi. Impikiswano nge-"Administrative" ibuza ukufaneleka kwamandla amakhulu okwakha izinhlangano eziphethe. Izimpi zokuqinisekisa abaholi bezinhlangano nabahluleli ziye zanda futhi zabangela ukuba izikhundla, zishiye izikhundla ezigxekayo zingagcwaliswa izinyanga noma iminyaka eminingi namalungelo aqhubekayo okudilika.

Ukwethenjwa Komphakathi Nokulandisa

Ukukhomba ukuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni kungesinye sezinsongo ezibaluleke kakhulu zesikhathi eside zokubusa. Igatsha eliphethe lisebenza ngaphansi kokuhlolwa okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba futhi lingaphansi kokucindezela okungapheli komjikelezo wezindaba wamahora angu-24 nezokuxhumana. Ukubamba uMongameli negatsha elikhulu kudinga umnyango okhululekile nozimele, ulwesimemezelo oluqinile, nokhetho oluqinile. [FLT] inyathelo lokuthatha izivumelwano ezingokomthetho kahulumeni, njenge Freedom of Information Act (FIA), kuklanywe ukuqinisa ukwengamela umphakathi, kodwa igatsha liphethe futhi izilinganiso ezinkulu zokwaziswa okuhlukanisayo, okudala ukushukuma kwendalo phakathi kokufihla icala.

Isiphetho: Izakhamuzi Negatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe liwumgogodla wokuqondisa wentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ingxenye kahulumeni onikeza izinkonzo, ovikela isizwe, futhi ofeza intando yabantu njengoba kuboniswe ngomthetho. Izakhamuzi, ukuqonda igatsha eliphetheyo kusho okungaphezu kokwazi nje ukuthi ngubani uMongameli. Kusho ukuqonda indima yezinhlangano ezilawula amanzi azo, ukuhlola izindawo zazo zokusebenza, nokuvikela imingcele yazo. Kusho ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni zomthetho kanye nezimiso ezilawulayo ezilawulayo. Impilo yegatsha elikhulu igcina ihlangene empilweni yentando yeningi. Isibopho sokukhokhela, ulwazi, nesenzelomsebenzi wezakhamuzi silokhu kuphumelela kakhulu, siqinisekisa ukuthi injini yokubusa ihlala inomthwalo wokubusa isebenza ngomthetho. Umongameli uhlela umkhumbi omkhulu oyinhloko ukuze uqondiswe ukuba uqondise umkhumbi omkhulu, kodwa uqhubeke usebenza ngokuqondisa.