Isimiso somthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi yisimiso sikahulumeni lapho amandla kahulumeni elinganiselwe khona ngomthetho-sisekelo, futhi igunya likahulumeni lithathwa kubantu. Loluhlobo lokubusa luhlanganisa izimiso zedemokrasi nokubusa komthetho, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amalungelo abantu avikelwe kuyilapho evunyelwa ukumelelwa kwabantu ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo. Liyisimiso esifuna ukulinganisela ukubusa kweningi nesivikelo samalungelo amancane, sidala umphakathi ozinzile nowodwa lapho amandla kahulumeni egunyazwa futhi ecindezelwa khona.

Isisekelo Sentando Yeningi Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda lezizimiso kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela lolu hlobo lukahulumeni olusebenza ngayo nokuthi kungani lulokhu luyisibonelo esivelele semibuso yanamuhla ekhululekile.

Umbuso Womthetho

Ukubusa komthetho kusho ukuthi akekho, ngisho nesikhulu sikahulumeni esiphakeme kakhulu, ongaphezu komthetho. Imithetho yakhiwa ngezinqubo ezimisiwe, isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, futhi iphoqelelwa yijaji elizimele. Lesi simiso sivimbela ukubusa okuzimele futhi sibangele ukubikezela, sivumele abantu namabhizinisi ukuba bahlele izindaba zabo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphazanyiswa uhulumeni.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Imibuso kahulumeni ihlukene phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: i-ace (emisa imithetho), izikhulu (imithetho elawulayo), kanye nokwahlulela (ichaza imithetho). Lengxenye ivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekugxiliseni kakhulu igunya. Isibonelo esivamile, esithonywe yi-Montesquieu, sabela igatsha ngalinye umsebenzi oyinhloko elingawenzayo kuphela, kanjalo sabela amandla ezinhlanganweni eziningi.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Ngaphezu kokuhlukana, igatsha ngalinye linezimiso zokulinganisela amandla amanye. Ngokwesibonelo, umphathi angakhipha umthetho odluliswa yisishaya-mthetho, kodwa isishaya-mthetho singawususa lowo mthetho ngombuso omkhulu. Ijaji lingamemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho, kodwa amajaji amiswa yisikhulu futhi aqinisekiswe yisishaya-mthetho. Lemithetho ehlanganisayo i-padrogena ibambisana futhi iyekelele.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo

Inkululeko nenkululeko ngayinye ihlanganiswe kumthetho-sisekelo futhi ivikelwe ekuphucweni kukahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kokubili amalungelo omphakathi (isekhodi, inkolo, ingqungquthela) namalungelo ezombangazwe (ukulwela isikhundla). Idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo womthetho-sisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho neningi elikhethwe ngedemokrasi alinakuwaqeda amalungelo ayisisekelo, ngaleyo ndlela livikela idlanzana elisengozini ekubusweni yiningi.

Indima Yomthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe embusweni wentando yeningi. Unikeza izinhlelo zesimiso sikahulumeni, amalungelo ezakhamuzi, nezinqubo imithetho enziwa futhi iphoqelelwe ngazo. Lencwadi ibalulekile ekulondolozeni nokuvikela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Imithetho-sisekelo ingabhalwa (njengase-United States) noma ingabhalwanga ngokwengxenye (njengase-United Kingdom, esekelwe ezimisweni, emihlanganweni emikhulu, nasezimisweni zokwahlulela).

Izingxenye Zomthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho - sisekelo ohlanganisa konke ngokuvamile uhlanganisa izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe isimiso sokubusa esihlala njalo:

  • Impoqo: iqala umthetho-sisekelo futhi isho injongo yawo, ivame ukubiza abantu njengomthombo wegunya.
  • Bhill of Rights: ihlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko yabantu, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga.
  • Izakhiwo ze-Government:[ Imininingwane yenhlangano namandla omphathi wemithetho, isikhulu, nokwahlulela, kuhlanganise nokuqanjwa kwawo, amandla, nokulinganiselwa.
  • Inqubo ye-Amendment:[ Isho ukuthi ushintsho lungenziwa kanjani kumthetho-sisekelo ("ngokufanayo"idinga i-tognationals noma imihlangano ekhethekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa kubonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kunokukhangwa kwesikhashana.
  • [ Umthetho ka Claus: umisa ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo nemithetho eyenziwe ngaphansi kwegunya lawo iwumthetho wezwe ophakeme kunayo yonke, osekela noma imiphi imithetho ephikisanayo.

Ukuthuthuka Okungokomlando Kwentando Yeningi Yomthetho - sisekelo

Izwe lasendulo laseGreece lazama ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile, kodwa ngaphandle komthetho - sisekelo olotshiwe ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo, ngokuvamile lawohloka laba umbuso wesixuku. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yasungula umthetho - sisekelo oxubile onamasheke phakathi kweSigele, izigebengu, nemihlangano ethandwayo.

Isimiso sobushiqela somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo sanamuhla sacaciswa enkathini yokukhanyiselwa. Izazi zefilosofi njengoJohn Locke zalwela amalungelo emvelo nohulumeni ngokuvuma, kuyilapho i-Montesquieu yasekela ukwahlukana kwemibuso. I-Lill of Rights yase-1689 elinganiselwe futhi yaqinisekisa ukuphakama kwephalamende. INguquko yaseMelika yaveza umthetho wokuqala omkhulu obhalwe ngo1787, olandelwa yiBill of Rights ngo 1791. ISimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu Namakoloni saseFrance (ngo-1989) saqhubeka sisakaza izinhloso zenkululeko, ukulingana, nokulingana, nobudlelwane.

Kulo lonke ikhulu le - 19 nelama - 20 leminyaka, ukubusa ngentando yeningi komthetho - sisekelo kwasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eLatin America, e-Asia nase-Afrika.

Ukuhlola Icala: Imithetho Yomthetho - sisekelo Ekwenzani

E - United States

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owamiswa ngo-1787, uwumthetho-sisekelo wezwe omdala kakhulu obhaliwe emhlabeni. Wamisa isimiso sikahulumeni esihlukanisa kakhulu imibuso kanye nesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. INkantolo Ephakeme ihlola, amandla okushaya imithetho ephula umthetho. ISigqizo samaLungelo siqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuhlenga-hlengiswa kuye kwandisa ukuncishiswa kwenkululeko yamalungelo omphakathi, okubonisa ukuqondwa okungaguquguquki kobudelelo. Nokho, isimiso seNkakhulu yezomthetho wokwahlulela, amandla ezombangazwe, ithonya lezentengiselwano, nezimpikiswano ezingaphezulu kwamandla empatho yezempatho.

EJalimane

Ngemva kobuNazi obusabekayo, iSiciko soMthetho (Grundesetz) waseJalimane ngo-1949 wadala ukubusa komthetho-mthetho wentando yeningi okuqinile. Igcizelela kakhulu isithunzi somuntu njengesingalawuleki, imisa isimiso sephalamende sezwe, futhi ihlanganisa "isimemezelo sokuthatha i-parth" esivikela izimiso eziyisisekelo ezinjengedemokratistiki, uhulumeni, kanye nokubusa komthetho ekulungiseni. INkantolo yomthetho-Constitutional ifeza indima enamandla ekusebenziseni amalungelo nokuhlola umthetho. Impumelelo yangemva kwempi yaseJalimane ibonisa indlela umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo owentando yeningi ongasiza ngayo ukuvuselela umphakathi owentando yeningi ekuthuleni ubuphosa.

eNdiya

Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya, owamukelwa ngo-1950, uwumthetho-sisekelo obhalwe kade kunayo yonke emhlabeni. Wamisa idemokrasi yephalamende enesimiso sikahulumeni, umbuso wezwe, kanye nesimiso esibanzi samalungelo ayisisekelo (kuhlanganise nelungelo lamakhambi omthetho sisekelo). INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya inemibuso emikhulu kakhulu yokuhlola. Naphezu kwezinselele ezinjengokonakala, ukucwasana ngokwezigaba, nezombangazwe, iNdiya iye yalondoloza ukubusa kwentando yeningi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70, ibonisa ukuthi idemocricial ewumbuso wentando yeningi ingachuma esizweni esihlukene, esathuthukayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwentando Yeningi Emsebenzini Womthetho - sisekelo

Idemokrasi iyisici esibalulekile sentando yeningi yomthetho-sisekelo. Ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele enqubweni yezombangazwe, zithonye imithetho nezimiso ezibusa ukuphila kwazo. Lokhu kuhlanganyela kungaba nezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuvota, ukuvota, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, nenkulumo yasobala. Ngaphandle kwentando yeningi, umthetho-sisekelo ungaba ithuluzi lokubusa kwe-oligarchy noma ukubusa ngempoqo, njengoba kubonakala kwezinye izizwe lapho imithetho engokomthetho ikhona kodwa inkululeko yokhetho nenkululeko yomphakathi ingekho khona.

Izinhlobo Zombuso Wentando Yeningi

Phakathi kohlelo lomthetho - sisekelo, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kungabonakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise izici ezivela ezimweni ezihlukahlukene:

  • Izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuqondile ekwenzeni izinqumo, ukuthatha ama-astendendum, nemihlangano yedolobha. ISwitzerland iyisibonelo esaziwayo.
  • Imelela umbuso wentando yeningi:[ Izakhamuzi ezikhethwe abameleli ukuba benze izinqumo, okuyisimo esivame kakhulu emibusweni emikhulu, yanamuhla.
  • [ Intando yeningi yesigaba: igcizelela ukuhlanganyela okubanzi ezimisweni zezombangazwe nokwenza izinqumo ngalé kokhetho, njengokuhlola komphakathi, ukukhipha imvume, nemihlangano yezakhamuzi.
  • Intando yeningi ye-Liberal:[ Uhlobo oluncane olugcizelela ngokuqinile ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omuntu ngamunye nokubuswa komthetho, okuvame ukubonakala embusweni wentando yeningi waseNtshonalanga.

Ukuqhathanisa Nezinye Izimiso

Idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo iphambene nezinye izinhlobo eziningana zikahulumeni. Emkhandlwini wenkosi ephelele, inkosi inegunya elinganqandeki. Ebuthweni lempoqo, amandla agxiliswe kumholi oyedwa noma eqenjini elilodwa ngaphandle kokulandisa okunengqondo. Ngisho nakumthetho wentando yeningi ongekho umthetho-mgaqele," njengesimiso esimsulwa esingenawo umthetho welungelo, iningi lingacindezela idlanzana elivamile. Idemokratical yemithetho yeningi ihlanganisa ubukhosi obuthandwayo nemingcele emandlani, idala isimiso esizinzile nesilungile.

Okunye okuhlukile "kubushiqela bemibuso" noma "imibuso elawulayo" umbuso, lapho umthetho-sisekelo uvumela ukubekwa kwamandla okwesikhashana phakathi nobunzima. Nakuba imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi engokomthetho-sisekelo ihlanganisa amalungiselelo aphuthumayo, inselele iwukuthi ayisetshenziswa kabi ekupheliseni izinhlelo zedemokrasi.

Indima Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyisisekelo sentando yeningi yomthetho-sisekelo. Kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zibukeze imithetho kanye nezenzo zobuphathi zomthetho-sisekelo. Lombuso uqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza phakathi kwemingcele ebekwe umthetho-sisekelo. Kwezinye izimiso (umz., i-United States), ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kusetshenziswa izinkantolo ezivamile, kuyilapho kwezinye (umz., iJalimane, iFrance), izinkantolo ezikhethekile zomthetho-sisekelo ezikhethekile zisingatha izindaba ezinjalo. Ukuhlola kuvikela amalungelo amancane, kulondoloza ukwahlukana kwemibuso, futhi kunikeza inqubo yezakhamuzi ukuba ziphikise uhulumeni ngokuphikiswa. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ingaholela ku-"impicawayo, lapho amajaji abahluleli abaqotho bezimiso zomthetho ezisemthethweni besebenzisa khona imithetho yabo siqu. Abameli abameleli baphikisa ukuthi amaphutha esimiso somthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho nezimiso.

Izinselele Kuhulumeni Wentando Yeningi Womthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba idemokrasi yomthetho - sisekelo ilwela ukusekela umthetho futhi ivikele amalungelo abantu, azinazo izinselele. Izici ezihlukahlukene zingasongela ukuzinza nokuphumelela kwalezi zimiso. Eminyakeni yamuva, imibuso eminingi emisiwe yentando yeningi iye yabhekana nokuphambuka, lapho izinhlangano zentando yeningi ziwohloka khona kuyilapho izakhiwo ezingokomthetho zingashintshi.

Usongo Oluvamile

  • [[FLT: 0]] I-Authoritarist:[ Ukwanda kwabaholi abafuna ukugxilisa amandla futhi balulaze izinhlangano zentando yeningi, ngokuvamile ngokuhlasela ijaji, imithombo yezindaba, nomphakathi womphakathi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Hungary ne-Turkey ngaphansi kwabaholi bamanje.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla ukuze kuzuze, okungaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi kuhulumeni futhi kwenze umthetho ungabi ngcono. Amahlazo aphezulu e-pane angabangela ukungathembani nokulahla.
  • I-Platical Polatity: Ukwehlukana okungathi sína phakathi komphakathi okuvimbela ukubambisana nokuhlehla, okuholela ekuthatheni i-grip nomthetho ongekho kahle. Uma amaqembu ebhekana njengosongo olukhona, imithetho engokomthetho ingaphulwa ukuze kube nenzuzo yabalawuli.
  • I-Diffixinformation: Ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga okungalawula umbono womphakathi futhi kululaze izinqubo zentando yeningi. Imithetho yezokuxhumana yezokuxhumana ivame ukukhulisa okuqukethwe yi-spression nokudukisayo, kukhubaze isisekelo esikhona esidingekayo sentando yeningi edemokrati.
  • Ukungalingani okungokomnotho: Umehluko omkhulu emcebweni ungaguqula ukungalingani kwezombangazwe, lapho abacebile benethonya elingalinganiyo enkambisweni ngokuheha, ngeminikelo yomkhankaso, nangokuba nomnini wezindaba. Lokhu kungalulaza isimiso sokulingana kwezombangazwe.

Ukuthuthukisa Nokuvikela Intando Yeningi Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi ewumthetho - sisekelo iphila isikhathi eside futhi iphile isikhathi eside, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa nokuvikela izimiso nemikhuba yentando yeningi.

Amasu Okuthuthukisa

  • Imfundo:[ ukufundisa izakhamuzi ngamalungelo nemithwalo yazo yemfanelo phakathi kwedemokrasi, kuhlanganise nendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, ukubaluleka kokubusa komthetho, namakhono okucabanga agxekayo. Imfundo ye-CBICO kufanele iqale ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi iqhubeke kukho konke ukuphila.
  • Ukuthatha imvume:[ Ukukhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi ngokuvota, ngokuthatha itoho, ngokusiza umphakathi, ngisho nangokubalekela ukuthatha isikhundla. Ukwehlisa imingcele ukuze ungenele.] njengokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota kwakuqala, nokuhlola okufinyelekayo.
  • Ukukhokha icala: kuba nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezilandisa ngezenzo zazo nangezinqumo ngokhetho olukhululekile, ngemithombo yezindaba ezimele, nangezinhlangano zobungameli eziqinile njenge-ombudsmen nezinhlangano ezimelene nokonakala.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-media Literacy: Ukuthuthukisa ukucabanga nokungaqiniseki ngemithombo yolwazi, ukufundisa izakhamuzi ukuthi zingawubona kanjani umbiko, futhi zisekele ukusekela okuzimele, i-mediaism. I-colorate ehlelwe kahle ibalulekile empilweni yentando yeningi.
  • Izinhlangano zokuqinisa:[ Ukuvikela ukuzimela kwezinkantolo, izimemezelo ezivotayo, kanye namalungelo abantu ekungeneleni kwezombangazwe. Ukuqinisekisa lezizinhlangano kunemithombo eyanele nokuthembana komphakathi.
  • I-Cross-Ideological Dialogue: ukwakha izikhala zengxoxo ehloniphekayo ezindaweni ezihlukene zezombangazwe, njengokususa i-forum nemihlangano yezakhamuzi, ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhlukana kwezindawo nokuthola isisekelo esifanayo.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sobudenawuli somthetho-sisekelo simelela uhlelo olubalulekile lokubusa olulinganisela intando yabantu kanye nesivikelo samalungelo abo. Ngokuqonda izimiso zayo, iqaphela izinselele zayo, futhi ihlanganyele ngenkuthalo enqubweni yentando yeningi, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lesimiso sisaqinile futhi siphumelele ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Impilo yentando yeningi yentando yeningi ayixhomekile kuphela embhalweni wayo olotshiwe kodwa nasemkhubeni wenhlonipho ngomthetho, amalungelo, nezimiso zentando yeningi ezisimemezelo esiwusekelayo. Njengoba umcabangi wezombangazwe waseFrance uBenjani Constan aqaphela, impumelelo kahulumeni wenkululeko ixhomeke ekuqapheni njalo nasebuhlalweni kwabantu bayo. Enkathini yokudlondlonyela ukubusa ngombuso wentando yeningi nokukhathala, ukuthatha imingcele yentando yentando yeningi yentando yeningi kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, cabangela lemithombo elandelayo: i-National Constitution Center inikeza izinto zemfundo ezibanzi eMthethweni we-U.S.; Encyclopædia Britannica iveza imibiko yembulunga yonke ngesimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi[ inikeza ukucubungula okufingqiwe okufingqiwe; ne International Institute for Democratic and Electoral Implation [ iveza imibiko ngezimiso zentando yentando yeningi kanye nomklamo-mthetho-siseko.