Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo: Ukuhlukana Okungenamingcele Kwamandla

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wamiswa uhulumeni olinganiselwe, onezigaba. Abaklami bawo babebuqapha kakhulu ubuphathi obuhleli, bedweba izifundo kukhoma nokwehluleka kweZihloko zoBunyano. Ukuvimbela noma yiyiphi into eyodwa ebusayo ehlangene phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: i-Legislative, i-Grecitive, i-Grecitive, i-meomist, ne-Jaji. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, kuhlangene nesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kwakha isakhiwo esiqinile lapho igatsha ngalinye likwazi khona ukuqondisa nokuvimbela amanye. Umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo awubalulekile kubafundi kuphela kodwa kuzakhamuzi zonke ezifisa ukuhlanganyela ekwakheleni ukuphila kombuso. Ingxenye elandela izinhlelo zemisebenzi ehlukene, inqubo yomthetho womthetho wombuso, inqubo yezwe ngalinye, isebenza kanye nezimiso ezisebenza njengezinga elisebenza ngalo lonke.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Izwi Labantu Ekubekeni Imithetho

ISiphakamiso I sawo wonke amagunya omthetho eSishayamthetho eKhongolo, sisenza kube yigatsha lokuqala elichazwe kulencwadi. ISishaya-mthetho yinhlangano yama-badamal `Indlu yabameleli neSigele) (indlu) neSigele) (inye eklanywe ngemithetho ehlukene, ubude, namandla. Umsebenzi oyinhloko weGabhu laseLegislative Imithetho ukwenza imithetho, kodwa indima yayo engokomthetho ingaphezulu kakhulu kwemithetho engokomthetho. I-Gangress Congressloney iseduze kakhulu nabantu, futhi isebenza njengenhloko ye-com yenkambiso yezelo yesizwe, imelela izithakazelo zesizwe, futhi ihlola amanye amagatsha.

Ukwenza Umthetho Nemingcele Yomthetho

Umthetho ngamunye odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho kumelwe wehlele phakathi kwemibuso enikezwa nguMthetho-sisekelo. Isigaba 8 , kuhlanganise namandla okukhokha intela, ukulawula ezohwebo, ukumemezela impi, nokuphakamisa ibutho . “‘ kodwa, i-Fanedial neFather Clause (ISiqedice 8, ISiqendu 8, Claus 18) yenza iSishaya-Mpathiso sokuqhuba amandla ayo adwetshiwe, ilungiselelo lokuthi iNkanto ePhakathi yeNkantolo ichaze kabanzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lapho kumiswa umthetho, iSishaya i-Hulumente kumelwe iqinisekise ukuthi izindleko aziphuli imithetho ethile engokomthetho, njengalawo aseBill of Rights Rights. Application Service Servicence neHofisi ye-Gastivation ukuze kubukelwe inqubo ye-mthetho. Ikomiti yezenyumkhathi yeze yezomthetho ngokwayo, futhi i-progconmotemplactives.

Ukuphatha Namandla Entengo

UKhomishane uphethe amathuluzi amabili anamandla okuhlola iGabhu Eliphethe: ukuqondisa nokulawula imali. Ukuqondisa kuhilela ukuzwa, ukuhlola, nezicelo zezincwadi noma ubufakazi obuvela kubaphathi abaphethe. Amakomiti e-Congregational, njenge House Oversing and Reformation Committee noma i-General Judicary Committee, njalo ahlola indlela izinhlangano ezimisa ngayo imithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] iHofisi kaHulumeni ye-Accomperity [[FLT:] i-Accountactive ihlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni eKonsoliti ye-’ izicelo. Amandla esikhwapheli siqondiswe ngisho nangokwengeziwe: uMthetho-sisekelo womthetho-mthetho ufuna ukuba kukhishwe imali ngaphandle kokuba i-ofisi yemali ivunyelwe umthetho. Ingqungqungqu ingamelana nezimo ezimweni, ukuhlanganisa izikhulu ze-pringinyanisa, noma ukunqaba kwezezezezente yezikhulu.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Ukushintsha Umthetho - sisekelo

UKhomishane ufeza indima eyinhloko enqubweni yokulungisa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso V. Ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kudinga ukuvota okungaphezulu kakhulu okuphindwe kabili kwabathathu kokubili eNdlu kanye neSigeqe (noma umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo obizwa ngama-trithns amabili omthetho-ntathu olwenziwe ngezindlu zomthetho (ongakaze asetshenziselwe ukulungisa usuku). Ngemva kwenqubo, izingxenye ezintathu zemithetho yomthetho-mthetho (noma imihlangano kazwelonke) kumelwe ziqinisekise ukubuyiselwa. Le ntambo ephezulu iqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho luye lwaba ingxenye yomthetho-Mpathilo-sisekelo. Ingqungquthela ihlohloze 33 i-antempla; 27 igunyaziwe. Inqubo ivumela umthetho-sisekelo ukuba uzenza izenze ngesikhathi sokuvikela izimiso eziyisisekelo zezombangazwe zesikhashana.

Indlu Yabameleli: Ukuzithoba Namandla Asekelayo

Indlu yabameleli iklanyelwe ukuba ithathe isinyathelo esiqondile kubantu. Amalungu akhonza amagama aneminyaka emibili futhi amelela izigodi ezilinganiselwe, eziwenza aqaphele izinto zendawo. UMthetho-sisekelo unika iNdlu amandla okungagunyazi (Ingxenye 2, Ingxenye 2, u-Clause 5). I-Impeach iyisinyathelo sokuqala ekususeni umongameli, umongameli, umongameli wezwe, noma esinye isikhulu somphakathi se- “ i-Treant, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme ze-Crimesters kanye ne-Misdeators. Ikomiti ye House Judiary ihlola futhi izihloko zokungagunyazi, okumelwe zidlule ngevoti enkulu eGenelhoo. Uma nje isikhulu singazange sikhokhwe, sizame futhi ukukhokhisa intela endluni enkulu.

ISigele: Ukuqina, Iseluleko, Nemvume

ISigele, namathetho aso aneminyaka eyisithupha namalungu amancane (ambili esifunda), kwakuhloselwe ukuba abe yindikimba efuna imvume. Imithetho yeSishayamthetho ivumela ukuphikisana okukhudlwana kanye nama-finbuster, okudinga amavoti amakhulu (ngokuvamile angu-60). Lesi sakhiwo sikhuthaza ukuyekeka nokuvikela izithakazelo zedlanzalo ezimbalwa. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSishaya-mthetho amandla amaningana akhethekile: uqinisekisa ukumiswa (amabhandeki omongameli, abahluleli be-sigebe, amanxusa, namajajistalathisi aphakeme enkantolo), ngevoti elikhulu, futhi ufaka izivumelwano ngezindlela ezimbili ezingaphezulu kwezintathu. Futhi umthetho uzama ukusekela izikhundla ezimbili ezibophelayo. [ngomthetho wezizwe zonke)]

Igatsha Eliphethe: Igunya Lobuphathi, IVeto, Nobuphathi Bomthetho - sisekelo

ISiphakamiso II sifaka izikhulu eziphethe kuMongameli we-United States. Nakuba uMongameli u’ umsebenzi oyinhloko uwuku- “ nakekela ukuba iMithetho igcwaliswe ngokwethembeka, i-” iSebe Lezikhulu Lanamuhla eliphethe lihlanganisa izinhlangano ezinkulu zeminyango, izinhlangano, nemishini emisa umthetho kahulumeni. UMongameli ukhonza futhi njengoMyaleli-ku-mkhandlu wamabutho ahlomile, uphethe imithetho yakwamanye amazwe, futhi abe nezimiso eziphawulekayo zokulungisa isimiso sombuso wasekhaya. Nokho, zonke izenzo zezikhulu kumelwe zivumelane noMthetho-mthetho womthetho we-mthetho. Umongameli usekela umthetho-sisekelo hhayi ngokumisa imithetho kuphela kodwa nangokuhlonipha imingcele yegunya eliphethe.

Ukwenziwa Kwemithetho Ngokwethembeka

Inkulumo ethi “ Khathalela ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokwethembeka i-” (Artle II, Ingxenye 3) iphoqelela umsebenzi kuMongameli ukuba afeze zonke izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ezidluliswe yiKhomishane. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa imithetho yobugebengu, ukunikeza izinhlelo ezingokomthetho, ukuqondisa izimali zezentengiselwano, nokuvikela amalungelo abantu. Uma umongameli ephikisana nomthetho, ukukhetha kulinganiselwe: ukufuna ukukhishwa eKhoseleni, ukuqondisa uMnyango wokwahlulela ukuba ulwele umthetho enkantolo, noma, ezimweni ezingavamile, ukunqaba ukuwenza uphoqeqele uma ungekho emthethweni. UMnyango wezomthetho i &squo; iHwesi Lomthetho wezeluleko lwezemthetho unikeza imibono emingceleni yegunya. Ngokomlando, umongameli uye wasebenzisa ukusayina kwemithetho engokomthetho esemthethweni, nakuba isemthethweni.

Amandla E - Veto: Intuthuko Emkhandlwini

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 7 inikeza uMongameli amandla okumisa umthetho. Isivumelwano esinikezwa uMongameli siba umthetho kuphela uma sisayinwa; uma i-veto, uMkhandlu ungadlula i-veto ngevoti yama-3 amabili emagumbini womabili. I-veto iyithuluzi elibukhali kodwa elinamandla. Iphoqelela uMkhandlu ukuba uphinde uthathe umthetho futhi ngokuvamile uholele ekuxabaneni. Abameli baye basebenzisa izikweletu ukuvimbela izikweletu ezikhokhwakhwama abakholelwa ukuthi zidlule imingcele yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ziphazamisa inqubo yangaphandle, noma zilimaza isithakazelo sesizwe. Isibonelo, [ i- Consolations &quo; Clausleastrius [[FLTY:[FUp]) engxenye ye-ogroupt; i-evision.[10] I-Esvotivene.[4] I-Esvolustra i-Es.[12]

Iziqondiso Eziphethe Nemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Iziqondiso eziphethe kanye neziqondiso zikamongameli zivumela uMongameli ukuba alawule uhulumeni kahulumeni i-&Rsquo; imisebenzi ngaphandle kwemvume ye-communion. Nokho, iziyalo zezikhulu kumelwe zibekwe egunyeni lemithetho ekhona noma kuMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. INkantolo Ephakeme ingashaya iziyalezo zezikhulu ezidlula igunya lobumongameli noma ezephula amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT.:0] [intsha eshatown & Lamp; Tube Co. v. sayer [1952], iNkantolo ibala umongameli uTruman ’ iyala ukubamba izinsimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea, ikhiphe umthetho noma amandla okwenza kanjalo. Imiyalo ye-awulayo ayikwazi ukudlula ukuhlelwa kwe-propatialdernmentalgion noma umthetho womthetho womthetho. Nakuba idingidededelwa noma ukuqondisa.

Ukumiswa Kukamongameli Nengoma

UMongameli ’ unamandla okumisa amajaji angokomthetho amashumi eminyaka. (ihlanganisa amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme) ewumsebenzi womthetho-mthetho olandelwayo. Ukumiswa kwemithetho ngayinye kuqinisekiswa iSishaya-mthetho, futhi lapho iqinisekiswa, abahluleli basebenza ukuphila phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umongameli angabumba i-judiary ’ ukuchazwa koMthetho-sisekelo iminyaka eminingi. Abameli bathambekele ekuhluleleni abafilosofi yabo yokwahlulela ihlangene neyabo siqu, eholela ezimpini ezinkulu zemibono ezingekho mithetho ekhona. Amandla okumisayo ayisihluthulelo okungasetshenziswa ngawo iGalubha lase-jajianvian, kodwa i-&quress; ukuhlola okungalawulwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli u-Predentiasmea unikeza izigwebo zezo zomthetho (Actle 2, ingxenye ye-Claus, isigaba se-Claus, noma isihemo esingu, angawasebenzisa ngesihemo esingu, kodwa angasisebenzi esingu-semuva, kodwa angakwazi ukuvimbela i-G.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza, Ukubukeza, Namalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

ISiphakamiso III simisa iGatya leJaji, eliqondiswa iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi lihlanganisa nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni ezakhiwa yiSishaya-mthetho. Ikomiti yejaji isekela umthetho ngokuchaza umthetho futhi inqume ukuthi umthetho uyini. Ngokungafani namanye amagatsha, amajaji angokomthetho amiswe ukuze aphile futhi angasuswa ngokungezwani, ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwawo ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Igatsha Lezemthetho lisekela uMthetho-Constitution ngokusebenza njengomsunguli wokugcina walokho okushiwo nguMthetho-mthetho, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezindawo noma ohulumeni bezwe.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Amandla Okuhlasela Imithetho

INkantolo Ephakeme & Actsquo; amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, “‘ igunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingagunyaziwe − alichazwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni-sisekelo kodwa lamiswa yiNkantolo ngokwayo emabunzini. [ [18]. ISikhulu uJohn Marshall sathi ngumsebenzi womnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini, nokuthi noma yimuphi umthetho owenyanyekayo eMthethweni wezomthetho uyize. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, iNkantolo iye yabukeza izinkulungwane zezindaba, ishaya umthetho phansi kwemithetho engokomthetho. Inkantolo iyimpinda i-judiary &quoo; ihlola amagatsha ayinhloko. Uma iNkadebe i-Asbugless Count ingasabela ngokuvumelana nomthetho nge-mthetho noma nge-athonsitime. [3] ISivume seNka i-Gempempeystry:[3]

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

ISigqi samalungelo kanye nokulungisa okulandelanayo kuqinisekisa inkululeko yabantu ngabanye njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana nelungelo lokuphatha izikhali; isivikelo ekuphenyeni nokuquleka okungacabangeleki, ukuzihlukanisa, nesijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile; nokuvikela okulinganayo kwemithetho. IReagement Breaudiedis iqinisa lamalungelo ngokuhlola imithetho, iziyalezo, nezenzo zikahulumeni okuthiwa ziwachaphazele. Abesifazane &quo; Inhlangano yezempilo [FTPT], 2022], 2022 [56],[3], umehluko ofana nowokungamele (FOFF.:[3].FFFFFOM.N, i-fut.[34], i-Esvoluvet, i-Es.[10], i-Expoint, i-Es][10], i-Esvolugn, i-Es],[10], i-Expoup], i-Expose, i-full,[10]

Izinkantolo Ezihlangene Nesinqumo Sempikiswano

Ngaphandle kwamacala omthetho-sisekelo, inkantolo ehlangene ixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezizwe, phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene (isigaba sombuso) kanye namacala ahilela uhulumeni wase-United States. Izinkantolo zesigodi zithatha amacala, izinkantolo zesifunda zizwa izikhalo, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme inikeza i-certiorari engxenyeni encane yezicelo (izindaba ezicishe zibe ngu 80-100 ngonyaka). Isimiso se- aresterosis[[ ukumiswa kwesinqumo, kodwa inkantolo ingasimisa imingcele, kodwa ingehlula inqubo yangaphambili lapho ithola ukulahlwa kwangaphambili okungathandeki kakhulu noma okungagunyaziwe. I-judiary &squo; indima yesinqumo esidluliselwe ekuchazeni imithetho yemithetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, izivumelwano zemithetho yemithetho esemthethweni.

INkantolo Ephakeme: Ukugadwa Komthetho - sisekelo

INkantolo Ephakeme imi esiqongweni sesimiso sokwahlulela. Abahluleli bayo abayisishiyagalolunye basebenzisa igunya lokuphelela lokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo i’ izinqumo zimisa isibonelo esibophayo sezinkantolo eziphansi futhi zihlele indawo engokomthetho yesizwe sonke. Ngenxa yokuthi amajaji asebenza izinqumo zokuphila, iNkanto ingasebenza njengesehlolo eziyinhloko zesikhashana eSigungwini noma esikhululweni. Izwe lilawula njenga Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo [1954] [194] iqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni; [[FLT] [12] [12] [2] [i-marti].V.V. i-awusekela iNkadedengu ye-Emperence, noma i-Allssionssss, i-ekhohlo, i-ekhohlo, noma i-asterase, i-aseyaseyamu, futhi i-afuseya, i-Eyamu,

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Isimiso Esinamandla Sokusebenzisana

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso bekungaphelele ngaphandle kwesimiso esiqinile sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuvumele igatsha ngalinye ukuba lilinganisele eminye i-’ izenzo. UMthetho-sisekelo uvimbela izindlela eziningi zokuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekubuseni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amalungiselelo acacile kanye namandla ezombangazwe asebenzayo.

Izazi Zemithetho Zihlola Isikhulu Nomfundisi

UKhomishane ungahlola uMongameli ngezindlela eziningi: udlulise umongameli, ususe uMongameli noma ezinye izikhulu, wenqabe ukumiswa noma izivumelwano, athathe ukuphenya, futhi asuse iziphakamiso eziphambili. I House ’ amandla okusungula ukugunyaza kanye neSigele ’ amandla okuqinisekisa ukulahlwa kwecala ngokuqiniseka ngezenzo ezingafanele ezingathi sína. I-Congrega ulawula isakhiwo kanye nobukhosi benkantolo yombuso (ngaphandle kweNkakhulu iNkantolo &squo; igunya lokuqala lomthetho), ingaqinisekisa noma ilahle, futhi ingaveza ukubuyiselwa komthetho ezinqumweni zeNkakhulu. I-Appropagration inikeza amandla enkantolo yomabili amagatsha, njengoba yonke imali engokomthetho idinga ukugunyazwa kwe-unist Coultism.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Icala Nesimiso Sobuculi

UMongameli angamisa umthetho, abize uMkhandlu ngesimiso esikhethekile (nakuba leligunya alivamile ukusetshenziswa), futhi akhiphe iziyalo eziqondisa indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo. UMongameli futhi umisa amajaji kahulumeni, alolonge izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Intethelelo ivumela uMongameli ukuba ashintshwe izigwebo noma anikeze imvume, ngisho nalabo abalahlwa izinkantolo. Igatsha lingase futhi lilahle umthetho wakwamanye amazwe, uMongameli uqhube izigijikisho nezivumelwano (ngokuvumelana kwemithetho yeSishaya inkantolo), futhi njengeNkulumbuso-iphene, lingayala ukuba kuthathe isinyathelo sezempi ngaphandle kwemvume yangaphambi kwemvume yokuquliswa kwemithetho (Naphezu kweMpi). Igatsha lingasenqaba futhi ukuvikela umthetho enkantolo uma i-Generaltheral ewuthatha i-devion, ifaka ngokuphumelela i-General Pricialgnertial.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

I-judicaary ’ ukuhlola okunamandla kakhulu ukubukeza kokwahlulela, kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Abahluleli bamaFederal basebenza ukuphila, bazivimbele ekuphindiseleni kwezombangazwe. Ngemithetho nangezahlulelo zokukhipha isigwebo, izinkantolo zingamisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho engekho emthethweni. INkantolo Ephakeme i’ ukuchazwa koMthetho-sisekelo kuhlanganisa bonke abanye abadlali bakahulumeni, nakuba kungashintshwa ngokuncishiswa umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho ka-Judiary ka 1789 futhi uchaza ukulawulwa kwezinkantolo eziphansi, unikeza umthetho othile ukulawula, kodwa amagatsha agcina amazwi okugcina umthetho ezimweni ezisiwe. INkakhulu iNkakhulu ibuye isho ukuthi imithetho yemithetho ewusekelayo ngaphansi kwe-Suymaclast.

Isiphetho: Ukuhoxa Okuhlala Njalo Kokuhlukana Kwamandla

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni ombuso (-Ligistrative, Greade, and Judicial (Igunya ngalinye lifeza indima ehlukile nebalulekile ekusekeleni umthetho-mthetho. Igatsha elilawulayo likha imithetho futhi lihlole ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nobubonisi namandla esikhwameni. Igatsha eliphethe liqinisa umthetho futhi lisebenzise amandla okulawula inqubo kanye nokuhlela ukuthonya isimiso somthetho kanye nokulawula. [[F]][10] iqoqo ngalinye lisebenza ngokuzimisela imingcele, ukuhleba kwezombangazwe nokuxabana phakathi kwamagatsha, lokhu kuvikelwa yile futhi kuvikelwe ukucushwa kwenkululeko. Igatsha ngalinye lisebenza ngendlela edinga ukucubungathwa kweminyanisa. [[FF]]]][10], njengoba igatsha ngalinye lisebenzisa imithombo yalo:[F], futhi linikeza inzuzo yeminyango.[3][3][3][3][3]