Umqondo wembangela okungenzeka ungenye yezinga lokuvikela ezibucayi kakhulu enqubweni yobugebengu baseMelika, ebusa ngokuqondile lapho ukuqashelwa komthetho kungase kungenele ekufuneni umuntu ngasese nangokuquleka. Ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokucacile ukuthi kungani kunokwenzeka, ukulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo asebenzayo namalungelo omthetho kushintshashintsha. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuba kubangele ukusebenza ngokuqondile emongweni wokuhlangabezana nezimfuneko, sihlola incazelo yaso engokomthetho, inqubo yokuyimisa phambi kwemajistator, nokungalingani okuvumela ukuphenyelwa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Ngesiphetho, abafundi bayoba nokuqonda okuphelele ukuthi kungani okulindelekile okubangela ukuba izakhamuzi zivikeleke emsebenzini kahulumeni ongenakulinganiswa kuyilapho kusavumela umthetho ukuba ukwenze ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yazo.

Ukuqonda Imbangela Efanele

Incazelo Nendinganiso Engokomthetho

Imbangela enengqondo inkolelo esekelwe emaqinisweni aqondile nasezimweni, ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa noma ubufakazi bobugebengu bukhona endaweni ethile. Indinganiso evele phakathi kokusolana nje nobufakazi obungenakungatshazwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ichaze imbangela engenzeka njengesizathu "esingokoqobo, esingasekelwe ekhonweni" idinga ukubheka ingqikithi enengqondo yezimo. Ayidingi ukuqiniseka okuphelele; kunalokho, ifuna ukuba umuntu onengqondo, osekelwe ekwazisweni okukhona, aphethe ngokuthi ukuphenywa noma ukuboshwa kufanelekile.

Umsuka Ongokomlando Esichibiyelweni Sesine

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esagunyazwa ngo-1791, sinikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho: "Ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ngokuphenya okungacabangeleki, ngeke soniwe, futhi akukho Siphakamiso esizovela, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekile, esisekelwa yi-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, nabantu noma izinto okumelwe zithathwe.." Lolulimi lwaluyimpendulo eqondile ekwazisweni kwekoloni nosizo, okuvumela iziphathimandla zaseBrithani ukuba zihlole izindlu ngaphandle kwesizathu esiqondile. IFramers yayihloselwe ukuviswa kohulumeni okungalawuleki. Ukuhlola okungokomlando, bheka [FLCL: Cne] iSikoshine seSikole se-Geneticmentationtwerstmentation [Fodmist] [Fod]

Imfuneko Yempi NeSichibiyelo Sesine

Lokho Okufunwa ISichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo sesine asidingi imvume ngokuphelele nganoma ikuphi ukuseshwa noma ukuphazanyiswa, kodwa siveza ukuthi imvume iyindlela emisiwe yokuqinisekisa ukuba nengqondo. Lapho umthetho ufuna ukusesha ikhaya, imoto, noma umuntu, ngokuvamile kumelwe athole imvume kumantshi ongathathi hlangothi nongasoleki. Ukuze athole leyo mvume, abaphathi kumelwe banikeze imvume enikeza imbangela elindelekile. Imvume ngokwayo kumelwe ichaze indawo ethile okumelwe ihlolwe futhi ithathwe izinto noma abantu. Lemfuneko ivimbela ukuhlolwa kwe-garrygiotary futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenywa kufanelekile ukuze kuqinisekwe ubufakazi obufunwayo.

Ukubukeza Nokwahlulela

Le nqubo iqala lapho isikhulu somthetho silungiselela umahluleli ofungele ukuchaza amaqiniso akhona okungenzeka abangelwa yisizathu. I-affidavit ingahlanganisa ukuphawula okwenziwa isikhulu, izinkulumo ezivela ezisulwini noma kofakazi, ubufakazi obungokoqobo, noma ukwaziswa okuvela kubameli abathembekile. Isikhulu sinikeza umahluleli i-affidavit uma kubhaliswa uma iveza isinqumo esisekelwe ngokwaso. Uma i-antir phonate inquma ukuthi i-athonsectal ingenza umuntu onengqondo akholelwe ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bungatholakala endaweni ethile echaziwe. Uma uma uma uma ijaji lithola isizathu ngokunokwenzeka, linikeza isiqinisekiso. Lokhu kuhlola kwenkantolo kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kufaka umenzi wesinqumo esizimele phakathi kwamaphoyisa nesakhamuzi, ukunciphisa ingozi yokufuna ukukhohlakala noma ukuphelwa.

Indlela Imbangela Ephumelelayo Etholakala Ngayo

Ubufakazi Obuqondile Nemibukiso Yesikhulu

Imbangela esobala ingamiswa ngobufakazi obuqondile, obufana nomphathi ofaka impova ephuzwini empondweni noma athole imoto engekho embonini esobala. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu sibona ukuthengiselwa kwezidakamizwa kwenzeka ekhoneni lomgwaqo, lokho kuqashelwa kukodwa kunikeza isizathu esingenzeka sokubopha abahilelekile futhi bafune ubufakazi obengeziwe. Ngokufanayo, uma isikhulu sihogela insangu ephuma emotweni phakathi nokuma kwezimoto, lelophunga, lihlangene nokunye ukuqaphela, lingasenyuse imbangela yokufuna imoto. Izinkantolo ziqaphele ukuthi izikhulu eziqeqeshiwe zomthetho eziqeshiwe umthetho zingathembela ezizinzweni zazo zobuchwepheshe ukuze zenze izimbangela ezifanele.

Amacebiso Nendlela Yokusebenzisa I - Informant

Imbangela engathi sína ingasekelwa futhi ekwazisweni okunikezwa yizaziso, kodwa izinkantolo zihlolisisa ngokucophelela amacebiso anjalo. Ngaphansi kovavanyo lwezimo olumisiwe igebes[[FLT]] i-Illinois v.[ isango [[FLT], 462], u-U-U-US.[213 [193] [[FLT], iMasti kumelwe icabangele wonke amaqiniso nezimo, kuhlanganise nokwazisa, ukuthembeka, nesisekelo solwazi, ukunquma ukuthi izimbangela zikhona yini. Ngokujwayelekile, ukuma okungaziwa, kungenza ukuba kusebenze ngaphandle kokuba amaphoyisa. Uma umuntu echaza ngokungaziwa ukuthi umuntu ophethe incazelo ebomvu, angagcina ibhayisekile, futhi aqaphele ibhayisethi elingu, elisho into eqondile ukuthi ikhona.

Ukuphelela Kwezimo

Phambi Illinois v. , izinkantolo zivame ukusebenzisa uvivinyo oluqinile olubili lweprong ku- Aguilar v. Texas [1964] [[FL:]] ne[FLT]Spinellill v. United States[FLT:] [5] [69] [69] [i-69] edinga ukuboniswa okuhlukene kwesisekelo solwazi noqiniso. INkanto ephakeme yangenayo nengqikithi ethambileyo yezimo ezishintshayo, evumela izigebezo zokuqonda nokucabanga okusebenzayo. Ngalesi sici esimweni esisodwa (esingenakubonwa njengesinye) ngokubonisa esinye isilinganiso esinemininingwane esinemininingwane kakhulu.

Indima Yembangela Ephumelelayo Ekuqondiseni

Imfuneko Yokuzihlukanisa

Imbangela eqinisekile ayikho entweni engaqondakali; kumelwe ixhumene nendawo ethile nezinto ezithile. ISichibiyelo sesine sifuna ukuba kuchazwe ngokukhethekile indawo okuzoseshwa kuyo futhi kuthathwe abantu noma izinto. Lokhu kufeza izinjongo ezimbili: kulinganisela imvume yokuseshwa futhi kuvimbele izimemo ezingokomthetho ezisetshenziswa ngokwesayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, imvume egunyaza ukuphenywa "izakhiwo" ekhelini elingacacile. Kunalokho, isaziso kumelwe sichaze indawo eqondile, njenge "123 Main Street, i-panerment 4B" futhi sichaze izinto, njenge "amnyama uSamslapt, inani elilandelanayo XYZ, nanoma yiziphi izincwadi ezihlobene nenkohliso."

Ukubukezwa Izazi Ezingathathi - hlangothi

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvikela enqubweni yemvume imfuneko yokuba umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi nongabolekiyo, hhayi isikhulu esihlolayo, anikeze isinqumo esimelwe ukumiswa. Uma imaji ihlola iziqondiso zamaphoyisa. Uma imaji ithola ukuthi i-affidavit ayitholi imbangela engenzeka, imvume inqatshwe. Leyahlulelo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenya akuqhutshwanga ngokusekelwe kuhnch, ubandlululo, noma isisusa esingafanele. Ekwenzeni, izicelo eziningi ezigunyaziwe ziyavunyelwa, kodwa inqubo isanikeza isithiyo esinengqondo. Abameli abakholelwa ukuthi isiqinisekiso sikhishwe ngaphandle kwesizathu singakubekela inseleleka ngokunyakaza ukuze bavimbe, bephikisa ukuthi ukuphenywa okuwubangelayo akuhambisani ukuncishiswa kwe-th Amenzile.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela iyisisekelo senqubo yokugunyazwa, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi ukuphenya kuvela ngapha nangapha ngaphandle kwemvume. Kulokhu, kungenzeka ukuthi kusedingeka njalo, kodwa isiqinisekiso ngokwaso asinjalo. Ukuqonda lokhu okuhlukile kubalulekile ekuqikelweni komthetho nasezakhamuzini ngokufanayo.

Ukuhlola Okuvunyelwe

Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ekufuneni, akukho mvume edingekayo. Imvume kumele inikezwe ngokukhululekile futhi ingaphoqelelwa. Imvume ingavezwa noma ithathwe, futhi ingahoxiswa nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Amaphoyisa awadingeki ukuba azise umuntu ukuthi unelungelo lokwenqaba, nakuba amanye amazwe efuna isaziso esinjalo. Imvume yokufuna imvume enikezwayo ilinganiselwe ekulinganisweni kwemvume. Ngokwesibonelo, imvume yokuhlola imoto ayihlanganisi ukuphenya ngokuzenzakalela imvume yokuhlola imoto etholakala ebhuthinini lezincwadi.

Funa Ithuba Lokuboshwa

Lapho umthetho uqinisekisa ukuboshwa ngokomthetho, bangase bahlole umuntu oboshiwe kanye nendawo engaphansi kwegunya labo ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kuthethelelwa ngesidingo sokuvikela isikhulu (ngokususa izikhali) nangokugcina ubufakazi (ngokuvimbela ukubhujiswa). Ukufuna kumelwe kuqhubeke nokuboshwa futhi kugcinelwe endaweni lapho obanjwayo angafinyelela khona. Ukuze kuhlolwe imingcele yamuva yalokhu kuhlukanisa, bheka [ incazelo kahulumeni yesenzakalo sokuhlola ukubopha [[FLT]].

Izimo Ezibi

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingekho, amaphoyisa angangena ekhaya noma kwenye indawo evikelekile ngaphandle kwemvume lapho kunesidingo esisheshayo sokuvimbela ukulimala komzimba, ukuphunyuka, noma ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izikhulu zizwa ukumemeza ngaphakathi endlini, zingangena ukuze zinikeze usizo. Ngokufanayo, uma zikhona ngokunokwenzeka ezikholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi buzogwedlwa endlini yangasese, zingangena ngokushesha. Ukuvuleka kumelwe kube yiqiniso futhi kungadalwa ukulibala kwezikhulu.

Umbono Ongamanga

Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho endaweni futhi sibona ukungabikho kwemvume noma ubufakazi obusobala, bangasithatha ngaphandle kobufakazi. Lemfundiso ifuna ukuba isikhulu sibe nelungelo elingokomthetho lokungena entweni futhi ukuba isimo sokuyibheka sibonakale ngokushesha. Umbono osobala wodwa awudali imbangela yokufuna okwengeziwe; umane uvumela ukuthatheka kwento uma ucabangela.

Ukukhishwa kwemoto

Ngenxa yokuthi izimoto zihamba futhi zingasuswa ngokushesha ngaphandle kwe-octal, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi uma amaphoyisa anesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi imoto iqukethe ubufakazi bobugebengu, angase aphenye yonke imoto, kuhlanganise nezitsha ezivaliweyo ngaphakathi, ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kusekelwe ekulindeleni okunciphileni kwemfihlo ezimotweni nezinselele ezisebenzayo zokuthola imvume yokuhamba. Qaphela ukuthi imoto isebenza kuphela emotweni ngokwayo, hhayi emiphumeleni yomuntu siqu engasuswa emotweni.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda imbangela okungenzeka akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo; inemiphumela yangempela nsuku zonke. Kubaphathi bezemfundo, ukuqeqeshwa okufanele kokuthola imbangela engenzeka kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenya nokuquleka kusinda inselele engokomthetho nokuthi ubufakazi bungafinyelelwa enkantolo. Abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe babhale ngokucophelela ukuphawula kwabo, bafakazele, futhi bachaze isisekelo esiyiqiniso sezinkolelo zabo ezingeni lokuzifaka emadolobheni. Ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekuncipheni ubufakazi nasekulahleni izikhalo.

Kubantu besizwe, ukwazi indima yesizathu okungenzeka ibanika amandla okuqinisa amalungelo abo. Uma isikhulu sifuna ukusesha ikhaya noma imoto ngaphandle kwemvume noma imvume, isakhamuzi singabuza ukuthi isikhulu siyimbangela engenzeka yini. Ezimweni eziningi, impendulo iyakuba cha, futhi isakhamuzi singayenqaba ngenhlonipho ukuphenya. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukumelana nokufuna imvume kunikezwe noma ngemva kokuba isizathu esisobala sikhona singaholela kwezinye izikhalo. Inkambo engcono kakhulu ingaholela ekutheni, "angisakufuna," bese sivumelana nemiyalelo engokomthetho lapho silondoloza ilungelo lokufuna inselele kamuva enkantolo.

Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zicwengisisa indlela okungenzeka ibangelwa ngayo enkathini yobuchwepheshe obujikelezayo, njengokuhlola ucingo, ukulandelela i-GPS, nokuhlola. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Riley v. California [ngokwesibonelo], kwakukholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola ucingo olubambekile ukuze abambe, aqaphele inani elikhulu lokwaziswa komuntu siqu okuqukethwe ezinxibelelweni zesimanje. Lezi zenzakalo zigcizelela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isilinganiso sesilinganiso esihlala sikhona siqinile futhi sihlelekile, siklanyelwe ukuvikela imfihlo entweni entsha edinga amathuluzi amasha e-APHPH.

Isiphetho

Imbangela engathi sína yisivikelo somthetho-sisekelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka. Iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zokuqapha umthetho zisekelwe enkolelweni enengqondo, isekelwe ngamaqiniso aqondile, futhi ingaphansi kobuqondisi bokwahlulela. Imfuneko, nokugcizelela kwayo okunokwenzeka, okukhethekile, nokungathathi hlangothi, isebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi ekuphathweni uhulumeni ngokungenangqondo. Nakuba ngaphandle kwezenzo eziphuthumayo, imvume, nezinye izimo, isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala: ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni angene eseseni lomuntu, kumelwe abe nesisekelo esiqinile sokwenza kanjalo. Ngokuqonda isizathu esilindelekile, kokubili umthetho kanye nezakhamuzi zingasebenza phakathi kohlelo olungokomthetho oludinga ukuphepha komphakathi, isilinganiso sokuphepha, isisekelo somphakathi esiyisisekelo selungelo elibalulekile eMthethweningoMthethweni.