Ukuqonda ukuhlobana phakathi kwamazinga obugebengu nezenzo zokugcinwa komthetho kubalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, nabenzi bezimiso abafuna ukwakha imiphakathi ephephile. Le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ihlela indlela yomphakathi, ithonya ukuthemba umphakathi, futhi inqume indlela imithombo esetshenziswa ngayo phakathi kwesimiso sobulungisa. Nakuba amazinga obugebengu eshintshashintsha ngenxa yezici eziningi zezenhlalo, amasu omthetho afeza indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni ubugebengu nasekuthuthukiseni ukuphepha komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela amanani ahlukene athinta ngayo izibalo zobugebengu, sihlola inguquko engokomlando yemithetho elawula izinhlangano, futhi sicabangela imiphumela ebanzi yomphakathi.

Umlando Womthetho Ophoqelelwayo

Izenzo zokugcinwa komthetho ziye zaqala ngokuphawulekayo phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, zasuka ezimisweni ezisekelwe emphakathini zaya ezinhlanganweni ezingochwepheshe kakhulu. Ukuqonda le nqubo engokomlando kunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuhlola amasu amaphoyisa anamuhla kanye nobuhlobo bawo nobugebengu.

izindlela zangaphambi zigxile kakhulu ekuhilelekeni komphakathi , lapho izakhamuzi zihlangene zazinomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza ukuhleleka. Emiphakathini yasendulo, izimiso zokugada ngokwethukela zazixhomeke komakhelwane abahlolanayo, ngokuvamile kulunga okunikezwa ngokuvumelana komphakathi kunezinhlangano ezingokomthetho. Lendlela yagcizelela ukunqanda ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo kodwa yayintula ukuvumelana nemithombo edingekayo yemiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi, ekhulayo.

Ukumiswa kweBow Street Runners ngo-1749 kwaphawula ushintsho olubalulekile kumaphoyisa ahleliwe eLondon. Iqanjwe imantshi uHenry Fieling, leli qembu elincane lamaphoyisa akhokhelwayo laqala ushintsho lwezimiso zewashi ezisekelwe kumavolontiya lokuya kumthetho wochwepheshe. Umsebenzi wabo wabonisa ukuthi izisebenzi ezinikezelwe, eziqeqeshiwe zingahlola ngokuphumelela kakhulu ubugebengu nezigebengu eziboshiwe, zibeka isisekelo samaphoyisa anamuhla.

Ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20 kwaqala ukusungulwa kwezisebenzi zamaphoyisa ezivamile eNtshonalanga. UMnumzane Robert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act ka-1829 wasungula ibutho lokuqala lamaphoyisa eLondon, ligcizelela ukuvinjelwa kobugebengu nokumiswa kwezindinganiso zokuziphatha kobuchwepheshe. E-United States, amadolobha anjenge New York neBoston asungulwe iminyango yamaphoyisa e-mospital phakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka, nakuba la mabutho akuqala ayevame ukulwa nokonakala nokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe. Ikhulu lama-20 laletha ezinye izimbangela, kuhlanganise nokuthathwa kwemisakazo emisakazweni emibili, izimoto ezihlolayo, isayensi yezesayensi, nokugcinwa komthetho ekhomputhano, konke okwaguqula indlela umthetho omthetho owenziwa ngayo.

Ngawo-1960 nangawo - 1970 kwaqala izinguquko ezinkulu ezabangelwa yizinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi nokukhathalela okwengeziwe ukulandisa ngamaphoyisa. Kule nkathi kwavela amafilosofi amaphoyisa omphakathi, ukusungulwa kwezindinganiso zokuqeqesha, nokunaka okwengeziwe emikhubeni yamaphoyisa engokomthetho-sisekelo. Lezenzakalo ezingokomlando ziyaqhubeka zithonya izimpikiswano zanamuhla mayelana nokugcinwa komthetho nokuphumelela kobudlelwane bomphakathi.

Izinga Lobugebengu: Ukubukeza Kwezibalo

Amazinga obugebengu ngokuvamile alinganiselwa ngokwezenzakalo ezibikwayo kubantu abangu - 100 000 abahlala khona, kunikezwa isilinganiso esilinganiselwe sokuqhathanisa izinqubo ezikhona ezikhathini nakwezikhathi. Ukuqonda lezizibalo kubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni izindlela zokugcinwa komthetho nasekuhloleni ukuphumelela kwemikhuba yokugcinwa komthetho.

Izinga lobugebengu liyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwendawo, izici zenani labantu, nezimo zezomnotho. Izindawo zasemadolobheni ngokuvamile ziba namazinga aphakeme obugebengu bobudlova kunemiphakathi yasemaphandleni, nakuba ubugebengu bempahla bungadlanga kuzo zonke izilungiselelo. I-FBICF’s FREET Crime Reporting (UCR) Isimiso ne-Bureaunion of Justice Profective Crime's Survey (NCVS) inikeza ukwaziswa okunelisayo okusiza abacwaningi ukuba bathuthukise umfanekiso ophelele wezimiso zobugebengu. I-UCRCRR ithatha ubugebengu babikwe zifaka imvume yomthetho, kuyilapho i-NCVS ihlola izindawo mayelana nezisulu zombili futhi ingabikwangabikwangabikwa, iveza ukuqonda ku-"interry" yezibalo zeze-ocle" zeze-octive" yezibalo zeze-promotions" zeze-ographymentmental".

Izindlela zokuqoqa ukwaziswa zithonya kakhulu ukunemba kwezibalo zobugebengu. Ukuguquguquka ekubikeni imikhuba yobugebengu, ukushintsha kwezincazelo zomthetho, nokwehlukahluka endleleni izinhlangano ezihlukanisa ngayo amacala kungathinta ngayo konke ukuhlukahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushintsha kwesifushaniso se-UCR sokubika esingokwesiko sokubhala ngohlelo lwe-National Indicedible-Battlementing System (NIBRS) ithuthukise izinga lolwazi kodwa futhi ibangele izinselele zokuqhathanisa okuthatha isikhathi eside. Ngokufanayo, izinguquko endleleni ubudlova basekhaya noma ukuhlasela ngokobulili okungahlukaniswa ngayo kungaguqula ngayo izinqubo zezibalo ngisho nalapho imiklamo yobugebengu ihlala iqinile.

Ukwanda kwezinga lobugebengu ngokuvamile kubonisa izimpikiswano ezibanzi zezentengiselwano, kuhlanganise nezimo zezomnotho, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, imibango yezidakamizwa, nezimiso zomphakathi. Ukwehla okuphawulekayo kobugebengu obunobudlova eUnited States kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1990 kuya kunyaka ka-202010 kuye kwathiwa kubangelwa izici eziningi: amasu athuthukisiwe amaphoyisa, ukukhushulelwa kwenani lokuvaleka komqedazwe wecrack cocaine, ukukhula kwezomnotho, nezinguquko zenani labantu. Nokho, amanani obugebengu ahlala esabalwa ngokungenakulinganiswa, njengoba imiphakathi eqhubeka ithwele umthwalo onzima kakhulu wobudlova. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo zezibalo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukungenela kwemisuka ekuxazulu ebangela izimpawu nje.

Imikhuba Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nethonya Layo

Imikhuba ehlukahlukene yokugcinwa komthetho ingaba nemiphumela ehlukahlukene emazingeni obugebengu, kuye ngokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani nangayiphi imibandela eqondile esetshenziswa kuyo. Amanye amasu avimbela ubugebengu ngokuphumelelayo, kuyilapho amanye engase andise ukungezwani phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nemiphakathi, anciphise ukuphepha komphakathi isikhathi eside.

Ukuphatha Umphakathi

Amaphoyisa omphakathi agcizelela ukwakha ubuhlobo obuhle nezakhamuzi ngokusebenzelana njalo, ukubambisana ngezinkinga, kanye nokubambisana ekubhekaneni nezinkathazo zendawo. Abaphathi ababelwe ezindaweni ezithile baqala ukujwayelana namalungu omphakathi, okubenza bakwazi ukubona izindaba eziphakamayo ngaphambi kokuba zikhule. Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa nokwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi okukhuliswe, ukuzimisela okukhulu ukubika ubugebengu, kanye nokuhlanganyela ukwaziswa okuthuthukisiwe [ okusiza ekuhloleni.

Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi amaphoyisa omphakathi anganciphisa ukwesaba ubugebengu futhi athuthukise ukubheka kwamaphoyisa ngokusemthethweni, nakuba kunzima kakhulu ukulinganisela imiphumela yawo eqondile emazingeni obugebengu. Uma izakhamuzi zithemba ukugcinwa komthetho, zisengozini kakhulu yokubambisana nokuphenya futhi zinikeze amacebiso asiza ekuxazululeni amacala. Lokhu kusiza futhi kulula ukubika ubugebengu obufihlekile, kuhlanganise nobudlova basekhaya kanye nokushushumbisa abantu, okungase ekuqaleni kwandise izibalo zobugebengu obungokomthetho ngisho nalapho ukuwohloka kwangempela kweze.

Ukuqondisa nokuhlela

Izimiso zokulawula i-troolerance, ezaziwa nangokuthi ukuhleleka noma ukuphuka kwamaphoyisa amafasitela, zigxile ekuqikelweni kwamacala amancane ngenkolelo yokuthi ukubheka ukuphazamiseka kwezezinga eliphansi kuvimbela ubugebengu obungathi sína kakhulu. Lendlela yathola ukuvelela eDolobheni laseNew York phakathi nawo 1990, lapho ukuphoqelelwa kobukhakhakha bokuphulwa kwezinga eliphezulu kobugebengu kuhlangana khona nokwehla okukhulu kobugebengu.

Nokho, ubufakazi obusekela ukugcinwa kwenqubo yezero-lervance busaphikiswa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphoqelelwa kwezenzo ezincane okunemiphumela eqinile kungaphazamisa ubudlelwane bomphakathi, kuthinte ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi emincane, futhi kubangele ukuboshwa okuphansi kakhulu [ okuthwesa inqubo yenkantolo umthwalo onzima ngaphandle kokuveza izinzuzo ezihlala njalo zomphakathi. Ukuhlola kusikisela ukuthi nakuba ukugcinwa kwezinkinga ezithile zezindawo ezithile kunganciphisa ubugebengu, ukusebenza ngokungakhethi kwezindlela zokungavumelani kwezero-tolective kungandisa ukuboshwa kwezenzo ezincane ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kobugebengu obungathi sína. Ezinye izifunda ziye zasusa ngokuncithamisa inqubo eqinile yokuvikela ubugebengu obungathi sína lapho kuthinta izimo zomphakathi.

Imininingwane-isetshenziswa ngokupholisa

Amaphoyisa asebenza ngemitapo asebenzisa izibalo, izibalo zobugebengu, kanye nokubhula ukuthi iziphi izimali ukuze kwabiwe imithombo futhi kubonwe i-odocts ezishisayo. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-CompStat, ezasungulwa uMnyango wamaphoyisa waseNew York ngo 1990, zisebenzise imihlangano yasikhathi sonke yobugebengu ukuze zifake abaphathi bezomthetho abanecala lokulungisa izindlela ezisanda kuvela. Izici zamuva zihlanganisa imithetho ebikezelayo ehlukanisa izindawo ezisengozini enkulu yobugebengu esikhathini esizayo.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi izindlela ezihlanganisayo zingenza iminyango ikwazi ukumisa izikhulu lapho zidingeka khona kakhulu, inyuse ukunqanda nokunciphisa izikhathi zokusabela. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi uma inqubo yokulawula i-popultice eshisayo, uma isetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihloselwe ezibangela izinkinga kunokumane nje ukwanda kokugada, ingaveza ukuncipha okulinganiselwe kodwa okunenjongo ngaphandle kokubeka ubugebengu ezindaweni eziseduze. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngobandlululo lwemithetho yemithetho, imfihlo, kanye namathuba okukhona okungasetshenziswa ekukhipheni amasu okungaqondakali okukhona kudinga ukunakekela okucophelela kubenzi benqubo kanye nabezokwelapha.

Ukuphinde Usebenzise Ikhono Lokulawula

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwamaphoyisa asebenzayo nasebenzayo kuhlela indlela iminyango esebenzelana ngayo nemiphakathi futhi ithathe iqhaza ngayo emsebenzini wobugebengu. Amasu asebenzayo, kuhlanganise nabalindi abaqondisiwe, izingxoxo zasemasimini, nokusebenza kwezimoto, azimisele ukuvimbela ubugebengu ngaphambi kokuba buvele. Ngokuphambene, amaphoyisa aphinde asebenze agxile ekusabeleni ekufuneni izinkonzo nasekuhloleni ubugebengu obubikwayo.

Iminyango ephumelelayo isebenzisa inhlanganisela yezindlela zokungena, namasu asebenzayo agxile ezindaweni eziphezulu zobugebengu futhi phakathi nezikhathi eziphezulu zobugebengu. Isihluthulelo siwukuba ulinganisele ukulondoloza ukulondeka komphakathi ngaphandle kokwenza obudlelwane obuningi obungalulaza ukwethenjelwa umphakathi. Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi amasu asebenzayo aphumelela kakhulu uma eqhutshwa ngesiqondiso somthetho-mthetho nokwaziswa komphakathi okucacile[, kuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa ithathwa njengefanele kunokuba ihlukunyezwe.

Indima Yokuhlanganyela Emkhakheni Womphakathi

Lapho imiphakathi ihileleke ngentshiseko emizamweni yokuvimbela ubugebengu, ngokuvamile ibona imiphumela engcono nobuhlobo obuqinile nezikhulu eziyikhonzayo.

Imihlangano yomphakathi ingakhuthaza ukwethenjelwa phakathi komthetho nezakhamuzi ngokunikeza inkundla yokuxoxa ngokukhululekile. Imihlangano yasikhathi sonke lapho izakhamuzi zingakhuluma khona izinto ezikhathazayo, zibuze imibuzo, futhi zithole ukushintshwa kwemikhuba yobugebengu kusiza ekunciphiseni imisebenzi yamaphoyisa futhi kwakhe ukuqondana. Imithombo efuna ukuzwana komphakathi futhi ibonise ukusabela ezinkathazweni zendawo ivame ukujabulela amazinga aphakeme okubambisana nokufaneleka.

Izinhlelo ezihlanganisa intsha ekuvimbeleni ubugebengu zinganciphisa ubuhlongandlebe bentsha kanye nemijikelezo yobudlova . Ngemva kwezinhlelo zesikole, ukuthatha izinyathelo zobuqeqeshi, namaphoyisa asemasha anikeza ezinye izindlela ezingcono zobugebengu kuyilapho ukwakha ubuhlobo obuhle phakathi kwentsha nezikhulu. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi lezinhlelo ziphumelela kakhulu uma zigxila ekwakheni ikhono, ekuthuthukiseni izenhlalo, nokwakha ubuhlobo obuqotho kunokumane nje zinikeze umnyango wokwenza ubugebengu.

Ukubambisana nezinhlangano zendawo kungathuthukisa ukutholakala kwemithombo futhi kudlulisele ukufinyelela kwemizamo yokugcinwa komthetho. Ukuhlobana nezikole, izikhungo ezisekelwe ekukholweni, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zezenhlala-khaya kuvumela iminyango ukuba ibhekane nezici eziyisisekelo ezibangela ubugebengu, kuhlanganise nokuswelakala komsebenzi, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, nezinkinga zempilo zengqondo. Lokhu kwenza amathuba okuhlanganyela nokusingatha izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi okungekho nxusa elilodwa elingazixazulula.

Izinhlelo zobulungisa ezibuyiselwayo zimelela olunye uhlobo lokuthembisana komphakathi olususa ukugxila esijezisweni nasekulungiseni umonakalo. Lezinhlelo zihlanganisa izisulu, izaphula-mthetho, namalungu omphakathi ukuze zixoxe ngemiphumela yobugebengu futhi zithuthukise izivumelwano zokubuyisela nokubuyisela. Nakuba ukulungisa ubulungisa kungafanelekile kuzo zonke izimpikiswano, ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi kunganciphisa ukuncishiswa kwezinhlobo ezithile zobugebengu kuyilapho kunikeza izisulu ukwaneliseka okukhulu kunezimiso zenkantolo ezingokwesiko.

Izinselele Ekuphoqelelweni Komthetho

Naphezu kwentuthuko enkulu ekuqeqesheni, kwezobuchwepheshe nasemasuni, ukugcinwa komthetho kubhekene nezinselele eziningi ezenza kube nzima ukuhlobana phakathi kwamanani obugebengu nemisebenzi yamaphoyisa.

Izimiso zokusetshenziswa kwemali zingalinganisela imithombo ekhona elungiselelwe amaphoyisa omphakathi, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, kanye nobuchwepheshe. Iminyango eminingi isebenza ngezisebenzi ezilinganiselwe, imishini egugile, kanye nezidingo ezincintisanayo zemali evela kwezinye izinkonzo zomphakathi. Lemigoqo ingaphoqelela ukudayisa okunzima, njengokunciphisa ukufinyelela umphakathi ukuze kugcinwe ishende noma ukunciphisa ubuchwepheshe obungathuthukisa impumelelo. imithombo elinganiselwe inganezela futhi i-onqanyuse ukutubeka nokuguqula i-onkimbini , ukuqhubekeka kwemisebenzi yomnyango.

Umphakathi ubheka ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuphawulekayo kuthonya ukubambisana komphakathi. Izenzakalo eziphezulu zokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, ukulwa ngokweqile, noma ukudubula okuphikisanayo zingaqeda ukwethembana futhi zinciphise ukuzimisela ukubika ubugebengu noma ukucwaninga. Imibono engaqondile ingagqama ikakhulukazi emiphakathini eye yabhekana nomlando wokuvinjelwa noma ukuncitshiswa okungaphansi komthetho. Ukubuyiselwa kudinga ukuboniswa okungaguquguquki komsebenzi, ukulandisa, kanye nokuzibophezela ngobuqotho emphakathini.

Izindawo ezicindezela kakhulu zingaholela ekutubekeni, ezinkingeni zempilo, nasekuhluleleni okuncishiswe phakathi kwezisebenzi eziqapha umthetho. Abaphathi bavame ukubhekana nezimo eziyingozi, ukuchayeka esimweni esibucayi, nokuqashelwa kakhulu emphakathini, konke okubangela ukulimala okungokwengqondo nokungokomzimba. Izezomnyango ezihluleka ukunikeza ukusekela impilo ephelele, ukululeka kontanga, nezinhlelo zokuhle zisengozini yokulahlekelwa izisebenzi ezinokuhlangenwe nakho nokwenza izinqumo ezilulaza ezibucayi. Ukutshala isikhulu akuyona nje indaba yokunakekela izisebenzi kodwa ukuvikela umphakathi.

Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho nezimiso ezihlobene nokugcinwa komthetho kuyaqhubeka kushintsha, kudala izinselele zeminyango efuna ukuhlala ikhona ngezindlela ezingcono kakhulu. Ukushintsha kwemithetho elawula ukusetshenziswa kwempi, ukusesha nokuquleka, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, nezimfuneko zokwengamela kudinga ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo nokushintshwa kwezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho kuyilapho isebenza kahle, isenzo esidinga ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho kanye nomthetho ovelayo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Imithetho Ephumelelayo Ephoqelelwayo

Ukuhlola izenzakalo eziphumelelayo kunikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngamasu aphumelelayo okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho athinta amanani obugebengu kuyilapho kulondoloza ukwethenjwa komphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa omphakathi eNew York City phakathi nonyaka ka-1990, kuhlangene nezindlela zokwaziswa ezifana ne-CompStat, eziqondana nenye yezindlela eziphawulekayo zobugebengu ehlayo emlandweni waseMelika. Phakathi no-1990 no 2000, amazinga okubulawa kwabantu ehla cishe ngamaphesenti angu-70, futhi ubugebengu obunobudlova behla kakhulu. Nakuba impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngeminikelo ehlobene yezici ezihlukahlukene, okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-New York kwabonisa ukuthi [[FLT: 0] ukufakwa kwemithombo yempahla, ukulandisa ngemiphumela, futhi ukubophana komphakathi kungaveza intuthuko ephawulekayo yokuphepha komphakathi [. Nokho, abagxeki abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ukuphoqelela ngonyanisa ngomthetho womphakathi futhi kubangela ukulwa kwemithetho yomthetho, ukuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuphumelela kwezekelela nelungelo lokuvikela amalungelo omthetho.

EChicago, ukusetshenziswa kokwaziswa okungahlolwayo kokuthola nokusingatha amachashaza ashisayo kuye kwacwengisiswa ngezindlela eziningi zokuphatha. I-Stecletical Police Department Sucrative Service Centers ihlola imininingwane yangempela yezezimali ukuze kuqondiswe ukuthunyelwa kwezindawo zempi nemizamo elungisa izinkinga. Uma kuhlangene namasu okuvimbela ukumiswa okuqondiswa okuqondiswayo anikeza izinkonzo zomphakathi ezihambisana nokucindezela kokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa, lezi zibonise isithembiso sokunciphisa ubudlova bezibhamu ezindaweni ezihloselwe. Isihluthulelo besiqinisekisa ukuthi amasu angempela okwaziswa awenziwe ngeminyango yomphakathi kanye nezimiso zomthetho, ukugwema izihibe lokugcinwa komthetho.

Izinhlelo eLos Angeles ezigxile ekuthembiseni intsha nokuqinisa ukuthembana komphakathi ziye zabonisa ukuthi ukukhula kobuhlobo obuqinile kunganciphisa ubudlova futhi kuthuthukise ukuphepha komphakathi. I-Los Angeles Departline Department of Community Safety Stanitership izikhulu zezikhulu zezindawo zomphakathi eziswele kakhulu, lapho zisebenza khona kakhulu nezakhamuzi ukusingatha izinkathazo zendawo, ukwakha ukwethembana, futhi zihlanganisa intsha ngamathuba amahle. Ukuhlolwa kusikisela ukuthi lemizamo iye yanciphisa ubugebengu obunobudlova kwezinye izindawo kuyilapho ithuthukisa imibono yamaphoyisa ahlala khona.

Isimiso somlilo iBoston Shiffill, ingxenye yenyathelo lokuqala lokuvimbela lokuthula, libonisa indlela eqondile yokuvimbela abaphoqelelwa ukuba baqikelele imithombo yezehluleli enanini elincane lezisebenzi eziqhuba ubudlova obukhulu kuyilapho zizenza zisebenzise ezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ngezinkonzo zomphakathi. Lendlela yaveza ukwehla okukhulu ekubulaleni kwentsha eBoston phakathi nawo 1990 futhi iye yasetshenziswa kwamanye amadolobha ngemiphumela ethembisayo. Impumelelo yokuvimbela okuqondiswe ekuzibekeleni phambili ibonisa ukuthi i-octive sigid system, i-romation ehlangene namathuba aqotho okushintsha kungaphazamisa imijikelezo yobudlova [[ engcono kakhulu kunemithetho esekelwe kuyo kuphela.

Ukwaziswa, Ubuchwepheshe Nekusasa Lesimiso Sobupholi

Intuthuko ekuqoqweni kokwaziswa, ukuhlaziywa, nobuchwepheshe iyaqhubeka inikeza amathuluzi amasha okuvimbela ubugebengu kuyilapho kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ephathelene nokungabi namuntu, ubandlululo nokulandisa.

Amakhamera asebenza emzimbeni aye aba imishini ejwayelekile eminyangweni eminingi, anikeza amarekhodi aqotho ezokuhlangana kwesikhulu esizimele okungathuthukisa ukulandisa, ukunciphisa, nokuqinisa ukuqoqwa kobufakazi. Ukucwaninga ngemishini yekhamera yegazi kuye kwaveza imiphumela exubile, kanye nokuhlola kokuthola ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezenzakalo ze-actived nezinye ezibonisa imiphumela elinganiselwe. Isihluthulelo sokuveza izinzuzo zekhamera ye-popal sibonakala sisemithethweni ecacile elawula uma amakhamera edinga ukuhlaziywa, indlela izinyawo ezibukelwa ngayo, nendlela ukukhanya okulinganiswa ngayo nokucabangela komuntu siqu okulinganiselwe.

Kubafundi belayisense esetshenziswayo, izinhlelo zokuthola izibhamu, kanye namakhamera okuhlola kunikeza ukugcinwa komthetho ngamakhono anwetshiwe okuhlola izindawo zomphakathi nokuphawula izenzo zobugebengu. Lobu buchwepheshe bungasiza ekuxazululeni amacala futhi buqede ubugebengu, kodwa futhi buphakamisa izinkathazo zemfihlo ezidinga ukuthuthukiswa kwesimiso esicophelelayo. Ukuqondisa okuqinile, ukubonakala, kanye nemingcele yokugcinwa kwemininingwane kungasiza ekulondolozeni ukuthemba umphakathi kuyilapho ubuchwepheshe obuyisubazisayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinjongo zokuphepha emphakathini.[

I-algorithm zobupopu zisebenzisa imininingwane engokomlando ukuze zibikezele ukuthi ubugebengu bungase buvelephi, bukwazi ukunikeza inzuzo. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngobandlululo lwe-algorith kanye nokungawakhomba amathuluzi okubikezela ukuqhubekisela phambili inqubo engokomlando yokufaka izimali emiphakathini esweleyo kudinga ukuqashelwa ngokucophelela. Imithombo esebenzisa ukubikezela ukuphenya kufanele iqhube ukuphenya okuvamile ukuze kukhiqizwe imiphumela ehlukanisayo futhi iqinisekise ukuthi iziphumo zemithetho ziyazisa ulwazi kunokuba inqume izinqumo zokusebenza.

Ukuhlola izokuxhumana namasu ophengululo e-octal computer sekuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu ekuboneni izinsongo, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, nokuxhumana nomphakathi. Lamathuluzi kumelwe asetshenziswe ngegunya elifanele elingokomthetho nangenhlonipho ngezimiso zomthetho zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Imithombo yamaziko eyakha izimiso ezicacile ngokusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana, izikhulu zezokuqeqesha ezilinganiselwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, futhi igcine ukubonakala ngokuphumelelayo emiphakathini ekhonza kuyo kungawasebenzisa amathuluzi ekwazini asebenza ngempumelelo awethuthu le nkululeko yomphakathi.

Izingcindezi Zesimiso Nokucatshangelwa Kwezinguquko

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamazinga obugebengu nemikhuba yokugcinwa komthetho bunemiphumela ephawulekayo ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe, ezikhulwini zamaphoyisa, nabaholi bomphakathi. Isimiso sobuciko esiphumelelayo sidinga ukulinganisela izinto eziningi eziza kuqala, kuhlanganise nokuphepha komphakathi, amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, ukukhokha imali nokuthemba umphakathi.

Izimiso zamaphoyisa ezisekelwe kubufakazi ezifaka phambili eziqinisekisiwe ekunciphiseni amasu ngaphandle kokwenza imiphumela eyingozi zinikeza indlela eqhubekela phambili. Izezomnyango kufanele zifake izimali ekungeneleni okuye kwahlolwa ngokuhlulwa futhi kuboniswe ukuveza izinzuzo eziqhubekayo, kuyilapho zigwema izindlela ezingase ziveze inzuzo emfushane ngokulahlekelwa kobuhlobo bomphakathi obude. ukuhlolwa kohlelo nokuzimisela ukuyeka imikhuba engaphumeleli kubalulekile ekwenzeni inqubo esekelwe enqubweni.

Ukulandisa nokuqondisa kufeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukwethenjwa komphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokugcinwa komthetho ihambisana nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Amabhodi aqondisa uhulumeni, ukuphenya okuzimele kwezenzakalo ezibucayi, izimiso zokuqala zokuxwayisa izikhulu ezisengozini yokuziphatha okunezinkinga, nezinqubo zokuqondisa ezisobala konke kufaka iqhaza ekuphenduleni. Imithombo ethatha ukuqondisa njengethuluzi lokuthuthukisa kunokuba usongo lokuzibusa ithambekele ekufinyeleleni imiphumela engcono nobudlelwane obuqinile bomphakathi.

Ukuqeqesha inguquko, kuhlanganise nokugxila kakhulu ekuncipheni kwendlela yokulungisa, ukungenela kwenhlekelele, ubandlululo olucacile, nokuncintisana kwamasiko, kungathuthukisa izikhulu ezenza izinqumo nokusebenzelana komphakathi. Izindinganiso zokuqeqesha ezigunyazwe uHulumeni, izimfuneko zokuqeqeshelwa, nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa eziqhubekayo zentuthuko eziqhubekayo zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abaphathi banamakhono adingekayo okulungisa izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuqeqesha kuphumelela kakhulu uma kusekelwe kungoko mlando, kuqabuliswa njalo, futhi kuqiniswa ngempucuko nesiqondiso somphakathi.

Izinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezithathwa ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo, izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle, nochwepheshe abaluthayo bangaxazulula izimpikiswano eziyisisekelo ezibangela ubugebengu kuyilapho benciphisa umthwalo onzima ekuqinisweni komthetho. Inkinga imaqembu angenelayo, izigelekeqe ezihlangene ezisebenza nezingqapheli, kanye nezinhlelo zokusabela komsebenzi ezingezizo ezobugebengu zingathuthukisa imiphumela kubantu ababhekene nezinkinga nezikhulu ezikhululekile ukuze zigxile ekuvikeleni komphakathi. Lezi zinqubo zidinga ukutshala imali, ukubambisana, nokuvuma ukuzama ukuhambisa izinkonzo ezintsha.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamazinga obugebengu nemikhuba yokugcinwa komthetho buyinkimbinkimbi futhi bunezici eziningi, buye balolongwa yizenzakalo ezingokomlando, izimo zezenhlalo, izimiso zokukhetha, nezikhuthazo zomphakathi. Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kudinga ukuhlaziywa kokucophelela kwezibalo zobugebengu, ukuhlola ngokwethembeka amasu amaphoyisa, nokuqaphela isimo sezenhlalo esenzeka kuso ubugebengu.

Izindlela zokuqapha umthetho eziphumelelayo zinganciphisa ubugebengu, kodwa impumelelo yazo ixhomeke kakhulu endleleni ezisetshenziswa ngayo nokuthi zijabulela ukusekela komphakathi. Izinhlangano ezigcizelela ukubambisana, ukubonakala, nokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kubufakazi zivame kakhulu ukuveza intuthuko eqinile ekulondekeni komphakathi kuyilapho kugcinwa isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo nokwethenjelwa emphakathini. Ngokuhlukile, izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqamba izibalo ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni zingadala intuthuko esheshayo enciphekayo encikekayo enciphenisweni yokulimala kobuhlobo obuphakathi kwesikhathi eside nokunciphiswa.

Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uguqukela, imikhuba yokugcinwa komthetho kumelwe ivumelane nezinselele ezintsha, ubuchwepheshe, kanye namathemba omphakathi. Iminyango ephumelela kakhulu kuyoba yileyo ehlanganisa ukufunda okuqhubekayo, ukulondoloza ubudlelwano obuqinile bomphakathi, futhi ihlale izinikele ezindinganisweni eziphakeme zobuchwepheshe nokuziphendulela. Ngokuqonda amandla ayinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamazinga obugebengu nemisebenzi yamaphoyisa, othisha, abafundi, nabamisi womthetho bangahlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezinenjongo ngokuphepha komphakathi futhi basekele ekwakheni imiphakathi ephephile nenobulungisa.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ngezibalo zobugebengu nangezindlela zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho, bheka FBI'S FI 'FI' Crime Report Program kukwaziswa kobugebengu obusemthethweni, ukutusa kwezimiso zobuJaji [ ekuhlolweni kokuhlukunyezwa nokucwaninga kobupolithi, kanye nophethilotho oluphethe I-Prolice Research Forum yobufakazi obugunyaziwe ngezindlela zomthetho ezisebenzayo.