Table of Contents

Ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile lingenye yezinsika eziyinhloko zemiphakathi yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Lenkululeko edingekile yenza abantu bakwazi ukuveza imibono yabo, bahlanganyele ukwaziswa, futhi bahlanganyele ngokunengqondo enkulumweni yasobala ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela kukahulumeni noma ukucubungula. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho evikela futhi ilawule inkululeko ibaluleke ngayo kunoma ubani ofuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo akhe ngokucabangela ngokufanele kuyilapho ehlonipha imingcele elondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi futhi evikela abanye engozini.

Kuwo wonke umlando, umzabalazo wokuzimela uye waguqula izizwe nezinhlangano. Kusukela ekuvikelweni komthetho-sisekelo kwakuqala kuya ezinkingeni zanamuhla zemishini, izimiso zomthetho ziye zashintsha ukuze zilinganisele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokulondeka okuhlangene. Lokhu kuhlola okubanzi kuhlola indlela imithetho evikela ngayo ilungelo lakho lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukulinganiselwa okukhona, nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezibhekene nale nkululeko eyisisekelo ezweni lethu elihlangene.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

E-United States, inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkulumo ivikelwe kakhulu emithethweni kahulumeni ngeSichibiyelo sokuqala kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., imithetho yombuso, nemithetho kahulumeni ne-ovent. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sithi: “ISiphendu somthetho ngeke senze mthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwayo; noma ukuvinjelwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo."

Lomusho owodwa eBill of Rights uye waba isisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, uvikela izakhamuzi ekuhlolweni uhulumeni futhi wenza ukuba kube nempikiswano eqinile yomphakathi ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu zesizwe. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo baqaphela ukuthi ukukhulumela ngenkululeko kwakungelona nje ilungelo kodwa kwakuyisici esibalulekile sokuzilawula komuntu siqu nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Inkulumo Yezombangazwe: Indlela Evikelwe Kakhulu Yokukhuluma

Inkulumo yezombangazwe iwuhlobo lwenkulumo eqashelwe kakhulu ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo eRepublic esebenzayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokugxeka obala uhulumeni nabaholi bawo, okungasho amagama anokhahlo kakhulu noma acasulayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ikholelwa ukuthi inkulumo yezombangazwe ifanelwe isilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, iqaphela ukuthi idemokrasi ixhomeke emandleni ezakhamuzi ukuxoxa ngokukhululekile ngezimiso zikahulumeni, izimpikiswano zomphakathi, nokuhlola abazofuna ukusekelwa kwezombangazwe.

UMahluleli uWilliam Brennan, embonweni wakhe weNkantolo yaseTexas kanye noJohnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1999), wagomela ngokuthi "[i] khona isimiso esiqinile esisekela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ukuthi uhulumeni angase angakwenqabe ukusho umqondo ngenxa nje yokuthi umphakathi uthola umbono uwenyanyekile noma ungenabulungisa." Lesimiso sigcizelela ukuqonda okuyisisekelo ukuthi amazwi akhululekile kumelwe avikele ngisho nemibono edingwayo ukuze ulondoloze ubuqotho bawo.

Indinganiso YeBrandenburg Yokushukumiseka

Enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu engokomthetho emazwini akhululekile yavela ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme eBrandenburg v.O.O. Icala likaBrandenburg v.O. 395, 394 U.S. 444 (1969), limelela icebo lokuthi inkulumo ingavinjelwa kuphela uma kuhloswe ukuba inkulumo ikhiqizwe, futhi kungenzeka ukuba iveze, isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze. Lesinqumo esingokomlando samisa ibhande eliphakeme lokuvimbela kwenkulumo, idinga kokubili inhloso kanye nethuba lokulimala okusheshayo ngaphambi kokuba inkulumo ivinjelwe.

Umbono eBrandenburg walahla ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili kwengozi "clear nekhona" futhi wenza ilungelo lenkululeko (yezombangazwe) yenkululeko eUnited States cishe cishe ngokuphelele. Lendinganiso iye yaba isisekelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ivikela ngisho nokuvinjelwa kwesenzo esingekho emthethweni ngaphandle kokuba ihlangane nokuhlolwa okuqinile kweBrandenburg.

Amalungelo Abantu Amazwe Ngamazwe Asetshenziselwa Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Ngaphandle komthetho - sisekelo wesizwe, inkululeko yokukhuluma ijabulela isivikelo ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu, ukudala uhlelo lwembulunga yonke lwalelilungelo eliyisisekelo. Ilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma liye laqashelwa njengelungelo lomuntu eSivumelwaneni Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) nomthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke.

ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu

ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR), esamenyezelwa yiNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene ngo - 1948 ngemva kokubhujiswa, saveza isibopho sezwe sokuthuthukisa nokugcina isibopho esigcwele samalungelo abantu ayisisekelo. ISiphakamiso 19 seSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, esamukelwa ngo-1948, sithi: Wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yombono nenkulumo; lelilungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokuba nemibono ngaphandle kokuphazamisa nokufuna, ukwamukela nokudlulisela ukwaziswa nemibono nganoma yiziphi imithombo yezindaba nanoma iziphi imingcele.

Incwadi eyingqopha - mlando yamalungelo abantu, i - Universal Declaration of Human Rights yaqala ukuveza ngokokuqala ngqá ukuthi amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo avikelekile emhlabeni wonke.

Izivumelwano Zamazwe Ngamazwe Ezivikela Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Kusukela ifakwe eSiphakamiso 19 seSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, ilungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga nokukhuluma liye lavikelwa kuzo zonke izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ezihlangene emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zivumelwano zakha izibopho ezibophayo ukuze izizwe zisekele amalungelo okukhuluma ngenkululeko ngaphansi kwemibuso yazo.

Iningi lamazwe liye lagunyaza i - International Convention on the Convention on the Convention of the dernacition of the dern (ICED, IZizwe Ezihlangene, Ucathulo Luka - 1965), iSivumelwano Sezizwe Zonke Ngamalungelo Omphakathi Namalungelo Omphakathi (ICCPR, IZizwe Ezihlangene, U - 18966), i - Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC, United Nations, Preasure 1999), ne - Convention on the Rights of Personaltial Concument (CRPD, United Nations, REPD, CREUST20066), ngayinye evikela inkululeko nombono.

Ilungelo ligcinwe eSiphakamisweni 19 seSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawamazwe ngamazwe, iSiphakamiso 10 se-European Convention on Human Rights, iSiphakamiso 13 se-American Convention on Human Rights neSiphakamiso 9 se-Afrikan Charter on Human and People’s Rights. Le qoqo elibanzi lemishini yesifunda neyomhlaba wonke libonisa ukuvumelana kwembulunga yonke ngokubaluleka kokuvikela inkululeko.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhuluma Ngokukhululeka EMthethweni Wezizwe Zonke

Emthethoni wezizwe zonke, inkululeko yokuveza imibono nemibono ibhekwa njengebalulekile kokubili, njengoba inengxenye ekwakhekeni okugcwele komuntu, nokuba itshe eliyisisekelo somphakathi wentando yeningi. Lokhu kuqaphela okubili kuyavuma ukuthi ukuveza inkululeko kufeza kokubili ukuzibusa komuntu siqu nokubusa kweqembu.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma iyimfuneko ekujabuleleni amanye amalungelo, njengelungelo lokuvota, ukuhlangana ngenkululeko nenkululeko yokuhlangana, futhi ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yokunyathelisa. Ngaphandle kwekhono lokuveza imibono ngokukhululekile nokuhlanganyela ukwaziswa, amanye amalungelo entando yeningi aba yize futhi angasebenzi. Inkululeko yokukhuluma isekela namanye amalungelo abantu njengelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga, unembeza nenkolo, futhi iyawavumela ukuba achume.

Imingcele Efanele Yokukhuluma Ngokukhululeka

Nakuba inkululeko ijabulela isivikelo esingokomthetho esiqinile, ayiphelele.

Izinhlobo Zenkulumo Engavikelwanga

Izigaba eziyinhloko ezinjalo ukuhlanjalazwa, ukukhohliswa, ukuhlanjalazwa, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zezingane, ukulwa ngamazwi, nezinsongo.

Izinhlobo zenkulumo ezinikezwa isivikelo esincane noma ezingavikelwanga iSichibiyelo Sokuqala zihlanganisa ukuhlazeka kwenhlonipho (njengoba kunqunywe iMiller), ukukhwabanisa, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zabantwana, inkulumo ewuhlupho ekuziphatheni okungekho emthethweni, inkulumo eshukumisa isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze, kanye nomthetho wenkulumo yezentengiselwano njengokukhangisa.

Ukuvukela Namazwi Amanga

Amanga okusola (okubizwa ngokuthi "libel" uma kubhalwa kanye "nomnyundeli" uma kushiwo) ukuqamba amanga ngaphansi kwesifungo, nokukhohlisa nakho kungajeziswa. Nokho, umthetho uhlukanisa phakathi kwamanga namaqiniso nombono. Nokho, ukushiya okunjalo kudlulela emangeni angamanga; ukuveza umbono ngeke kujeziswe ngisho noma umbono ubhekwa njengongalungile ngokokuziphatha.

Lo mehluko uvikela impikiswano eqinile kuyilapho uvumela abantu ukuba bafune ukuvikela idumela lokulimaza elibangelwa yizinkulumo ezingamanga. Umthetho uyaqaphela ukuthi nakuba imibono ingaba yisicasulo noma ingathandeki, imelela umbono wesikhulumi futhi ifanelwe isivikelo ngisho nalapho iphikisana.

Usongo Lwangempela Nokushukunyiselwa Kobudlova

Ngokuvamile, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asibavikeli abantu ekuhilelekeni ebudloveni, ekusongweni kwangempela, ekushukunyisweni kobudlova nokuhlukunyezwa.

Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yagcinwa eBrandenburg v. Ohio (11994), uhulumeni angase anqabele "ukukhuthaza"" `ilulekwa' noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze" futhi "njengokukhuthaza noma ukuveza isenzo esinjalo" (njengenkulumo esixhwalile esinxusa isakhiwo esiseduze). Kodwa inkulumo ekhuthaza isenzo esikhathini esithile esizayo esingashiwongo lutho ingaze inqatshwe. Lemfuneko yamuva iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthatheka okungaqondakali kuhlala kuvikelekile kuyilapho kuvimbela inkulumo eyingozi ngokushesha.

Izindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke Zokuvinjelwa

Ngaphansi kwe-ICCPR, inkululeko yokukhuluma ingalinganiselwa kuphela umthetho futhi lapho kudingekile khona ukuhlonipha amalungelo noma idumela labanye; noma ukuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe noma ukuhleleka komphakathi, noma impilo yomphakathi noma ukuziphatha (iZizwe ezihlangene, u-Choupix1966, iSiphakamiso 19(3). Lezizindinganiso zomhlaba zingamisa imingcele ecacile lapho ohulumeni bengase balinganisele ngokomthetho ukuveza okukhululekile.

Ngenxa yalezozilinganiso, imithetho yokuhlambalaza nenzondo ingaba nesizathu sokuvikela idumela namalungelo abanye, uma nje kungami kakhulu. Imfuneko yokuthi imingcele ayiqiniswanga ngokweqile iqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni abanakho ukusebenzisa izinkathazo ezingokomthetho njengezaba zokucindezela ukuphikisa noma ukulawula inkulumo yasobala.

Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu

Ngisho nenkulumo evikelekile ingazithoba ezimisweni ezinengqondo ngokuphathelene nokuthi ibekwa kuphi, kuphi, nokuthi iphi. Lemingcele equkethwe ivumela ohulumeni ukuba balawule izikhala zomphakathi futhi bavimbele ukuphazamiseka kuyilapho belondoloza ilungelo eliyinhloko lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.

Imithetho engathathi hlangothi yokuqukethwe

Okokuqala, uhulumeni ngokuvamile angase abeke isikhathi, indawo, noma indlela yokukhuluma, uma imingcele ingahlobene nalokho inkulumo ekushoyo futhi ishiye abantu benezindlela ezanele zokuveza imibono yabo.

Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni angavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemibhobho ezindaweni zokuhlala ebusuku, anciphise yonke imiboniso evimbela ukuthuthwa kwezimoto, noma avimbele ukukhethwa kwezindlu zabantu. Lemithetho ifeza izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka futhi ivikele amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu ngaphandle kokubeka izigijimi noma izikhulumi ezithile.

Isivivinyo seO'Brien seMithetho yokuHlanganisa Ukuqukethwe

Inkantolo i-O'Brien (1968) yamemezela, "... umthetho kahulumeni ulunga ngokwanele uma ungaphakathi kwegunya lomthetho-mthetho kaHulumeni; uma uqhubekisela phambili isithakazelo sikahulumeni esibalulekile noma esiqinile; uma isithakazelo sikahulumeni sihlangene nokucindezelwa kwenkululeko; futhi uma imingcele elindelekile yenkululeko yeSichibiyelo sokuqala ayinkulu kunesidingo sokuqhubekisela phambili leso sithakazelo.

Lokhu kuhlola okune kuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhathi, indawo, nendlela kufeza izinjongo ezingokomthetho ngaphandle kokuba izimoto ezibonisa ukucwaswa kwemibono. Ukungathathi hlangothi kuyilungiselelo elibalulekile lokuhlangabezana ngoba uma umthetho ungenakho ukungathathi-hlangothi okwanelisiwe ngenxa yokuhlasela umbono othile noma indlela yokukhuluma, ngokuvamile kuyophula ezinye izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, njengesigqebhezana sesivikelo esifanayo.

Sebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza nge Zilungiselelo zemfundo

Iyunivesithi ingabeka isikhathi esigcwele kanye nombono, indawo nezindlela zemisebenzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe impilo, ukulondeka nenhlalakahle nokuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kokufundisa, ukufunda, ukucwaninga, inkonzo nokunakekela kwesineke emagcekeni ethu. Kunalokho, imithetho kumelwe isebenze kubasebenzisi bendawo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi noma umbono wenkulumo yabo.

Lezizimiso zisebenza emphakathini ohlukahlukene, ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ifeza izidingo ezisebenzayo ngaphandle kokusola okusekelwe esigijimini esidluliselwayo. Imfuneko yokungathathi - hlangothi kombono ivimbela iziphathimandla ekusebenziseni imithetho ebonakala ingathathi hlangothi ukuze kuvinjelwe inkulumo engamukeleki.

Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko Enkathini Yezinombolo

I - Internet nezokuxhumana kuye kwashintsha indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo ilungelo labo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, kwakha amathuba nezinselele ezintsha zokuvikela ngokomthetho. Izinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho emhlabeni wonke ziye zashikashikana nokusebenzisa izimiso ezivamile zokukhuluma ngenkululeko ezindaweni ezizungezile.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokukhuluma Nge - Internet

Esinqumweni esingu-9-10, iNkantolo Ephakeme yandisa isivikelo esiphelele seSichibiyelo Sokuqala ku-Internet ku-Reno v. ACLU, isinqumo esabulala izingxenye ze-Creations Decape Act ka-1996, umthetho owenqabela "ukuxhumana okuphakathi" ne-ingosi ye-webhusayithi. Isinqumo senkantolo sandisa izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo ezinikezwa ezincwadini, omagazini, amabhayisikobho, kanye nokukhuluma kwezinto ezikhishwe kwi-inthanethi.

Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo saveza ukuthi i-inthanethi ifanelwe isivikelo esiqinile njengezezindaba ezingokwesiko, inqabe izimpikiswano zokuthi izici eziyingqayizivele ze-inthanethi zilungile ukucuthwa komthetho-sisekelo. Isinqumo saqaphela ukuthi i-inthanethi ingaba amandla okuveza idemocratic amandla okuveza inkululeko.

Ukuqashelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Ngezingosi Zokuxhumana

ISiphakamiso 19(2) se-ICCPR simisa ukuthi ilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma lisebenza kungakhathaliseki imingcele nanoma yimiphi iminyuziyamu umuntu ayikhethayo. UMphathi-mikhosi No. 34 uyaqhubeka achaza ukuthi isihloko 19(2) sihlanganisa izindlela zokuxhumana ezisekelwe ku-inthanethi. Le ncazelo iqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo samalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke sidlulela emazwini enombolo.

Ukuxhumana kwembulunga yonke nge - Internet kuye kwenza ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke nezindinganiso ezingaguquki kwanda. izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswayo zezizwe ekukhulumeni nge - Internet zingadala izingxabano nezinselele kubantu abasemapulatifomu nabasebenzisayo abanqamula imingcele.

Imvume Yokubuyiselwa Kwamalungelo Abasebenzisi

Ukuvela kwemithombo yezokuxhumana kuye kwabangela imibuzo emisha mayelana nendlela izimiso ezikhululekile zokukhuluma ezisebenza ngayo lapho izinkampani ezizimele zilawula iziteshi zomphakathi ezisebenzisa izinombolo.

Imizamo yamuva yomthetho iye yafuna ukuxazulula ukukhathazeka ngesikhulumi esiphethe inkulumo yeningi. Lezi zinyathelo zizama ukulinganisela ububanzi besikhulumi, ukuveza amalungelo abantu abayisebenzisayo, nokulinganisela okungokomthetho okudingekayo. Izindawo ezingokomthetho ziyaqhubeka ziguquka njengezinkantolo nabenzi bezimiso baxabana nalezi zindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Zonda Inkulumo Nokulinganiselwa Kokubekezelelana

Izimiso zomthetho ezihlukahlukene ziye zasebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisela ukuveza imizwa ekhululekile nesivikelo ekukhulumeni okungabonisi ubandlululo nokulimazayo.

Indlela YaseMelika Yokuzonda Inkulumo

Inkulumo yenzondo ivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala e-United States, njengoba kwanqunywa eDolobheni likaSt. Paul, (1992) lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma khona ukuthi ukuzonda inkulumo kuyavunyelwe, ngaphandle uma kusendabeni yobudlova obuseduze. Lokhu kubonisa ukukhetha okuqinile kwesiko laseMelika lokuvikela ngisho nenkulumo ecasulayo ngaphandle kokuba idlulele ezinhlangothini ezingalondekile njengezinsongo noma izisusa zangempela.

KuR.A.V. v. neDolobha likaSt. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992), iNkantolo yachaza ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States "kakhulu sivimbela uhulumeni ukuba avimbele inkulumo, noma ngisho nokuziphatha okungasho lutho, ngenxa yokungamukeleki kwemibono eshiwoyo. Lesimiso sivimbela uhulumeni ukuba enze njengomsekeli wemibono eyamukelekayo, ngisho nalapho leyomibono icasula kakhulu kwabaningi.

Izindinganiso Zezizwe Zonke Zokuzonda Inkulumo

Nakuba eminye imingcele enkululeko yokuveza imizwa ingase ishukunyiswe izimiso zokulingana nokungacwasi, "ukugqugquzelwa kohlanga nokucwaswa komphakathi" kanye "nokungavumelani kwenzondo yobuzwe, yobuzwe noma yenkolo ebangela ubandlululo, ubutha noma ubudlova" yenqatshelwe ngokuphelele ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke, futhi ibhekwa njengezindlela "noma yiziphi izinhlobo zenkulumo yenzondo".

Ohulumeni banesibopho sokwenqabela inkulumo enenzondo, eshukumisayo kodwa abaningi basebenzisa kabi igunya labo lokuqeda ukungavumelani ngokuthula ngokukhipha imithetho enqabela inkululeko yokukhuluma.

Ukulinganisela Ukukhuluma Nokuvikela

Imithetho emelene nenkulumo yenzondo noma okunye ukugqugquzelwa kobandlululo nobudlova akumelwe isetshenziselwe ukuvimbela ukungavumelani okunokuthula.

"Ukwethamela inkulumo yenzondo akusho ukulinganisela noma ukwenqabela inkululeko yokukhuluma. Kusho ukugcina inkulumo yenzondo ingabi yinto eyingozi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukuvuselelwa ekubeni nobandlululo, ubutha nobudlova, okunqatshelwe ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke." — UNobhala-Jikelele António Guterres, June 2019. Lombono ugcizelela ukuthi ukuvikela ezinhlotsheni ezilimaza kakhulu zenkulumo yenzondo kungahlanganisa nesivikelo esinamandla.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nezinselele Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko ngokubukeza izenzo zikahulumeni nemithetho engase iphule amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Umbono Wokungavumelani Neqiniso

Lapho imingcele yokukhuluma ibekelwe inselele enkantolo, kucatshangwa ukuthi ayisebenzi futhi uhulumeni unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa inkantolo ukuthi ivimbela umthetho - sisekelo.

Lendlela iqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele yokuvezwa kwemiqondo ithola ukucutshungulwa kakhulu futhi ayinakubekwa ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okuqinile. Izinkantolo zihlola kokubili injongo kahulumeni eshiwo kanye nomphumela wangempela wemingcele ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucushwa kombhalo ngaphambi kokuba kubhalwe.

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

Le mithetho iye yamisa izimiso eziyinhloko eziqhubeka ziqondisa izinkantolo eziphansi futhi zazisa umphakathi amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Emacalani okuvikela inkulumo engokomfanekiso enjengefulege elishiswayo ukuze kuvinjelwe izinqumo ezivikela ukubonakaliswa kwabafundi futhi kunyatheliswe inkululeko, iNkantolo iye yagcizelela ngokungaguquki ukuthi inkululeko ifanelwe isivikelo esiqinile ngisho nalapho inkulumo ekhulunywayo ingathandeki noma ingathandwa.

Ukukwazi Ukuya Ezinkantolo Nasemacaleni Angokomthetho

Izimiso zomthetho zinikeza abantu izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubekela imingcele eveza amalungelo abo. Lezi zingahlanganisa izinselele eziqondile zomthetho - sisekelo, ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, noma ukunxusa kwezikhulu. Ukutholakala kwamakhambi aphumelelayo kubalulekile ekwenzeni ukuveza isivikelo esikhululekile sibe nengqondo kunokuba sihlongozwe nje.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi nezinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi ngokuvamile zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuletheni amacala okuvivinywa nasekuvikeleni amalungelo okuveza amacala enkantolo.

Inkululeko Nezivikelo Eziphambili

Iphephandaba elikhululekile liyisisekelo sokulandisa ngentando yeningi, futhi isivikelo esingokomthetho sezintatheli nezinhlangano zezindaba sibalulekile ekulondolozeni isakhamuzi esinolwazi.

Ukuvikelwa Komthetho - sisekelo Kwezindaba

Isivikelo esicacile seSichibiyelo Sokuqala so "inkululeko yabezindaba" siqaphela indima ekhethekile efezwa amaphephandaba emphakathini wentando yeningi. Izinkantolo ziye zachaza lelilungiselelo ukuze zinikeze isivikelo esiqinile sokuqoqa izindaba, ukunyathelisa, nokuzimela komhleli.

Isimiso esiyisisekelo siwukuthi uhulumeni ngeke akwazi ukuhlaziya noma ukujezisa abezindaba abakhipha ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso ezindabeni zomphakathi.

Imithetho Evikelekile Nesivikelo

Imibuso eminingi iye yamisa imithetho evikelayo evimbela ukuba izintatheli ziphoqelelwe ukuba zembule imithombo eyimfihlo.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwesivikelo somthombo nezinye izithakazelo ezingokomthetho, njengophenya ngobugebengu noma ukuqulwa kwecala komphakathi, kuyaqhubeka kushintshashintsha. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele isithakazelo somphakathi ekuvikeleni imithombo yezintatheli ezithakazelweni ezincintisanayo ezicatshangeni ezithile.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Zokuphoqelela Inkululeko

Inkululeko yezindaba yanamuhla ibhekene nezinsongo ezivela eziqondisweni eziningi. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingasebenzisa uphenyo oluvuzayo, izimpondo, noma amanye amathuluzi angokomthetho ukuze zicindezele izintatheli nemithombo yazo. Izingcindezi zezomnotho ziye zanciphisa izinhlangano eziningi zezindaba, zinciphisa ikhono lazo lokuhlanganyela ekubikeni nasekuvikeleni izinselele zomthetho.

Ukuqonda indlela imingcele yenkululeko engokwesiko esebenza ngayo enkathini esetshenziswayo emananini kulokhu kuyinselele eqhubekayo ezinkantolo nakubenzi bezimiso.

Inkululeko Nenkulumo Yemfundo

Izinhlangano zemfundo zinesikhundla esikhethekile sokunikeza imithetho ekhululekile, ukulinganisela izidingo zezinhlangano namalungelo okuveza abafundi, izisebenzi nezisebenzi.

Ukubonakaliswa Kwamalungelo Abafundi

Kubafundi ukugqoka izibopho ezimnyama esikoleni ukuze bavuselele impi ("Abafundi abawachithi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo esangweni lesikole."). Lesi simiso seTinker v. Des Moines saveza ukuthi abafundi balondoloza amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo lapho besesikoleni, nakuba lawomalungelo engase atholwe imithetho enengqondo.

Izikole zingalawula indlela abafundi abakhuluma ngayo ukuze bavimbele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwemisebenzi yemfundo, kodwa azikwazi ukuvimbela inkulumo ngenxa nje yokuthi abaphathi noma abanye bayithola iphikisana noma ingathandeki.

Inkululeko Yamakholwa

Inkululeko yokuziphilisa ichazwa eyunivesithi eFaculty Rule 3335-01 ngokuthi "inkululeko yokufundisa ukuba: (1) Fundisa, hlola, futhi ukhiphe okutholwe ukucwaninga; (2) Xoxa ngamakilasi, ngendlela yawo siqu, noma yikuphi ukwaziswa okuhlobene nendaba echazwe kuyi-syllabusis; (3) Sebenzisa amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo njengezakhamuzi ngaphandle kokucubungula kwenhlangano noma ukuyala; futhi (4) Cela izinguquko ezifundweni nasezimisweni zemfundo nasezimisweni zenhlangano ngezindlela ezingokomthetho nezinokuthula."

Lezisivikelo ziyaqaphela ukuthi imfundo ephakeme ixhomeke emandleni amakhono okuphishekela ulwazi nokufundisa ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela ngemibono ephikisanayo noma okutholwe ukucwaninga okungathandwa. Inkululeko yakwa - Academ ifeza kokubili izithakazelo zokufundisa komuntu ngamunye nesithakazelo somphakathi esijulile olwazini oluthuthukile.

Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Inkululeko yesikole ihambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo efanayo. I-Faculty kumelwe ihlangabezane nezibopho zayo zobuchwepheshe, ihlukanise phakathi kwezikhundla zezemfundo nemibono yomuntu siqu, futhi ihloniphe amalungelo abafundi nozakwabo. Inselele isekulondolozeni isivikelo esiqinile sokubuza ngemfundo kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuthi inkululeko ayilona imvume yokuhlukunyezwa noma yokubandlululwa.

Izikhungo zemfundo kumelwe ziphendule imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho inkulumo evikelwe enkulumweni yemfundo ingena ekuhlukunyezweni noma ekucwaseni okungavikelekile.

Ukukhuluma Kukahulumeni Nokuboniswa Kwezisebenzi Zomphakathi

Uhulumeni ngokwakhe ukhuluma, futhi izisebenzi zomphakathi zinesimo esiyingqayizivele phakathi kwesakhamuzi nomdlali wemidlalo kahulumeni.

Imfundiso Kahulumeni Yokukhuluma

Uhulumeni angase amukele futhi akhuthaze imibono ethile ezindabeni ezingokomthetho, aqongelele imiyalezo ethile kuyilapho enqaba ukusekela abanye, futhi esekela izikhundla zabo.

Lemfundiso iyaqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni wentando yeningi kumelwe ukwazi ukukhuluma ukuze usebenze ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa futhi yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba uhulumeni asebenzise amandla akhe okukhuluma ukuze acindezele ukuphikisa noma alawule inkulumo yasobala.

Amalungelo Omsebenzi Womphakathi Wokukhuluma

Izisebenzi zomphakathi zinamalungelo okuveza inkululeko, kodwa lawomalungelo angase alinganiselwe uma inkulumo ihlobene nemisebenzi yazo engokomthetho noma iphazamisa imisebenzi kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zilinganisela isithakazelo sesisebenzi ekukhulumeni ngezindaba zomphakathi mayelana nesithakazelo sikahulumeni emisebenzini ephumelelayo nasemisebenzini.

Umehluko phakathi kokukhuluma njengesakhamuzi ezindabeni zomphakathi nokukhuluma njengesisebenzi esifeza imisebenzi engokomthetho ubalulekile. Abaqashi ngokuvamile bathola isivikelo esikhulu lapho bekhuluma njengezakhamuzi ezindabeni ezihlobene nomsebenzi wabo.

Izivikelo Zokuvuthela

Imibuso eminingi iye yamisa imithetho evikela izisebenzi zomphakathi ezibika ububi noma ukuchithwa kukahulumeni.

Ngaphandle kokuvikelwa okunengqondo ekuphindiseleni, amalungelo angokomthetho angase anikeze ukulondeka kwangempela ezisebenzini ezidalula ububi.

Inkulumo Yezentengiselwano Nokukhangisa

Inkulumo yezentengiselwano ithola isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, kodwa esingeni eliphansi kunendlela engokwezombangazwe noma yobuciko. Lesivikelo esiphakathi siveza umbono wokuthi nakuba ukwaziswa kwezentengiselwano kunemisebenzi ebalulekile, akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu ekuzilawuleni kwentando yeningi kunenkulumo yezombangazwe.

Ukuhlolwa KwaseHudson Ephakathi

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwezici eziningi ukuze zihlole imingcele yenkulumo yezentengiselwano, zihlole ukuthi inkulumo iphathelene nomsebenzi ongokomthetho yini futhi ayidukisi, ukuthi isithakazelo sikahulumeni sinamandla yini, ukuthi umthetho uthuthukisa ngokuqondile yini lesosithakazelo, nokuthi sihlelwe ngokulinganiselwe yini.

Lesi simiso sivumela ukuba kunikezwe imithetho emikhulu yenkulumo yezentengiselwano kunamazwi ezombangazwe kuyilapho kusadingeka uhulumeni athethelele imingcele.

Ukumemezela Kwamanga Nokudukisa

Imithetho yokuvikela imithombo yezokukhangisa ilawula ukukhangisa, ifuna ukuba kube nezenzo ezikhohlisayo futhi yenqabe nemikhuba yokukhohlisa.

Umehluko phakathi kokuzisholo okunesithunzi nehaba) nokusho amanga okuyiqiniso kubalulekile emthethweni wokukhangisa.

Umshini Wezentengiselwano Ophoqelelwayo

Uhulumeni ungase ufune ukuba izikhulumi zezentengiselwano ziveze ukwaziswa okuthile, njengezixwayiso zempilo noma uhlu lwezithako.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwesivikelo sezokukhuluma nokuvikela abathengi kuyaqhubeka kuvela njengoba kuvela amasu amasha okukhangisa nezikhungo.

Inkulumo Engokomfanekiso Nokuziphatha Okubonisa Isineke

Izenzo ezihloselwe ukudlulisela umyalezo zingathola isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, nakuba ukuhlaziya kuhlukile ezimweni ezikhulumayo ezimsulwa.

Ukushiswa Kwefulege Nokuvinjelwa Okungokomfanekiso

Lezi zinqumo ziyaqaphela ukuthi izimpawu zingadlulisela izigijimi ezinamandla nokuthi uhulumeni ngeke ukwazi ukunqabela inkulumo eshoyo ngenxa nje yokuthi ihilela ukuziphatha kunokuba isho amazwi.

Ukuhlolwa kwenkulumo engokomfanekiso kuhlola ukuthi umdlali webhayisikobho uhlose ukudlulisela umyalezo noma ngabe ababukeli babeyowuqonda yini umyalezo.

Ukugqoka Nokubukeka

Izikole nabaqashi bangase bamise imithetho yokugqoka, kodwa imingcele evimbela izigijimi noma imibono ethile ingase iphazamise amalungelo okuveza lokho okufunwa yiwo.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwezithakazelo zomphakathi ekulondolozeni izindinganiso namalungelo okubonisa komuntu kuxhomeke emongweni oqondile nasesimweni somthetho ovimbelayo. Izimiso zokugqoka ezikuqukethe okungangeni engxenyeni ye-oceal compact zivame ukuthatha i-deved kunalezo ezibheke phambili emilayeni ethile.

Ukubonisa Ngobuciko

Uhulumeni ngeke uhlole noma ujezise ukubukeka kobuciko okusekelwe ekuqukethe noma esigijimini, nakuba ungase ubeke imingcele enengqondo yesikhathi, indawo, nemikhuba elinganiselwe.

Izikhungo ezisekela ukuxhaswa kwezimali zomphakathi ngenxa yobuciko ziphakamisa imibuzo ecacile yokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe yini asebenzise inkulumo ebonakala ingeyinhle.

Ukuzilawula Nokungalawuleki Okungaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuba unqande ukunqanda ukuzwana ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke, kubhekene nokungavunyelwa komthetho-sisekelo okunamandla. Ukungavumelani nokuvinjelwa ngaphambi kokuvimbela kubonisa umbono wokuthi ukucusumbula ngaphambi kokuba kunyatheliswe kunezingozi ezinkulu kunesijeziso esithathelwe emuva.

Icala Le - pentagon

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sivumela ukunyatheliswa kwePentagon Papers naphezu kokuphikisa kukahulumeni ukuba kumiswe imingcele ebalulekile. Umthwalo kahulumeni wokuthethelela ukunqanda ukunyatheliswa kwencwadi uphakeme kakhulu, udinga ubufakazi bokufa nokulimala okusheshayo.

Lesi simiso sivikela inkululeko yokunyathelisa futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke acindezele kalula ukwaziswa okuhlazisa izikhulu noma kwembule ukuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni.

Ukuthola Izimfuneko Zokuhlala Nezokuvumela

Uhulumeni ungase udinge imvume yemisebenzi ethile eshubile, njengombukiso noma imiboniso emikhulu, kodwa amasu okulungisa kumelwe ahlanganise izindinganiso ezicacile, izinqumo ezisheshayo, nokubukeza kokwahlulela. Izikhulu azinakuba nokuhlakanipha okungalawuleki kokunikeza noma ukuphika imvume esekelwe ekukhulumeni okuhlongozwayo.

Izimiso eziklanywe kahle zifeza izithakazelo ezingokomthetho ekuqondiseni izindawo zomphakathi nasekuvimbeleni izingxabano phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuncintisanayo.

Ukuhlangana Neziqondiso Zasenkantolo

Izinkantolo zingase zikhiphe imiyalo evimbela ukukhuluma ezimweni ezithile, njengokuvimbela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo empahla engqondo noma ukuvikela amalungelo afanele okuqulwa kwecala.

Isilinganiso phakathi kokuvikela amalungelo angokomthetho nokulondoloza ukuveza inkululeko sidinga ukuhlaziywa kwecala ngalinye. Izinkantolo kumelwe zicabangele ukuthi ezinye izinto ezingasibekeli imingcele ingafeza izinjongo ezifanayo ngaphandle kokucindezela ukuveza icala.

Ukuba Wedwa, Ukudunyiswa Nokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Ukulinganisela lezi zinto ezithandwayo kudinga ukucabangela ngokucophelela ukuthi inkulumo injani, isimo salabo bantu nokuthi banesithakazelo kangakanani ekwazisweni kwabo.

Umthetho Ophikisayo Nemibono Yomphakathi

Izikhulu zomphakathi nezikhulu zibhekene nemithwalo ephakeme emacalani okuhlambalaza kunabantu ngabanye, ibonisa umbono wokuthi inkulumo yeningi ngabantu abavelele ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile yentando yeningi. Indinganiso yangempela yonya idinga izibalo zomphakathi ukuze kufakazelwe ukuthi abamangalelwa abaziyo ukuthi izinkulumo zingamanga noma benza ngokunganaki iqiniso.

Lendinganiso ekhudlwana ivikela impikiswano eqinile ngezindaba zomphakathi kuyilapho isavumela amanga angamabomu noma angenangqondo. Umehluko phakathi kwabantu abavamile nabazimele, kanye nezindaba zomphakathi nezingasese, uthonya izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezisebenzayo.

Amathoyizi Nezinkulumo Eziyimfihlo

Iziteshi ezihlukahlukene zomuntu siqu, njengokudalulwa kwasobala kwamaqiniso angasese noma ukugxambukela ekuzihlukaniseni, kungase kungqubuzane nezithakazelo ezikhululekile. Izinkantolo zilinganisela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu mayelana nesithakazelo somphakathi ekwazisweni kanye nesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo senkulumo eyiqiniso ezindabeni zomphakathi.

Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana kuye kwandisa ukukhathazeka ngezindaba zomuntu siqu kuyilapho namathuba okwaziswa eyanda.

Ilungelo Lokulikhohlwa

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zaqaphela "ilungelo lokukhohlakala" ukuvumela abantu ukuba bacele ukususwa kokwaziswa okuthile emiphumeni yokuseshwa noma kuma-platform ku-inthanethi. Lomqondo udala ukushukuma kwezimiso zokukhuluma ezikhululekile futhi uphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi ubani okufanele anqume ukuthi ikuphi ukwaziswa okungatholakala.

Impikiswano ngelungelo lokulibaleka iphakamisa imibuzo ebanzi ngokwaziswa okuhlala njalo enkathini yobuchwepheshe nokulinganisela phakathi kokutholakala komuntu siqu nokuthola ukwaziswa komphakathi.

Ukulondeka Kobuzwe Nokubonakaliswa Kwamahhala

Izinkathazo zokulondeka kwesizwe ziye zasetshenziswa ngokomlando ukuze kuthethelelwe imingcele evezwayo, kodwa imingcele enjalo ibhekene nemingcele yomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuqashelwa Nokuthululwa Kwezimfihlo

Uhulumeni angase ahlukanise ukwaziswa okuhlobene nokulondeka kwezwe, kodwa izimiso zokuhlela ngeke zisetshenziselwe ukuvimbela ukwaziswa okudumazayo ezikhulwini noma ukufihla ububi bukahulumeni.

Abavubukuli abembula ukwaziswa okungabekwa imingcele bangase bamangalelwe, kodwa ukuphikisana komphakathi ngezenzo zabo ngokuvamile kugxila ekutheni ukwaziswa okuyembula ububi obudlula izithakazelo zomshoshaphansi yini. Isivikelo esingokomthetho sabafutha ikhwelo siyahluka kuye ngokuthi kuyini ukudalulwa kwemikhondo esetshenziswayo.

UMthetho We - espionege Nokuvinjelwa Kwamaqhawe

Ukusetshenziswa kwale mithetho ezintathelini nabamemezeli kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ngoba ukuququlwa kwezindaba nokunyatheliswa kwezindaba ezithakazelelwa umphakathi kungabangela ukuqubuka nokuthandwa yiwo wonke umuntu.

Nakuba imithombo ekhipha ukwaziswa nezintatheli ezikunyathelisayo ingase ibhekane nokuqulwa kwecala ngenxa yokungagunyaziwe, ukunikeza abamemezeli isibopho kuphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína ngokwengeziwe engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Ubuphekula Nokuqothulwa

Imithetho ehlasela inkulumo yamaphekula noma eqisayo kumelwe iklanywe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhulumela okuvikelekile. Indinganiso yeBrandenburg yokukhuthaza iyasebenza, idinga ukuba inkulumo iqondiswe ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze futhi ngokunokwenzeka ibangele isenzo esinjalo.

Ukubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe ekulweni nezeze-robit kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nendlela ezihlukene ngayo izindlela zomthetho zokuxhumana. Imithetho yokusekela izinto enqabela inkulumo ethile ekusekeleni izinhlangano ezimisiwe zamaphekula iye yabangela izinselele zomthetho-sisekelo nempikiswano.

Izinselele Neziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Umthetho okhululekile uyaqhubeka ushintsha ngenxa yoshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano zezenhlalo nezinguquko zezombangazwe.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuklanywe Ngokuzenzekelayo

Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa ekulinganiseni okuqukethwe kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokunemba, ubandlululo, nokulandisa.

Amapulani angokomthetho kumelwe akhulume ngendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulinganisela kwe-Al kuhlonipha amalungelo okuwaveza kuyilapho kufeza izithakazelo zesikhulumi ezingokomthetho kanye nokuqondisa. Ukubona gca, ukudlulisa ingcingo, nokuqondisa komuntu kungaba yizivikelo ezibalulekile.

Ama - threake Nemithombo Yezinto Ezishintshashintshayo

Ubuchwepheshe obujulile benza ukuba kutholakale izinto ezingokoqobo kodwa ezingokoqobo kodwa ezingamanga eziqukethwe yi - video, kuphakamise imibuzo ewubuzwe mayelana nendlela yokukhuluma ngezindaba eziyingozi zokwenziwa kuyilapho kuvikela ukusetshenziswa kobuciko okungokomthetho nokuchazayo. Imithetho ehlobisayo kumelwe iklanywe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvimba izinto ezifiphele, ukuvala imibala eqinile, noma ukudweba.

Inselele isekubhekaneni nokulimala kwangempela okuvela emithonjeni yezindaba ekhohlisayo ngaphandle kokwakha amathuluzi okuhlola noma ukusungula okucindezela.

I - platform Accomplication and Intermediary Literacy

Impikiswano ngesikhulumi sokulandisa komsebenzisi iyaqhubeka iguquka. Ingxenye 230 yeNkathi Yokuxhumana e-United States inikeza isivikelo esibanzi kumapulatifomu, kuyilapho ezinye izifunda ziye zathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokufaka amaphutha.

Iziphakamiso zenguquko zifuna ukulinganisela indawo yesikhulumi ukulandisa ngesivikelo sokusungulwa komsebenzi kanye nesisekelo. Inselele idinga ukwakha izisekelo ezikhuluma ngengozi yangempela ngaphandle kokwenza ukuba amapulatifomu abe lula kuyo yonke i-oyenziwe, okungaholela ekucubungulweni ngokweqile.

Ukubonakaliswa kwesiphambano-Isilungelelanisi kanye nezimpi zeJuriscion

Isimo sembulunga yonke sokuxhumana nge-inthanethi sidala izingxabano uma imithetho yamazwe ahlukene isebenza kumbhalo ofanayo. Isaziso esingokomthetho kwelinye izwe singaphula imithetho yesinye, sidala izinselele zokulalela nokuhlola okusekelwe ezindinganisweni ezivimbele kakhulu zemithetho.

Ukubambisana nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke kuzama ukuxazulula lezi zingxabano, kodwa ukungafani okuyisisekelo ezindleleni ezingokomthetho zokuveza incazelo kwenza ukuba ukuvumelana okuphelele kube okungenakwenzeka.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho Okukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Ulwazi olungokoqobo ngendlela yokuqinisa nokuvikela ukuveza izinkulumo ngokukhululekile lunikeza abantu amandla okuhlanganyela ngokugcwele enkulumweni yentando yeningi.

Yazi Amalungelo Akho

Zijwayelanise nesivikelo esikhethekile esikhona egunyeni lakho. Amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho, imithetho, nomthetho wecala konke kuneqhaza ekuvikeleni komthetho. Imithombo evela ezinhlanganweni zenkululeko yomphakathi, imiphakathi yosizo olungokomthetho, kanye nezinhlangano zemfundo ingakusiza ukuba uqonde amalungelo akho.

Izindawo ezihlukene zokwenza izinto ezihlukile ngezantsi kwe-"buthopont", impahla yomuntu, izindawo zomsebenzi, izikole − kuhlanganisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zomthetho. Ukuqonda umongo othinta amalungelo akho kukusiza ukuba wenze izinqumo ezibonisa ulwazi ngokuthi kufanele ukhulunye nini futhi kanjani.

Ukusebenzelana Kwesandla Neziphathimandla

Uma iziphathimandla zizama ukuvimbela indlela okhuluma ngayo, bhala ngokucophelela. Qaphela isikhathi, indawo, kanye nemininingwane yezikhulu ezihilelekile. Uma kungenzeka, qopha ukuxhumana (lapho kungokomthetho ukwenza kanjalo). Le mibhalo ingaba baluleke kakhulu uma kudingeka ubeke inselele kulokhu kuvinjelwa kamuva.

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwesicelo nomyalo ongokomthetho. Ngokuvamile unelungelo lokwenqaba izicelo kodwa ungase ubhekane nemiphumela yokungalaleli imiyalo engokomthetho. Uma ungaqiniseki, ungavumelana nokuphikisa kuyilapho ulondoloza ilungelo lakho lokubekela isinyathelo inselele kamuva.

Funa Usizo Olungokomthetho

Izinhlangano eziningi zenkululeko zinikeza usizo lwasemthethweni mahhala emacaleni aveza amalungelo.

Ngokuvamile kubalulekile ukwenza ngokushesha, njengoba amanye amakhambi angokomthetho enemibandela emifushane emisiwe. Ukuxhumana nommeli kungakusiza ukuba uqonde ukukhetha kwakho kanye nethuba lokuphumelela ekuvimbeleni okubekela inselele ukuveza kwakho.

Sekela Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Izinhlangano ezizinikele ekuvikeleni inkululeko zixhomeke ekusekeleni komphakathi ukuze ziqhubeke nomsebenzi wazo.

Ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi ephathelene nezindaba zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kusiza ekulolongeni izimiso zomphakathi nentuthuko engokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukulwela Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile liseyisisekelo futhi liphikiswa. Izivikelo ezingokomthetho ziye zavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, zilolongwe izinqumo zenkantolo ezivelele, ukumiswa kwemithetho, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo.

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho evikela ngayo inkululeko yokukhuluma kunikeza abantu amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokunakekela kuyilapho kuhlonishwa ukulinganiselwa okungokomthetho.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha indlela esikhulumisana ngayo nezinselele ezintsha, izinqubo zomthetho kumelwe zivumelane nezimiso eziyisisekelo lapho zigcinwa.

Ukuzimela kusebenza kokubili ukubusa komuntu ngamunye nokubusa ngentando yeningi. Kusenza sikwazi ukuveza nokuhlanganyela imibono, ukuhlanganyela empikiswaneni yomphakathi, ukubeka amandla esibopho, nokuphishekela iqiniso. Lemisebenzi yenza ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko kungesona nje ilungelo elingokomthetho kodwa isidingo esiwusizo semiphakathi ekhululekile.

Imithetho evikela inkululeko ibonisa ukunqoba okunzima nezibopho eziqhubekayo zenkululeko. Ngokuqonda lezisivikelo, sisebenzisa amalungelo ethu ngendlela efanele, futhi siwavikela ekungeneleni, siyabadumisa labo ababelwela inkululeko futhi beyilondolozela izizukulwane ezizayo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana namalungelo enkululeko nezinselele zamanje, vakashela i- American Libersion Union, Perlectronic Foundation [, [[FLT:]] Article 19 [, [FLT], [FLT:]] Amnety [inkululeko yezwe lonke yekhasiGenesi [, ne [[FLT:] I-PT] Ekhethekile ye-ARPT] kuM