Amandla Afihlekile Enkantolo Yokuqulwa Kwamacala

Nakuba ukuqulwa kwecala okuphawulekayo kudonsa ukunakekela komphakathi, amandla angempela ekulobeni umthetho waseMelika ngokuvamile asemagumbini anokuthula U.S. izinkantolo zokudlulisa izikhalo. Lezinkantolo ze-appelte zinquma amacala acishe abe ngu 50 000 ngonyaka, uma ziqhathaniswa nezinqumo ezithiwa ama-Empestert’s 60-70, ezizenza inkantolo yenkomfa yecala lokugcina. Ukuqonda [[[FLT:]] indlela iNkantolo yeNkantolo engokomthetho esebenza ngayo [ yembula ukuthi kungani lezinkantolo eziphakathi, hhayi iNkantolo Ephakeme, inquma ukuthi umthetho uyini omthetho kazwezwezwe kubantu abaningi base-Melika.

Isimiso senkantolo sisebenza njengendlela yokulawula yentando yeningi, ukubukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zezentando yeningi zamaphutha angokomthetho, ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho, namaphutha e-productal. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo ezihlolayo ezinquma amaqiniso, i-applected centre , ingabe inkampani yephula isivumelwano kuphela umthetho: ivunywa ngokufanelekile, iyimiyalo yamajaji, ingabe lo mthetho usho ukuthi umahluleli othola futhi abukeze ahlulele uveza imfanelo yobulungisa baseMelika, uqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza njalo lapho ukhuluma ngezahlulelo zejaji futhi ukwahlulela.

Izakhiwo zeNkantolo Ezintathu Eziyisikhulu

Umklamo Oyinhloko

Ijaji likahulumeni lisebenza ngamazinga amathathu ahlukene, ngalinye elinezindima eziqondile:

[[IQUL:0] U.S.INkantolo yesigodi (Izinga le-Trine):

  • Izifunda ezingu - 94 zokwahlulela
  • 677 amajaji enkantolo yesigodi
  • Igunya lokuqala lamacala kahulumeni
  • Iqiniso elitholakalayo phakathi novivinyo
  • Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala komthetho emaqinisweni
  • Amacala angu - 350 000+ agcinwa minyaka yonke

[ U.S. izinkantolo zokudlulisa izigwebo (Izinga eliphakathi):

  • 13 Izifunda ezihlanganisa isizwe
  • Amajaji asenkantolo akhipha isigwebo angu - 179
  • Izinqumo zenkantolo yesigodi ezibukeziwe
  • Abukho ubufakazi obusha noma ofakazi
  • Gxila emasongeni angokomthetho
  • Amacala angu - 50 000+ agcinwa minyaka yonke

[[IQUT:0] U.S.Nkantolo Ephakeme (Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu):

  • 9 amajaji
  • Ukubukeza ngobuhlakani (i - certiorari)
  • 7 000+ Izicelo minyaka yonke
  • 60-70 amacala anqunyiwe
  • Umhumushi wokugcina womthetho kahulumeni
  • Ngenisa isiyaluzi solwembu

Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi inkantolo ifuna ukugadwa ngezindlela eziningi, kuyilapho sivimbela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ingaminzi emacaleni.

Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nezindaba Eziphakathi Nekhulu

[[INKAMBO:0] Izinkantolo zokudlulisa izikhalo ukuma okubalulekile [[[QUL:1]:

  • volume: Agute 99% wezicelo zikahulumeni
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ubunjalo: igama lokugcina kumaligint amaningi
  • Predent: umthetho wokubopheka phakathi kwezifunda
  • ukwenzeka: Vimbela ukunqwabelana kweNkantolo Ephakeme
  • Ukuveza [: Ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe kolwazi kohlu lwesifunda
  • Access: ziningi kakhulu futhi zisakazwa ngokwemo yezwe

Ngaphandle kweziNkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala, iNkantolo Ephakeme ibingabhekana nokuqulwa kwamacala okungenakufezeka noma amaphutha asenkantolo angalungiswa — kokubili alulaza ubulungisa.

Izinkantolo Ezingu - 13 Zokudlulisa Amacala: Umhlaba Necala

Izigodi Ezingu - 12 Zesifunda

Inhlangano yesifunda ye-Geographic:

Isifunda sokuqala : iMaine, iMassachusetts, iNew Hampshire, iPuerto Rico, iRhode Island

  • Inhloko - dolobha: Boston
  • 6 amajaji akhuthele
  • Okuphawulekayo: Umthetho wasemarime, amalungelo okudoba

Isifunda [: Connecticut, New York, Vermont

  • Inhloko - dolobha: IDolobha LaseNew York
  • 13 amajaji akhuthele
  • Okuphawulekayo: Izimakethe zezimali, ukufuduka

Isifunda : iDelaware, i-New Jersey, iPennsylvania, i-Virginic Islands

  • Inhloko - dolobha: IFiladelfiya
  • 14 amajaji akhuthele
  • Okuphawulekayo: umthetho we - corporate (Delaware)

Isifunda sesine [: Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia

  • Inhloko - dolobha: Richmond
  • 15 amajaji akhuthele
  • Okuphawulekayo: Izindaba zikahulumeni ophethe isifunda

Fitth FT : Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas

  • Inhloko - dolobha: INew Orleans
  • 17 amajaji akhuthele
  • Okuphawulekayo: Uwoyela/ugesi, ukufuduka, isigwebo sokufa

... triath : Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Tennessee

  • Inhloko - dolobha: Cincinnati
  • 16 amajaji akhuthele
  • Okuphawulekayo: Ukusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo, umthetho wezisebenzi

[1] Isifunda sesikhombisa [: i-Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin

  • Inhloko - dolobha: Chicago
  • 11 amajaji akhuthele
  • Okuphawulekayo: Umthetho wezolimo, wezimali

GEAIghth zuzu [[[FL:1]: Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota

  • Inhloko - dolobha: USt. Louis
  • 11 amajaji akhuthele
  • Okuphawulekayo: Umthetho wezolimo, Womdabu WaseMelika

Isifunda seNinth: i-Alaska, i-Arizona, i-California, iHawaii, i-Idaho, iMontana, i-Nevada, i-Oregon, iWashington, iGuam, i-North Mariana Islands

  • Inhloko - dolobha: iSan Francisco
  • 29 Amajaji akhuthele (akhulisiwe)
  • Okuphawulekayo: Ubuchwepheshe, ukufuduka, indawo ezungezile

Isifunda sesifunda : iColorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming

  • Inhloko - dolobha: Iqophelo Eliyikhothamo
  • 12 amajaji akhuthele
  • Okuphawulekayo: Imithombo yemvelo, umthetho woMdabu waseMelika

Isifunda sesifunda: Alabama, Florida, Georgia

  • Indlunkulu: Atlanta
  • 12 amajaji akhuthele
  • Okuphawulekayo: Amalungelo omphakathi, amalungelo okuvota

D.C. isifunda[: Washington, D.C.

  • Inhloko - dolobha: Washington
  • 11 amajaji akhuthele
  • Okuphawulekayo: Izinhlangano ezizimele, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso

Isifunda Esivamile: Isinqumo Esikhethekile

Ngokungafani nezifunda zendawo, i- Fateral FWT inendawo elawula izwe lonke phezu kwezihloko ezithile:

  • Izikhalo eziqinile ezivela kuzo zonke izinkantolo zesigodi
  • Izenzakalo zokuhwebelana emhlabeni wonke
  • UFederal umelene nohulumeni
  • Izinzuzo ze-Verterans zikhanga
  • Izingxabano zezisebenzi zikahulumeni
  • Inxeba Lenxeba

Lokhu kuqamba izinto okukhethekile kudala ubuchwepheshe nokuvumelana ezicini zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Indlela Ekhanga Ngayo Umsebenzi

Inqubo Yokukhanga

[[Umthetho:0] Inqubo yokulandelana ngebanga [:

  1. Notice of Appler (izinsuku ezingu-30):
      [[FLT]] ifihlwe ngenkantolo yesifunda
    • Imali yefashini engu - R550
    • Bonisa lokho okukhangwayo
  2. [[INDABA:0] I-corpolation (izinsuku ezingu-30-40):[
    • transcription e-odaliwe]
    • Kwabuthana imibukiso
    • Amashidi aphekiwe
  3. [[INDABA:0] Isimiso sokuvula [ [izinyanga ezi-4]:[
    • Ukuvula okufingqiwe (amakhasi angu-30-40)]
    • Impendulo ka-Appelle ifingqiwe
    • Impendulo ka-Appellant ifingqiwe
    • I - “amicu ” ingaba mifushane
  4. Impikiswano [ (uma ikhona):
      [FLT] imizuzu engu-15-30 ohlangothini ngalunye
    • Abahluleli babuza imibuzo
    • Ayinikezwanga njalo (20-30% yamacala)
  5. [[I-FLT:0] Ingqungquthela yoBungane:
    • amajaji ahlangana ngasese
    • Ukuvota okuphambili
    • Umbono Wabelwa
  6. [[I- Ukubhala okuphindiwe [izinyanga ezingu-12]:[
      [[FLT]]
    • Ukubukeza kwenzekile
    • Kubhaliwe
  7. Ukukhishwa [:
    • kushicilelwe noma kunganyatheliswanga
    • I-Preference
    • IManday ekhishwa enkantolo ephansi

Okungakhanga

[[UMTH:0] Izihloko ezikwazi ukuxazululwa (amaphutha angokomthetho kuphela):

Amaphutha ento ento ekhona:

  • Iziqondiso ezingafanele zamajaji
  • Ubufakazi bokuvuma/ukuzihlukanisa
  • Ukuphulwa Kwezithombe
  • Izinkinga ze - vonue
  • Imibuzo ye - Juriscia

[[[I-FLT:0] Amaphutha angokomthetho [[[QL:1]:

  • Ukuchazwa Okungafanele Kwezimiso
  • Ukuphulwa Umthetho - sisekelo
  • Izindinganiso ezingalungile ezingokomthetho
  • Ukukhipha Amaphutha Aqondisayo

[[UMTH:0] Akwaziwa [ (Izinqumo ezingokoqobo):

  • Ubufakazi
  • Ukubaluleka kobufakazi
  • Isinqumo sikaJury (ngaphandle kwesisekelo esinengqondo)
  • Imiphumela eyiqiniso yomahluleli (ngaphandle kwephutha elicacile)

Uhlelo lwendawo yohlu

[[Umthetho:0] Ukwahlulela kwendawo yohlu lwesithathu [:

  • Isabelo esingakhethi esivela kubahluleli besifunda
  • Kungase kuhlanganise amajaji asemadala (akhuliswe kabusha)
  • Ukuvakashela amajaji akwamanye izifunda kungenzeka
  • Abahluleli besigodi abahlezi ngesiqu

[[Umthetho:0] Ukwenziwa kwe-Decision[[FL:1]:

  • Imithetho emikhulu (2 - 1 izinqumo zingaba khona)
  • Ukukhetha iphakamiso
  • Ukungakunaki ukubukezwa okungase kube uphawu
  • Ukubonisana okucacile okuqhubekayo

Ukubukeza kwe-En breac (inkantolo egcwele):

  • I - rare (engaphansi kwe - 1% yeziguli)
  • Igcinelwe izimpi zesifunda
  • Imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho - sisekelo
  • Ukudlula izifunda

Izinhlobo Zamacala Namakhekhe Awo

Ukukhanga Kwezigebengu

Izicelo zobugebengu ze-Federal zihlanganisa:

[[Umthetho:0] Izinselele zeCunitugation:

  • ISichibiyelo Sesine (Iseshwa)
  • ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu (Ukuzihlukanisa)
  • ISichibiyelo Sesithupha (Iseluleko, ijaji)
  • ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili (Izivumelwano)

[[UMTH:0] Izindaba zeCommon[:

  • Ukunikeza izibalo eziqondisayo
  • Imithetho esobala
  • Amaphutha okuyala e-Jury
  • Ukuziphatha Okubi Kwamacala
  • Izimfuneko zosizo ezingasizi

Izibalo[:

  • Uhulumeni uwina 90%+ wezicelo zobugebengu
  • Abalweli abakwazi ukudlulisa icala
  • Izikhalazo zivame ukuphakama
  • Ukuvukela ngokuvamile kusho ukuzonda, hhayi inkululeko

Ukukhanga Komphakathi

Isembozo se-Civil appligate:

[[Umbuzo:0] Izindaba zombuzo ezithathelwe indawo[[QUL:1]:

  • Amalungelo oMthetho - sisekelo
  • Imithetho Ezimele
  • Izenzo zenxusa eliqondisayo
  • Ukuphanga
  • Impahla yobuchwepheshe

[[Umthetho:0] Izenzakalo ze-":

  • Umthetho woMbuso ochazwayo
  • Imfundiso ye - Erie isetshenziswa
  • Ukukhetha Izindaba Zomthetho
  • Izinselele ezingokwesiko

Izicelo zomphakathi [:

  • Ukubusa kokwahlulela ngokufingqwa
  • Izinqumo zokugunyaza zekilasi
  • Izingxabano ezitholakalayo
  • Iziphakamiso ezingenayo/i-denials
  • Izibalo ezilimazayo

Ukukhanga Kwezisebenzi

[isinqumo sokuhlola ukushelela [:

  • Ukuphika ukukhubazeka komphakathi
  • Iziyalezo zokufuduka
  • Izimiso Zendawo Ezungezile
  • Izinqumo zobuhlobo bezisebenzi
  • Izenzo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bayasebenza

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezingafani:

  • I - Arbitria Eguquguqukayo
  • Ubufakazi obubalulekile
  • Ukuhlolwa kwe - novo
  • Ukuhlehlisa i - “chevron ”

Amandla Okuqala

Indlela Umthetho Wokujikeleza Ovela Ngayo

Isiqalo esiphakathi kwezifunda:

  • Ukuxhumana kuzo zonke izinkantolo zesifunda esifundeni
  • Amajaji-mahluleli amathathu aboshwe ngezikhala zohlu ezingaphambili
  • Inkantolo yezomthetho kuphela enganqoba ukubusa
  • Akha "indawo ehlukene" phakathi kwezindawo

[[Umthetho:0] Izinqumo ezishicilelayo[[Umthetho:1]:

  • 10-15% yezinqumo ezikhishiwe
  • Inyatheliswa = isibonelo
  • Ayinyatheliswanga = ithonya kuphela
  • Isimo sengqondo: umthetho omusha, isithakazelo somphakathi

Ukuhlukana Kwezifunda Nemiphumela Yazo

uma izifunda zingavumelani:

  • Umthetho kahulumeni ofanayo uchazwa ngezindlela ezihlukile
  • Idala izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo
  • Izisusa zokuthenga ezibangelwa ukuthenga
  • Ukubukeza iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu

Isifunda esidumile sihlukanisa[:

  • Amalungelo omshado afanayo
  • Izincazelo zokulawula izibhamu
  • Ukuphoqelelwa Kwabantu Abathuthwayo
  • Izigaba zokuhlanganisa
  • Iziqondiso zokujezisa

Lezi zigebengu ngokuvamile ziphoqelela ukungenela kweNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isizwe sifana.

AbaHluleli: Ukumiswa Nethonya

Ukuba Ijaji Lenkantolo Lokudlulisa Amacala

Inqubo yokuhlela:

  1. Imposiso yokuhlukanisa:
      [[FLT]][FLT]]
    • Ukuvimbeka kwendlu emhlophe
    • Kufunwa isilinganiso
    • Ukuhlola isizinda seFBI
  2. ` qinisekisa [:
      [[FLT]] ukuzwa kweKomiti yoMbuso]
    • Ivoti yeKomiti
    • Impikiswano yamafila
    • Abaningi bayavuma

[[Uphawu:0] Izizinda zophawu[:

  • Abahluleli benkantolo yesigodi (40%)
  • Ukuzijwayeza ngasese (25%)
  • Abameli bakahulumeni (20%)
  • Academics (10%)
  • Amajaji kahulumeni (5%)

Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela Nethonya

[[Umthetho:0] Indlela abahluleli abakha ngayo umthetho[[Umthetho:1]

  • Abadwebi bemibhalo: Gxila embhalweni ohambelanayo
  • Purposis [: cabangela inhloso yokushaya umthetho
  • Abaqondisi bezinto [: gcizelela ukuqonda komthetho-sisekelo
  • Abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo abaphilayo: Ukuhlanganisa nomphakathi

Ukwakheka kwesifunda ngasinye kuthinta izinkulungwane zamacala nezigidi zokuphila.

Inkantolo Ye - Almni Idlulisela Amacala Aphawulekayo

Amajaji amaningi eNkantolo Ephakeme akhonza eziNkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala:

  • UJohn Roberts (D.C. Isifunda)
  • URuth Bader Ginsburg (D.C.)
  • U - Antonin Scalia (D.C.)
  • Sonia Sotomayor (Isifunda SaseSecond)
  • Samuel Alito (Isizungu Esineziqubu Ezinkulu)
  • Brett Kavanaugh (D.C.)
  • U - Amy Coney Barrett (Isizungu Sesikhombisa)

Lesimiso se-"farm" kusho amajaji athatha imvume ephakeme.

Okwenza Amacala Amaningi Aphele Enkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala

Ukulinganiselwa KweNkantolo Ephakeme

[[Umthetho:0] Iqiniso eliyimfihlo [:

  • 7 000+ Izicelo minyaka yonke
  • Kwamukelwa amacala angu-60-70 (angaphansi ko-1%)
  • Abahluleli abane kumelwe bavote ukuze bezwe
  • Ukuphika okuqondile kwemithambo yegazi kuvamile
  • Ukulindela okuthatha iminyaka eminingi

[[I-FLT:0] Imishini ekhetha i-cert:

  • Isifunda siyahlukana
  • Imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo
  • Uhulumeni kahulumeni kaFederal njengeqembu
  • Amacala okujeziswa
  • Ithonya elikhulu lezenhlalo

Ukugcina Esigabeni Sesifunda

Kubantu abangu - 99% abadlulisa amacala, iNkantolo Yamacala inikeza igama lokugcina:

  • Ukuphetha isiyaluzi solwembu
  • Umthetho uxazululiwe ngokuphumelelayo
  • Amalungelo anqunyiwe
  • Ukuqedwa Kwezigwebo
  • Umonakalo unikezwa

Lokhu kwenza ukumisa izifunda enkantolo kubaluleke kakhulu njengoba nje neNkantolo Ephakeme isho ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngokoqobo.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezimpikiswano

Izimo Zokwahlulela

Izinkinga zenkinga yendlala [:

  • 30+ Izikhala ezivamile
  • "Izimo eziphuthumayo ze-Jidic" zikhanyisiwe
  • Izihloko zamagama ezikhuluma ngesifo ziyakhula
  • Isinqumo sithatha isikhathi eside
  • Ubulungisa bephuza = ukwenziwa ubulungisa bunqatshelwa

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Parsan isiqiniseko sezimpi:

  • Izikhathi zokuqinisekisa zesikhathi eside
  • Amavoti eqembu amaningi
  • Ukukhishwa kweFilibuster (2013)
  • Izingxoxo ezijezisa inkantolo
  • Imibuzo ephakamayo yokushaya umthetho

Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe

Umkhuba wokusebenzisa i-Modelta [:

  • I - electronic eqoqiwe endaweni yonke
  • Impikiswano yomlomo engokoqobo (COVID)
  • Thuthuka ekucwaningeni ngokomthetho
  • Izimpikiswano ezisakazeka ngamavidiyo
  • Imithombo yezindaba exhumana nabantu ithonya

Ithonya Elingokoqobo Ezakhamuzini

Indlela Izinqumo Zokujikeleza Ezikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Imiphumela yezwe yangempela[:

: izimfuneko ze-umshuwalense, izicelo zemidanso [[[FLT: 1]: ukucwaswa kwezidakamizwa [[FLT:] isilinganiso sokucwaswa kwemisebenzi, ukukhokhwa kwemithetho ye-odola, ukukhokhwa kwemisebenzi, ukuhlelwa kwemidanso, ukuhlelwa kwemidamu, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ye-'FLT':5]: ukungcola, izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini, imithetho yesimo sezulu [[[FLT:] i-technology[[[FLT:]]: amalungelo, ukuthembeka, iziqondiso ze-intengity [[FLT:] iziqondiso ze-INT]

Ukufinyelela Ukwahlulela Ngobulungisa

[[Umthetho:0] Ibhari namakhambi[[UMTL:1]:

[[Umthetho:0] Iqophelo elithambileyo[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Ummeli ophakeme ubiza i - dollar 50 000+ ewuhlobo)
  • Izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi
  • Ukufika kwesikhathi
  • Izimfuneko zobuchwepheshe

[[Umthetho:0] Imithombo[[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Izinhlelo zeprobo
  • Imiphakathi yosizo olungokomthetho
  • Imitholampilo yezomthetho
  • Izikhungo zokuzisiza
  • Amafomu alula

Ikusasa Lezinkantolo Eziza Kuqulwa Icala

Izinguquko Ezisikiselwayo

[ Izinguquko ezingokwesayensi zaphikisana:

  • Isifunda Sesi - 1200 (Sikhulu Kakhulu?)
  • Faka amajaji ukuze unciphise amabhande
  • Isikhathi sokuthatha umhlalaphansi
  • Imingcele emisiwe yabahluleli
  • Ikhamera ifinyelela kwimpikiswano
  • Ukwabelwa kombono

Ukuziphendukela Kwezobuchwepheshe

Amathuba okuguqula [:

  • Uhlelo lokuhlela makha
  • Izenzakalo Ezibikezelayo
  • Vimbela ukugcinwa kwerekhodi
  • Izinkantolo ezingokoqobo
  • Uhlelo oluzishintshayo
  • Umsindo wesikhathi sangempela

Ukwandisa Izinkinga

Amaphuzu omfutho anyukayo:

  • Ukuqhuma kokufuduka
  • Izinselele zokuqondisa eziyinkimbinkimbi
  • Ukuziphendukela komthetho wobuchwepheshe
  • Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu
  • Izingxabano zezokwelapha
  • Izimpi zamalungelo omuntu siqu

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Okukhanga

Isikhathi Sokucabanga Ngokukhanga

[[Umthetho:0] Izikhombi ezisikisela ukudluliswa kwesicelo [[Umthetho:1]:

  • Kwenzeke iphutha elisobala lecala
  • Imali ebalulekile isengozini
  • Amalungelo abalulekile aphulwa
  • Iqophelo eliphambili lidinga ukushintshwa
  • Isithakazelo somphakathi sasihilelekile

Ukuhlaziya Okubizayo

[[Umthetho:0] Icabangela [[[Umthetho 1]]

  • Imali ye - attorney: R150 000-10 000+
  • Isikhathi: izinyanga 12-18 ezivamile
  • Izinga lempumelelo: 10-20% ukubuyisela isikhala
  • Ukulimala ngokomzwelo: okubalulekile
  • Inani lokugcina: ukuvala kubalulekile

Ukuthola Iseluleko Esidingayo

[[UMTH:0] Ukukhetha umelelo[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Okuhlangenwe nakho okukhethekile
  • Ulwazi olufingqiwe lwesifunda
  • Amakhono okubhala amafushane
  • Impikiswano ephindwayo
  • Omabhalane bangaphambili babeyigugu
  • Irekhodi lengobo yomlando libalulekile

Isiphetho: Impicabadala Ebalulekile Ephakathi

U.S. izinkantolo zokudlulisa amacala zisebenza njengehhashi lomthetho waseMelika, zilungisa izikhalo eziningi zikahulumeni kuyilapho zilungisa umthetho olawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Lezi zinkantolo eziphakathi zilinganisela izimfuneko eziningi: ukulungisa amaphutha enkantolo uma kubhekiswa ezinqumweni zejaji, ukuthuthukisa umthetho wesifunda kuyilapho kunakekela ukuvumelana kwesizwe, ukunikeza ubulungisa obufinyelelweyo lapho kulawula izigi zecala ezikhungathekisayo.

Ukuqonda indlela inqubo yokudlulisa iziphakamiso kahulumeni esebenza ngayo[ kwembula ukuthi kungani lezinkantolo zibaluleke kakhulu kunendaba yazo yomphakathi ehloniphekile esikiselayo. Kuzo zonke izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezenza izihloko eziphambili, iziNkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala ngokuthule zinquma amakhulukhulu amacala anquma amalungelo emisebenzi, izigwebo zezenzwelo, ukuthunyelwa kwabantu, nemithetho yezomnotho.

Ikhono lesimiso se-appellate lisekusakazweni kwamandla okwahlulela ezifundeni zezwe nasemihlanganweni ekhethekile, ukwakha amagumbi okuhlola ukuthuthuka ngokomthetho kuyilapho kuvimbela noma iliphi inkantolo eyodwa ukuba linqotshwe. Lesi sakhiwo siye sabonakala siqinile ngokuphawulekayo, sivumelanisa noshintsho lwezenhlalakahle kusukela kwezemisebenzi kuya enkathini yobuchwepheshe.

Kodwa izinselele zisasele. Izikhali zamajaji zidala izigijimi eziphika ubulungisa obufike ngesikhathi. Ukubekwa kwezombangazwe kusongela ukuzimela kokwahlulela. Ubuchwepheshe bufuna izindlela ezintsha. Ukunqwabelana kwezempikiswano kudinga ukuqapha njalo ukuze kulondolozwe indima ebalulekile yezinkantolo.

Kubantu abahlala ezakhamuzini, iziNkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala zimelela kokubili isivikelo nomthwalo wemfanelo. Zivikela ngokuhlola amandla kahulumeni nangokuvikela amalungelo. Zifuna umthwalo wemfanelo ngoba ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomeke ekuqondeni komphakathi nasekusekeleni. Wonke amaMelika kufanele azi isifunda sawo, aqonde amalungelo awo okudlulisa icala, futhi aqaphele ukubaluleka okubalulekile kwalezi zinkantolo.

I- U.S. Court of Applers system ifakazela ukuthi ubulungisa abudingi nje izimemezelo zeNkantolo enkulu kodwa futhi umsebenzi ozinzile wokubukeza okungaguquguquki. Emagumbini abo, umsebenzi wentando yeningi wesikhathi ngasinye uphuma `icala elilodwa, isifunda esisodwa, esinye ngesikhathi" ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esingokomthetho phakathi kwemisebenzi yomphakathi waseMelika.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, vakashela i-website yase-U.S.[ noma indawo yesifunda sakho okumelwe ufunde ngayo ngamajaji, izinqumo, nezinqubo ezithinta indawo yakini.

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