Isimiso sobulungisa e-United States sisekelwe emalungelweni omthetho-sisekelo avikela abantu kuhulumeni abaphathwe ngokulunga futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uphathwa ngokufanele ngaphansi komthetho. Lamalungelo awayona imicabango engaqondakali; ayizivikelo ezigunyaziwe ezilawula indlela amaphoyisa, abashushisi, abajaji, nabahluleli abasebenza ngayo. Kubafundi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda lezi ziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze baqonde umthetho, umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi, nokulwa okuqhubekayo kobulungisa. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubheka okukhudlwana kwamalungelo oyisisekelo ovikela abantu ngabanye esimisweni sobulungisa saseMelika, ukuhlola imisuka kubo, izincazelo zabo eziyinhloko, nezingathsulelo ezihlala njalo.

Ukubukeza Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala ka-1787 wanikeza uhlelo lukahulumeni kahulumeni kodwa wawunezivikelo ezimbalwa ezicacile zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukusingatha lesigebengu, uMkhandlu wahlongoza iBill of Rights . Izivumelwano zokuqala eziyishumi, ezagunyazwa ngo-1791. Lezi zinguquko zalinganisela ngokuqondile amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni kuzakhamuzi. Phakathi kwazo kunezithiyesine, zesihlanu, nezesi-85, ezakha iSiphendulo, ezihlanganisa inqubo yokulungisa isimilo somthetho. Kamuva, iSiphendulo se 145 se-1891 senyuse yandisa eziningi zalezi sivikelo kuhulumeni bendawo ngemfundiso yokuzibophanga. Phakathi kwesikhathi, iNkanto ephakeme iye yasebenzisa cishe wonke amalungiselelo eMithethweni yeMibuso, incazelo esho i-Galgamstualgavi (iNguqulo-Admist Refectionmentation) eUnited States.

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko Zomthetho - sisekelo Nezivikelo Zazo

Nakuba iBhili Lamalungelo lihlanganisa izindawo eziningi, kunezinguquko eziningana ezisobala ngendima yazo eqondile esimisweni sobulungisa.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala

  • [[[FLT: 0] Inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, umshini, ingqungquthela, nesicelo. Lenkululeko eqinile ivumela abantu ukuba bagxeke izimiso zikahulumeni, bakhuthaze inguquko engokomthetho, futhi baphikise obala ngokubona ukungabi nabulungisa.

ISichibiyelo Sesine

  • Ukuvikelwa ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Imithetho ivame ukuthola isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ibangele ukuba ikhange umuntu, ikhaya, noma impahla, nakuba kunezindawo eziningi ezikhona (umz., imvume, umbono ocacile, izimo ezicatshiwe). Ukubekwa komthetho wokunqanda ukumiswa [[FLT:] [i-map] v. Ohio [1961]] (1961])

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu

  • Izixwayiso ezidumile ze-Mirndanda ezidingekayo ngemva imanda v. Arizona [196] ukugeleza ekuvikeleni kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu esiphoqelelwe ukumelana nokuphikiswana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo efanelekile yeMirmanda iqinisekisa izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uthathe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha

  • Icala eliyingqopha - mlando neyomphakathi, amajaji angakhethi, isaziso samacala, ukuphikisana kofakazi, nosizo lweseluleko. Icala lengqophamlando Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]) limisiwe ukuthi izifunda kumelwe zinikeze ummeli kubamangalelwa ongakwazi ukukhokhela omunye emacaleni ayingozi, ngokuyisisekelo ziphinde zinikeze isimiso sobulungisa.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili

  • [ Ukuvinjelwa kwebheyili ephakeme, amafa eqile, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile.[ Lokhu kulungisa kubusa yonke into kusukela ezimweni zejele kuya ekujezisweni ngokufa, kudinga izijeziso ezilingana nobugebengu.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

  • isivikelo esiphelele nenqubo efanele. Ikhuliswa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine siyimoto lapho kusetshenziswa khona izivikelo zeGawulayo eziningi. Isivikelo saso esifanayo siyisisekelo samalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise ne Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo [ (1954]).

Indima Yesichibiyelo Sokuqala Esimisweni Sobulungisa

Ngaphandle kokuvikela inkulumo evamile yezombangazwe, iSichibiyelo sokuQala sifeza indima ehlukile esimisweni sobulungisa. Sivumela abantu ukuba bagxeke izinqumo zokwahlulela, basekele izinguquko zemithetho yokugweba, futhi bahlele ukubhikisha ngokumelene nezinkolelo ezicatshangelwayo ezingalungile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yavikela inkulumo ecasulayo nengathandeki, ibambe ukukhanya nokulandisa komphakathi. Nakuba ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula libalulekile, izinkantolo ziqaphela isikhathi esinengqondo, indawo nezimiso zokuvimbela ukuphepha emphakathini ngenkululeko esobala. Okuqala, akuvikeli ukuchaphaza inkulumo emelene nezenzo zomthetho eziwukuhle. I-"

Isivikelo Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo: ISichibiyelo Sesine Esenzakalweni

ISichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka ngelinye lamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo avame ukubekwa. Kudingeka ukuqiniswa komthetho ukuze uthole imvume kumantshisi ongathathi hlangothi esekelwe yisizathu okungenzeka. Imvume ikakhulukazi ichaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi izinto zithathwe. Nokho, kuye kwavela ukulinganisela ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi yezobuphelo nokuthuntula imfihlo. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [25]. [[FLT] [[FLT] [1968]] [ikhulu leNkakhulu leNkanto evunyelweyo] ukukhomba ivumela “ukuyeka nokuhlangana okungaqondani okungabekeki. [[FT] [effel:].[19] Impoqo yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho we-mthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho oqinile, kodwa idinga ukuvikelwa kwempomposo yobufakazi obushayo ewuhluzo ewunyiweyo.[194] Imvume yobufakazi obu

Inqubo Efanele Nesichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Isivikelo Ekuboleni Nokungabi Nabulungisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningana ezihlangene eziqinisekisa isimiso sobulungisa sisebenza kahle. Inqubo yaso efanele yenqubo inqabela uhulumeni ukuba anciphe noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo elungile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abamangalelwa kumelwe bathole isaziso esanele samacala, ithuba lokuzwakala, kanye nomenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Emkhankasweni wobulungisa, inqubo efanele idinga futhi umshushisi ukuba achaze ubufakazi bokuthathela i-aplustration ([Brady v. Maryland[FL:1], 1963]).

Ilungelo lokuzilahla lisho ukuthi akukho muntu “ozophoqelelwa kunoma iliphi icala ukuba abe ufakazi omelene naye.” Lokhu kwenqabela kudlulela nasebunhlolweni bamaphoyisa − futhi izixwayiso ezijwayelekile ze-Miranda (“Unelungelo lokuthula...”). Uma amaphoyisa ehluleka ukuxwayisa ngokufanele abasolwa, izinkulumo ezithathweyo zingacinywa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zivimbela umuntu ukuba avinjelwe kabili icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukulahlwa, ngokulinganiselwe. Ekugcineni, ngenxa yecala likahulumeni, iSiphakamiso sesihlanu sidinga ukubuya kwejaji elikhulu lomthetho onecala.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okulungile: ISimemezelo Sesi - 6 SeSigunyazo SeSithathu

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa amalungelo amaningana akhethekile aqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kulinganiselwe futhi kusobala.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

Ilungelo lokusiza ngeseluleko liyisisekelo. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) wenziwa lesosibopho esifanele ezifundazweni, idinga izimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela abamangalelwa abangenwayo. Amagumbi okudla “ezingalawuleki” zokumangalelwa, kuhlanganise nokuphenya, nokuhlola. Usizo oluphumelelayo ludingeka ``````Izikhundla'''''',' nokuhlola'. Ukuhloba okunenzuzo kungagumbuqekwa uma ukusebenza kwesivikelo kungakonakali ngokomthetho ([Srickland v. Washington, 1984]).

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okusheshayo Nokusobala

Amalungelo okuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha avimbela ukuboshwa okunganqunywa futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izinkumbulo nobufakazi zihlala zisha. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo ukuze ithole ukuthi ilungelo liye laphulwa yini, uma kucatshangelwa ubude besikhathi sokulibala, isizathu salokho, ukuqiniseka kwelungelo, nobandlululo. Amalungelo omphakathi okuqulwa icala aqinisekisa ukubonakala, ukuvimbela, nokuthuthukisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi, nakuba izinkantolo zingavala ukuqulwa ezimweni ezilinganiselwe.

Ilungelo Lobusha Obungakhethi Nokubhekana Nezingxabano

Abalweli banelungelo lokuthola icala labo ngokunqunywa yijaji lontanga abangakhethi, abakhethwe ngenqubo ekhipha abajaji ngembangela futhi evumela izinselele. Ijaji kumelwe limelele isiphambano esilungile somphakathi. Isigaba secala sivumela abamangalelwa ukuba banqamule i-examine. Uma ufakazi engekho ecaleni, amazwi abo angaphambili avamile ukuba angamukeleki ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa abe nethuba lokuqala lokuqashelwa.

Ndawonye, lamalungelo eSithathu Esichibiyelwe akha isihlangu esibanzi ezinkolelweni eziwumuntu siqu noma eziyimfihlo, futhi acindezela uhulumeni imithwalo enzima ukuze abonise ukuthi anecala ngokungenakungabaza okunengqondo.

Isivikelo Esijezisoni Esinonya Nesingavamile: ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eqile, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso esinzima nengavamile. “imithetho kanye nengajwayelekile” iye yabangela ukuchazwa okukhulu kweNkantolo Ephakeme, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nesijeziso sokufa kanye nezimo zasejele. [ Furman v. Georgia[[[[FLT:]][12] [7], iNkantolo yavumela isijeziso sentambo yegazi ngaphansi kwemithetho eqondiswayo entsha, kodwa ngokulandelayo ikhipha isilinganiso sayo. Abantu abakhubazekile (FFOLT:] 4,2] iminyaka emine kamuva, [[FFFFF]]], [5]], imvume yokujeza izigwebo ezingaphezulu], imvume yokukhipha isijeziso semithetho ehleliwe ngokulawulayo. [ft][5]]) futhi i-ftmoult.[5]

Ngaphandle kwesigwebo sokufa, iSichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili sibusa izimo zokuvalelwa. Ukungazinaki izidingo ezingathi sína zezokwelapha, ukugconwa ngokweqile, nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamandla kungakhuphuka kuze kube sezingeni lesijeziso sonya nesingavamile. Ngakho ukuncishiswa kusebenza njengendinganiso eyisisekelo yesithunzi somuntu kuso sonke isimiso sokuqondisa.

Ithonya Lamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Ekulungeni Nasemhlanganweni

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awawona nje amalungelo okuvikela okucatshangelwa; aye aguqula umphakathi waseMelika ngendlela ejulile. INkantolo yaseWarren (1953-1969) yandisa amalungelo abantu ngokufaka iSishaya - mthetho samalungelo, iguqula izinqubo zomthetho womthetho. Umzabalazo wamalungelo esizwe wancike kakhulu emalungelweni eSiphendulo Sokuqala somhlangano nakunxusa ukuba ubeke inselele ukuvikelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni, futhi eSiphendulweni seGajini se 1450 sokuvikela imingcele ukuze kufinyelele izinguquko ezingokomthetho. Ilungelo lokusungula izikhundla zomphakathi kulo lonke izwe, nakuba isilinganiso sezenteko sezenteko yecala sisandulela, futhi noma isigwebo sisekwephula isigwebo sezezezentengo.

Ukuqonda lamalungelo kuhlomisela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele lapho zeqiwa futhi zihlanganyele emizamweni yokuguqula isimiso sobulungisa. Abahleli boMthetho - sisekelo baklama iBhili of Rights njengendlela yokuphila yokuhlola umbuso omningi () odinga ukuthembisana kwabantu okumatasa elikuvikelayo.

Imicebo Yemfundo Yokuqonda Okujule

Othisha nabafundi abafuna ukuhlola amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo esimisweni sobulungisa bangazuza ingcebo engaphezulu kwezincwadi ezingokwesiko.

  • Imithombo eyisisekelo:[ Umbhalo ogcwele we Iqoqo lamalungelo [ likhona ku-National Archives. Imibono yeNkantolo [[FLT:] [FLT: 5] (i-Corne’s Legional Information) inikeza izincazelo ezigunyaziwe.
  • [[NTL:0] Izindawo zokusekela umthetho zomthetho: Iprojekthi inikeza ukuqoshwa kwemizwa yempikiswano, ukufushaniswa, nezincazelo ze-ishicilelwe-sijikelezo zezehlakalo njenge [[FLT:] Mira, GON , kanye ne-BROW].
  • Izinhlangano zemfundo zobuviko:[ I-Melikan Library Association inikeza iziqondisi zenkululeko yokuqonda, kuyilapho i-ACLU’s Known Rights Your[ ikhasi linikeza izinto eziwusizo zokuqonda ama-memone amaphoyisa nezimiso zenkantolo.
  • Amathuluzi asebenzayo: I-website efana ne-iCBIC (esungulwe yiJaji uSandra Day O’Connor) idlala imidlalo ye-inthanethi kanye namasu ezifundo ezilingisa izinqubo zokuzama nokwenza umthetho-sisekelo.
  • Amafilimu namafilimu: amaFilimu anjenge Gedeon’s Geold, i-Central Park Five[, kanye th[FLT]] 13x ihlola ithonya eliphilayo lamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kanye nokwehluleka kwezimiso.
  • Izinhlelo zokuhlola i-Mock: izinxulumani ze-odoc ze-odoc zisekela imincintiswano yokuzama okuphakathi nokunye esikoleni esiphakeme lapho abafundi bephikisana khona nezinga lokuqamba, besebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezibekwe ezandleni.

Ngokuhlanganyela kulezi zindawo, abafundi bagcina ikhanda beqonda ngokujule kakhudlwana indlela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo asebenza ngayo — nokuthi kungani esabalulekile.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo ayisici esivikelayo somuntu ngamunye phakathi kwesimiso sobulungisa baseMelika. Kusukela ekuqinisekiseni kweSichibiyelo sokuqala sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ukuya ekunqabeni kweSichibiyelo sonya seSichibiyelo seNguquko seNkathi engu-8, lamalungiselelo aqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakukwazi ukusebenzisa amandla ngokungenazimiso. Aphoqelela ukuba kuqashelwe ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba athole izivumelwano, aqinisekise ukuthi wonke ummeli ufuna ukuvinjelwa ngokungakhethi, futhi avikele ekumelaneni nonya. Nakuba ukuchazwa kwalamalungelo kuvela ezinqumweni zenkantolo, injongo yawo eyisisekelo ihlala ikhona: ukulondoloza isithunzi sobuntu nokulinganisela igunya lombuso. Abafundi nothisha, ukuqonda lamalungelo akuwona nje umsebenzi wemfundo yezemfundo yomphakathi. Izakhamuzi ezifundile ziyisiqinisekiso esingcono kakhulu sokuthi izithembiso zomthetho womthetho zifezeke kubantu bonke, nsuku zonke, enkantolo yenkantolo.