I-Bill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo-1791, yavela ngokuqondile ezimpikiswaneni ezishubile phakathi kwamaFederalist nama-Anti-Federalist ngokuphathelene nobukhulu bombuso ophakathi. Lezi zinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo zaklanyelwa ngokucacile ukwakha indawo ekhululekileyo engokomthetho ekhululekile kuhulumeni. Nokho, abadwebi, abalobi, abakhali, abakhali, nabadali, okubaluleke kakhulu kwalezi zikhungo ezihlala eSiphendulweni sokuqala. Inkululeko yokukhuluma nokucindezela okubekwe lapho, emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, isebenza njengesivikelo esiyinhloko esingokomthetho sokumelana nomthetho kahulumeni. Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinkulumo zobuciko negunya likahulumeni kusuka kude kakhulu. Kuyindawo egcwele futhi egcwele lapho izimiso zomthetho wezwe, ukuvikela, ukuhleleka kwezezombangazwe, ukuhleleka kwe-Tremistna, ukuchaza okusobala, ukuhlanganisa iNkakhulu leNkakhulu yanamuhla, nokusebenza kwenkululeko engokomthetho yesizwe noma yezakhamuzi eziyinkimbinkimbi.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Njengesisekelo Senkululeko Yokudweba Ikhono

Umbhalo weSichibiyelo Sokuqala ucacile ekunqanyulweni kwawo okuyisisekelo: "ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asisoze senza umthetho... ovala inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yokunyathelisa." Ngokuhlanganisa imfundiso yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, lo mthetho usebenza ngokulinganayo kuhulumeni nase-ohulumeni bendawo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala sidlulela ngalé kwezwi elishiwoyo noma elilotshiwe ukuhlanganisa uhide lwenkululeko engokobuciko. Le ncazelo iyitshe lenkululeko yobuciko. Uma umdwebi wemidwebi ecula ingoma, noma umculi wemidlalo ethatha indima eyinselele, bahlanganyela emazwini avikelwe umthetho.

INkantolo iye yaphikelela igomela ngokuthi uhulumeni unomthwalo onzima lapho uzama ukulawula indlela yokukhuluma esekelwe ekuqukethe noma embonweni wayo. Imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethweni ihlolwa ngokunembe kakhulu, izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokubukezwa kokwahlulela. Ngokomongo wobuciko, lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuvimbela utho lobuciko ngenxa nje yokuthi uthola umyalezo ucasula, uphazamisa ngokwezombangazwe, noma ubekela inselele ngokokuziphatha. ISiphendulo sokuqala siwukuthi ikhambiso lenkulumo engcolile liyinkulumo ebanzi, hhayi ukucusumbula.

Ukuchaza Ubuciko Njengenkulumo Ezinkantolo

Inkathi ebucayi yokuqashelwa okungokomthetho kobuciko yafika ngo-1959 [uJoseph Burtyn, Inc. v. Wilson. Phambi kwalendaba, amabhayisikobho anyakazayo ayebhekwa njengembukwane yebhizinisi, hhayi uhlobo lwenkulumo evikelekile. INew York yayinqabe imvume yokubhalisa ifilimu "Isimangaliso," ikhomba ingosi yayo ehloniphekile. INkantolo Ephakeme yashaya umthetho, isho ukuthi "akungangangangangangatshazwa ukuthi izithombe ezinyakazayo ziwumqondo obalulekile wokuxhumana kwemibono" futhi ngaleyondlela ivikelelwe ngaphansi kwezigwebo Zokuqala neshumi namashumi amane eziyishumi nanhlanu. Lesinqumo savula umnyango wombono omkhulu walokho okuvikela, ukudweba, ukuhlanganisa imidlalo yemidlalo yezokubuka, ukubuka, nokubuka.

Isimiso saqiniswa kakhulu .Des Moines Independent School School (1969) District , ethinta abafundi abafake izibopho ezimnyama ukuze baphikise iMpi yeVietnam. UMahluleli uFortas, ebhalela iningi, asho ngokudumile ukuthi abafundi nothisha aba "wachithi amalungelo abo asemthethweni enkululeko yokukhuluma noma inkulumo esangweni lesikole." lesi senzakalo samisa leyo nkulumo engokomfanekiso, isici esiyinhloko sobuciko banamuhla, uhlobo oluvikelekile lwenkulumo. Ilungelo lokuveza umqondo ngezimpawu, imibala, noma isenzo esidumileyo lisekelwe kakhulu kulokhu kuqonda okubanzi kwezenziwokuqala.

Umklamo Wesivikelo: Izinhlalo ZeNkantolo Eziphakeme Eziphawulekayo

Isimiso somthetho sanamuhla sokuvikela ubuciko ekuhlolweni kwemithetho kahulumeni sisekelwe ezinqumweni eziningana eziyisisekelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Lezi zinqumo ziye zachaza imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, imingcele yenkulumo engavikelekile (njengenhlamba), kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kokuxhasa imali kukahulumeni nokuqukethe kobuciko.

  • [FLT][FLT] New York Times Co. v. United States (1971]: IPentagon Case ne-Precenter. Lelicala limelela ukulahlwa okunamandla kakhulu kwemithetho yangaphambili `isenzo sikahulumeni esivimbela ukuthethwa kwendawo yokuqala. I-Nixon ifuna ukunqanda ukukhishwa kwezincwadi ezihlelwayo. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni uhlulekile ukuhlangabezana no "mthwalo onzima" odingeka ukuba uthethelele isibopho sangaphambili. Kubadwebi, lesi simiso siyagxeka. Uhulumeni ngeke afune ukugunyaze ukwenze umbukiso, ukwenza umsebenzi, noma incwadi esekelwe ekubikezelweni okungaba ingozi noma ukucasula. Isilinganiso esiphezulu, inikeza isikhoselo esiqinile esimelene nesombuluko.[FOT]

  • Miller v. California (1973): Ukunikeza i-Univertive Diction of Obscenity [[FLT]] Nakuba iSichibiyelo sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esibanzi, asikhuseli ukungcoliswa. [ [Izinja] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [impimo] esungulile isivivinyo samanje esinezingamelelo ezintathu ezibonisa ukuthi yini engafanele ngokusemthethweni futhi ngaleyondlela ibekelwe imingcele kahulumeni. Ukuhlola kudinga: (1) ukuthi umuntu ovamile, usebenzisa izindinganiso zomphakathi, angathola umsebenzi okhangayo isithakazelo esithandwayo, (2) ukuthi umsebenzi uchaza ukuziphatha okunenhlazo kobulili; (3) umsebenzi owenziwe ngokusebenza ngokunenzuzo enkulu, noma okungathi kukhulu kwezezezezezezesayensi, noma isilinganiso sesayensi.] Isayensi yesithathu, ivimbela noma isilinganiso somsebenzi esivamile somsebenzi.[Fod , noma isilinganiso senye isikhulu sesayensi, isikhulu sobu

  • Impi yesizwe ye-Fowment for the Arts v. Finley (1998: Imingcele Yokuxhasa Imali Kahulumeni njengethuluzi Le-Censhorship. Mhlawumbe akukho ndaba eqondene ngokuqondile nobunzima phakathi komphathi we-hulumeni nenkululeko yobuciko. Phakathi nempi yesizwe yesizwe yesizwe. Phakathi nempi yempucuko, uMkhandlu wabeka "isishaya umthetho weSikhungo sombuso nenhlonipho" ngesihloko seSizwe se-National Endmentation for the Arths (NEA), ifuna ukuba icabangele "izindinganiso zobunono zokuziphatha nenhlonipho ngezinkolelo zezemiqondo ehlukahlukene nezindinganiso zomphakathi zomphakathi" lapho imvume yokukhokha imvume ekhona. Lokhu kwalandela ukuphikisana ngezenzo ezifana ne-Arestra's's's Purence' kanye no-Roberthemor's. INkademijek akuzange kubeke imvume eqinile ukuba kubonise izivumelwano zeNkancane yenkululeko yomphakathi engcono. Inkantolo yamuva nje kuphela. Inkantolo yayitholeka

  • . TEXA v. Johnson (1998): Isivikelo Sokuziphatha Okudedelelayo. Lelicala elivamile lalihilela uGregory Lee Johnson, owashisa ifulege laseMelika phakathi neRepublican National Convention. Izwe laseTexas lamlahla icala lokungcolisa into ehlonishwayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yalahla isiqinisekiso, iphethe ukuthi ukushiswa kwefulefule liwukuziphatha okuvikelekile kweSiphendulo sokuqala. IJaji Brennan yabhala ukuthi "uma kunesimiso somfakela ngaphansi kweSiphetho Sokuqala, ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke unqabe ivimbele incazelo ngoba umphakathi uzithole ume ngokunelisayo noma ngokungenwa yintengo.]

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nendawo Elandelayo Yokubonakaliswa Kwemifanekiso

Naphezu kwesisekelo esiqinile esabekwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, ukuhlolwa kobuciko kusaqhubeka ngezindlela eziningi. iBhill of Rights idinga ukuqapha njalo nokuzivikela okukhuthele. Izinselele zesimanje ezibaluleke kakhulu zivame ukuvela emazingeni endawo nawamazwe, nasemongweni wezimali zikahulumeni, imfundo yomphakathi, kanye nezingxenye ezivelayo zemishini.

Ukuxhasa Umphakathi Nezimpi Zempucuko Ezivuselelwe

Impi kahulumeni yokuxhasa imali engokwamandla emisebenzi ilokhu iyinto eyinhloko ebangela ukucusumbulwa kwezincwadi. Nakuba ne-ENCE] ibeka imingcele ebanzi, isifundazwe nezindawo zomthetho ziyaqhubeka zizama ukulinganisela ukuxhasa izinhlangano zobuciko ezitholakele zingamukeleki. Usongo lokususa zonke imingcele esekelwe obala, kanye nokuqukethe okusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwezindawo zobuciko kunezimpikiswano eziphindwayo. Lezi zenzo zivame ukuhlasela ukuqondisa izinhlanga, ubulili, ukugxeka umthetho, noma ukuhola kwezombangazwe. Ngokuvamile umthetho wezomthetho ugxile ezimweni ze "zimo zobungcweti," ezibangela ukuba uhulumeni ungazizuzisize isimo (njengendawo ehleliwe). Nakuba kudingekile kudingekile uhulumeni uhulumeni awudingi ukukho ukukhomba izimali.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwezincwadi Nempi Ezindaweni Ezinemitapo Yesikole

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izimpi zokuhlola iSichibiyelo seNkantolo zigxile kakhulu emalayisenseni emfundo nasemuva kwesikole. Umqulu wezincwadi eziphikisiwe nezivinjelwe ezifundeni ufinyelele emaqophelweni angokomlando. Lesi akusona isici esisha, kodwa isikali saso namuhla simelela indawo yokuhlola esabaluleko esiyinhloko samalungelo abafundi nabalobi. ISiphakamiso seNkanto Ephakeme seNkantolo siwukuthi iBoard of Education, iSiqithini seMinizimu, iSiqikilini iMini ekhululekile [[FLT] [19982] [[FLT] [12]. [isinqumo esiwubala saso sifaka imingcele yemfundo yezemfundo yesikole sezwe]. [i-LGT]

Inkundla Yemidlalo, Umsebenzi, Nokusetshenziswa Kwamazwi

Ikhono lokwenza lobunyoninco libhekene nemisebenzi ehlukile elawulwayo. Isici esiphilayo ngokuvamile siholela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bazame ukusebenzisa, ukuhlanganisa, nemithetho engcolileyo ukuze bavimbele imisebenzi. Isibonelo esiyinhloko sithi i-Southern - mval East Provections, Ltd. v. Confractive (19795][FL:1], lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma khona ukuthi idolobha alisoze lanqaba ukuvumela umculo "Indawo Yomculo" ukuba wenziwe eshashalazini likamasipalasitejini. INkantolo yathi isenzo somuzi sasenza ukuba ungabi nakuvinjelwa ngenxa yokuthi ayinike abakhiqini abakhi bezinto ezifanele, njengendlela yokubukeza. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni ukwenqaba ukungenela komthetho owenziwa umphakathi ukuze ulwe inqubo elungiselelwe yiyo.

Kulentuthuko yanamuhla ebaluleke kakhulu, imibuso eminingi iye yazama ukumisa imithetho ebeka i-"Preference - regions" ezindaweni zomphakathi, eziye zaqondwa kabanzi ukuba ziqondiswe izimpawu zokuyihlasela. Lemithetho ivame ukuzama ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi njengeyihlazo noma eyingozi kwentsha. Kusukela ngo-2023 no-2024, eminingi yalemithetho iye yavinjelwa noma yabekelwa inselele yi-ACLU kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezisekelwe ezisekelweni zomphakathi eziyinhloko zokuqala. Amacala aphikisa ukuthi ukuhudula izimpawu zemidlalo kuyisimo sezezemidlalo ekhucushiwe yiSiphetho Sokuqala, nokuthi imithetho eyishaya ingacacile futhi ayicacile futhi ayidingi ukuphatha umthetho. Le mithetho iyizibonelo ezivelele kakhulu zamanje zokungathi i-Acreactive.

Ama - Forum Omphakathi Nobuciko Bomgwaqo

I-flutfi, i-milture, ne-methows yasemgwaqweni kuphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana namalungelo empahla kanye nomphakathi wezindawo. Nakuba uhulumeni engalawula isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma obala, noma yimuphi umthetho onjalo kumelwe ugcwaliswe ngokulinganayo, uhloniselwe ukunikeza izikhulu zedolobha isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni, futhi ashiye eminye imikhondo yokuxhumana evulekile. Amadolobha amaningi athathe eminye imikhondo ebanzi yokuxhumana. Imithetho esemthethweni eklanyelwe ukulawula ubuciko ngaphandle. Imithetho eyinhloko isho ukuthi izimiso ezinjalo azithathi hlangothi ngempela yini mayelana nemisebenzi yezobuciko, noma ukuthi zinika izikhulu zedolobha amandla okuvumela noma ukulahla ubuciko obusekelwe esigijimini sayo. Idolobha alinakudinga imvume yokuxhumana kuphela uma kuyi "oversi," isibonelo semithetho kahulumeni.

Ukudingeka Okuhlala Njalo Kwencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu Endaweni Eshintsha Isiko

IBill of Rights, eneSichibiyelo Sokuqala esisebenza ngesimiso sayo, iseyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu elikhona lokuvikela ubuciko ekuhlolweni uhulumeni. Isimiso esasisungula akusona esigunyaza ngokuphelele, kodwa ukulinganisela okungokomthetho. Uhulumeni unamandla okulawula izigaba ezithile zenkulumo (izinsongo zangempela, ukugqugquzela, ukuhlambalaza), kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yabeka imingcele ephakeme ukuze ivimbele lezo zigaba ukuba zingasetshenziswa njengezaba zokucubungula imibono engathandeki.

Indima yeSivumelwano samaLungelo kulomongo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi impikiswano nge-athority (isho ukuthini, ukuthi isho ukuthini, nokuthi kufanele ixhaswe kanjani (i-"FLT:] ixazululwe] abantu nesahlulelo sabo esihlangene, hhayi ngemithetho kazwelonke. IJaji Brandeis yasekela ngamandla ekuvumelaneni kwakhe [ku-]]] i-Whitney v. California [1927])[FLT] ukuthi ikhambi lekhambi lenkulumo eyingozi noma inkulumo ehlasizayo liyinkulumo "ukuthula, ukuthulisa idobo." Lokhu kusebenza ngokuqondile ekusekeleni umbukiso weminyuziyamu ephikisayo, ukuvumela ukudlala embonini yemidlalo yomphakathi, noma ukugcina incwadi eyinsela ngasese kumelwe kwenziwe ngenqubo yentando yentando yentando yeningi, futhi ingenziwa ngokuncitshiswa nguhulumeni.

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza inkundla, kodwa awulwi impi. Isivikelo esinikezwa yiBill of Rights sinamandla kuphela njengokuzimisela kwabadwebi, abasekeli, kanye nokubopha izakhamuzi ukuba zicele isicelo sazo. Impumelelo yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokumelene nokucusumbulwa kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi kwezobuciko, ixhomeke ekuqapheleni okubanzi ukuthi ilungelo lokwakha nokubhekana nenselele, ukuhlangana okungahlangani, ngisho nomsebenzi ocasulayo uyingxenye eyinhloko yomphakathi okhululekile.