I-United States Congress ime njengesisekelo sesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kwaseMelika, isebenza njengendikimba eyinhloko yemithetho elawulayo elawula amandla phakathi kohulumeni nohulumeni. Lokhu kulunga okubucayi, okubekwe eMthethweni, kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wesizwe noma imibuso ngeke ulawule omunye, ulondoloze kokubili ukuzimela komphakathi kanye nokubambisana kwesizwe. Ukuze uqonde indlela iSishaya-Mkhandlu esilondoloza ngayo lokhu kulinganisela, kubalulekile ukuhlola isimo saso, igunya lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kanye nesihloko esinamandla sombuso.

Isakhiwo Sezishaya - mthetho: Isisekelo Se - bibameral

ISishaya-mthetho saklanywa ngamabomu njengesishaya-mthetho se-bamaral esinamagumbi amabili ahlukene − iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Lengxenye ibonisa ukuvumelana phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu nemincane eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo futhi isebenza njengendlela yokuhlolwa amandla omthetho. Igumbi ngalinye liletha umbono ohlukile futhi libeka imithwalo yemfanelo esenzweni sikahulumeni sokulinganisela.

Indlu Yabameleli: Isigungu Sesizwe

Indlu inamalungu angu-455 okuvota, abelwe phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe ehlalweni lomphakathi njengoba kunqunywe ukubalwa kwabantu okungapheli. Abameleli bafeza izimemo ezimbili zeminyaka, okubenza baphendule kakhulu ekushintsheni kombono womphakathi kanye nezinto ezikhathaza umphakathi. Leligumbi liqala zonke izikweleti zokukhokha inzuzo (“igunya lesikhwama semali”), ithuluzi elinamandla eliphoqelela iSigele kanye noMongameli ukuba baxoxe ngezindaba eziwumthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i Homey iphethe amandla akhethekile okungahlolwa, isebenza njengejaji elikhulu elikhokhi abamele izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli kanye nabahluleli.

  • Izindleko zemali kumelwe zivele eMzini (INgcweti I, Ingxenye 7).
  • Ukufuna ukuvota kudinga iningi elivamile.
  • Lendlu inamakomiti aqinile aqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinhlelo.

ISigele: Ukuqina Nokulingana Kwamazwe KaZwe

ISigele sihlanganisa izigebengu eziyikhulu, ezimbili ezivela esifundazweni ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inani labantu. Amagama abo aneminyaka eyisithupha (ashiwo ngesivinini ukuze ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yegumbi inyuselwe ukuvota njalo eminyakeni emibili) inikeza ukuqhubekela phambili nombono wesikhathi eside. Igunya elihlukile leSigele lihlanganisa ukumiswa komongameli (izikhulu ze-cabinet, amajaji ombuso, amanxusa) kanye nezivumelwano zokuqinisa izivumelwano zezindawo ezimbili eziyisithathu.

  • Ukuvuma nokuvuma ukumiswa nezivumelwano.
  • Ibamba uvivinyo oluqinile; ukususwa kudinga amavoti amabili-ntathu.
  • Umthetho wenhlalo (nakuba ulungisiwe) unganciphisa noma uvimbele umthetho, uphoqelele ukusekela okukhulu.

Kuwo wonke lamakamelo amabili aveza imithetho okumelwe idlulise izindikimba zombili ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba zifike kuMongameli. Lemfuneko ivumelana phakathi kweNdlu yeSigele esiphambili neSigele esinenkululeko enkulu, iqinisa ukulinganisela kombuso.

Ubumbano Nendima Yenhlangano

Umbuso wombuso uhlukanisa igunya lokubusa phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezwe. UKhongolo-bumba lunendima eyinhloko ekuchazeni lokho kuhlukana ngokuhlukanisa, okushiwoyo, nangefa. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza iziphathimandla ezithile, kodwa i-Fanect ne FAT Claus (ISiqedi, Ingxenye 8, u-Classias 18) ikuvumela ukuba kwenziwe imithetho edingekile ukuze kuqedwe leyomibuso. (_ukunikeza i-Hulumeni ukuvumelana nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho kubhekisa ezindaweni zikahulumeni.)

Umthetho Ongafanelekile KaClaus: UMthetho Wesifunda NjengoMthetho Ophakeme

ISiphakamiso VI soMthetho-sisekelo simisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni yenza ukuba ihlale ikhona, futhi lezivumelwano “ziwuMthetho ophakeme weZwe.” Lo Supremacy Claus kusho ukuthi lapho isishaya umthetho kahulumeni osemthethweni, ususa imithetho ephikisanayo yombuso. Nokho, uMkhandlu ungakhetha futhi ukuvumela izifunda ukuba zilawule izindawo lapho unamandla khona, noma ukubeka izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe (ukuhlengwa) kuyilapho uvumela ukuba zidlulele kunazo. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yendawo elawulayo ivame ukubeka izindinganiso zikahulumeni eziphikisanayo kodwa ivumela ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zithathe izigaba eziqinile zezwe lonke kodwa zithathe izigaba ezigcina ukuhlolwa kwezwe.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla: UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Imibuso ebalayo ye-Congress ihlelwe eSiphakamisweni I, iSiqeshana 8, futhi ihlanganisa intela, ukuboleka, ukuqondisa intela yamazwe ahlukene, ukusungula imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukumemezela impi, nokuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho. Lamagunya enza ukuba iSishaya-mbuso ifinyelele kabanzi ezindabeni zezomnotho nezokuvikela. Imithetho ethathwe ku-Indictive ne stative Claus, iye yenza ukuba iSishaya-Mtende sikwazi ukwenza izinhlangano ezifana neFederal Reserve, ilawula izibhamu, futhi imisa umthetho wemithetho yesizwe. Icala lesifunda sezwe MCULLOch v. Maryland[FLD:] [1819]) iqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili intekodosawo ephakeme, futhi ingenakukhokhisa intela kahulumeni.

  • Commerce Claus - Isisekelo somthetho wezezomnotho kahulumeni omningi; yanda ngokuphawulekayo ngemva kweNew Deal.
  • Ukuqinisa nokusebenzisa amandla – Ivumela ukusebenzisa izisusa zemali ukuze kuhlelwe isimiso sikahulumeni (umz., ukuxhasa imali emigwaqweni emikhulu ehlangene nenkathi yokuphuza).
  • Amandla eMpi [ - Izishaya-mthetho kuphela zingamemezela impi, nakuba omongameli banamuhla bevame ukuhlanganisa amabutho ngaphandle kwesinqumo esingokomthetho.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Kubheka Isigungu Esiphethe Nesigungu

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asilinganiselwe ekwakhekeni kwemiphakathi kweSishaya-mthetho; futhi sibusa indlela izishaya-mthetho ezisebenzelana ngayo namanye amagatsha amabili. Ngendlela yokuqondisa ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukugunyaza, nenqubo yokuqinisekisa, uKhongolo luvimbela ukuphatha nokwahlulela okungalawuleki, ngaleyo ndlela luvikela ukulingana kwamandla kahulumeni.

Ukuphatha Kwemithetho: Ukubuka Abaqaphi

UKhomishane (--* nomthwalo wemfanelo) unegunya lokuqondisa ukumiswa kwemithetho ngegatsha eliphethe. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuchotshelwa kwekomiti, uphenyo, ama-toppoena, ne-Hulumeni Authority Office (GAO). Ukwengamela okuphumelelayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni azilidluli igunya lazo lemithetho noma zingene ezindaweni ezigcinelwe izifundazwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuphenya kokuhlakanipha okungalawuleki kwekomiti yeSonto kanye nokuqondisa ukuchithwa kwemali ekhubazekayo. I-Hulumente ingadedela futhi izinhlangano zikahulumeni noma izinhlangano eziqondisa izinhlangano ezidlulayo, zinikeze i-ehlolo eziqondile emandleni okuphatha.

  • AmaKomiti Anjenge - Homeland Security, I - Judicary, ne - Special Counter agcina ukuqulwa kwamacala njalo.
  • I - Congressional Baccol Baccounting Office (CBO) inikeza ukuhlaziywa okungenayo ingxenye kwemiphumela yemithetho.
  • Abahloli abaphethe enkampanini ngayinye enkulu babika kuKhongolozeli.

Amandla Okuzifunela: Inhlolo - vo Eyinhloko

Ukuqungaqunga ithuluzi elinzima kakhulu loMkhandlu lokususa izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, uMongameli, namajaji kahulumeni. Indlu ivotela izihloko zokungagunyazi (iningi nje), futhi iphethe icala futhi ivote ngokususwa (inani eliyisithathu sesithathu). Lenqubo isebenza njengesithiyo sokuvimbela nokulungisa ukuziphatha okubi kakhulu noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla okusongela uhlelo lomthetho-mthethweni. Nakuba kungavamile ukusetshenziswa, igcizelela ubukhulu beKhongolo ekubekeni amanye amagatsha ukuba alandise.

Iseluleko Nokuvuma: Ukuchitha Isikhulu Sombuso Nesimiso

Ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele emandleni okumisa kusinikeza indima eqondile ekulolongeni izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphethe i-jadiary neziphakamisa izintambo. Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli ngeke agcwalise izinkantolo kamuva ngama-ideolhoom angalulaza ubuzwe noma andise amandla kahulumeni ngaphezu kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukwenqaba ukuqinisekisa abameleli ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwaholela ekuthatheni izikhala ezithatha izithuba ezithatha isikhathi eside nasezimpini zezombangazwe, okubonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwamagatsha nokubaluleka kweSishayamthetho.

Isifundazwe kanye nemibuso yendawo: Umkhakha Ogciniwe

Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi, imibuso engaphathiswa i-United States noma enqatshelwe izifundazwe kuphela noma abantu. Lokhu kulungisa kwakha iqoqo elikhulu legunya likahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, impilo yomphakathi, ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, nezentengiselwano ezingahambisani nezwe. ISishaya - mthetho kumelwe sihloniphe lezindawo, nakuba ngokuvamile imingcele ingaqondakali.

Ubukhosi BukaHulumeni Nesimiso Esimelene Nemithetho

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela imfundiso emelene nokuyalela: UMkhandlu awunakuphoqelela izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni noma izikhulu eziphethe ukuba ziphoqelele imithetho kahulumeni. Prentz v. United States (1997), iNkantolo yashaya ingxenye ye-Brady Handgun Police Prevention Act eyayifuna ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni ukuba ulwenze ukuhlolwa kwesizinda. Ngokufanayo, izikhulu zingaba “kukhipha” kwezinhlelo ezithile zikahulumeni (umz., Mdid , ukunwetshwa kwezinhlelo ezithile ze-Affordcable Care Act kwenziwa ngesihle kakhulu ngenxa yamazwe). Lesi simo sesimiso somthetho sivume ukuthi i-EXIIScreast kanti sivumela ukugcinwa komthetho wesizwe ukuba isizinda esibambisana.

Ithonya Lomthetho Ozimele E - United States: Ama - Carrot Ne - Stack

ISishaya-mthetho sivame ukusebenzisa amandla ayo okusebenzisa ukuthonya isimiso sombuso. Ingahlanganisa izimo ezinikezwa uhulumeni − izifunda ezivuma izimali ezivumelana nezimfuneko zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iNational Least Age Act ka-1984 yagodla izimali zasemgwaqweni ezingamisanga iminyaka yokuphuza eneminyaka engu-21. Lendlela yenza ukuba uKhongolo lukwazi ukuphatha indawo eshiyelwe ezindaweni ezivamile. Ngokufanayo, izinhlelo eziningi zezemvelo nendawo ezungezile nezokuhamba zidinga izifunda ezithile njengesimo semali.

  • Izinhlelo zosizo ezinikeza imali: IMedicaid, iCHIP, ukuxhasa ngezimali emgwaqweni omkhulu, ukunikeza imfundo (Isihloko I).
  • Imithetho engagunyaziwe: Ngezikhathi ezithile izimfuneko zikahulumeni ezibekwa ezindaweni ngaphandle kokuxhasa ngokwezimali (isib. izingxenye ze - No Child Lead Behind).
  • Intengo: Imithetho kahulumeni ehlanganisa yonke imikhakha (isib., imithetho yenuzi) elawula ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni ngokuphelele.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni kumelwe zisebenzise izisusa zikahulumeni njalo nezithiyo, zilinganisele izinto eziza kuqala kuzo neziqondiso zesizwe.

Ukuziphendukela Kwamandla Enhlangano Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi

Indima kaKhongolose ekubuseni kwemibuso ayikafiki.

Izenzakalo Eziyinhloko Ezibalulekile

  • I-New Deal (1930s-40s): INkantolo Ephakeme yaqale yagadla izinhlelo eziningi ze-New Deal, kodwa ngemva “kokubhula ngesikhathi okwasindisa isishiyagalolunye,” iNkantolo yachaza i-Claus yezentengiselwano, ivumela uMkhandlu ukuba ulawule umsebenzi wezezomnotho (kuhlanganise umsebenzi, ezolimo, nemboni) ngokwesilinganiso sesizwe.
  • Umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi ka-1964: wasebenzisa i-Claus yezentengiselwano kanye neSichibiyelo seshumi nane sokwenqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zomphakathi nasemisebenzini, imithetho yobandlululo kahulumeni ephethe imithetho kahulumeni.
  • Umthetho we-Affordble Care Act (2010): Ibhekwe iNkantolo Ephakeme njengokusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kwamandla okuntela (igunya lomuntu) namandla okusebenzisa (ukwanda kweMedicaid), kodwa i-Congress ilinganisela ikhono leNkantolo lokusongela ukulahlekelwa ngokuphelele kwemali ekhona ye-Medicaid.
  • I-Voting Rights Act ka-65: Isishayamthetho sanxusa amandla aso ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu ukuba siphoqelele amalungelo okuvota, kuhlanganise nokubekwa phambili kwezindawo nomlando wobandlululo /hhhjolo lwesinqumo seShelby County ka-2013.

Incazelo Yokwahlulela: INkantolo Ephakeme Njengommeli

INkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukunqanda izimpikiswano ngemingcele yamandla kahulumeni nombuso. Icala lezwe elimakemende lihlanganisa United States v. Lopez (1995], ngokokuqala ngqá kusukela iNew Development Congress’s Commercement Claus (uhlasela iSikomponezelo seSikole seSikhulu sikaGun-Sikhulu). [FLT:] National Federation of Independent. Sebelius[FLT] [[FLT] [20], iNKAR.[20:2], iNkanto esekela igunya lomuntu ngamunye ngaphansi kwegunya lokukhokha intela kodwa eviswayo ukuthi iMikhandlu ayinakushosholoza ukunyulwa kwemali. [FLT] [4]

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esizayo Nekusasa Lokulinganisela

Namuhla, i-Congress ibhekene nezingcindezi ezintsha ezivivinya ukulinganisela kwezwe. Ukucwazimula, izinselele zemali, nokuvela kobuchwepheshe kulungisa yonke le mpikiswano.

I - Fiscal Federalism Nezikweleti Ezizimele

Imali enikezwayo manje ilandisa cishe ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zemali kahulumeni. Njengoba isikweletu sesizwe sikhula, uMkhandlu ungamisa izimo ezengeziwe ekusekeleni imali noma unciphise usizo oluphelele, uphoqelele amazwe ukuba aphakamise izintela noma anciphise izinkonzo. Lokhu kucindezela ubukhosi bukahulumeni futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokugcinwa kwesimiso sombuso sokubambisana isikhathi eside.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezentengiselwano Zezwe

I-Internet, i-tem-scheme, kanye ne-commeterce iye yafiphaza imingcele engokwesiko. UKhomishane uye waphikisana ngomthetho kahulumeni obanzi wezindaba zomuntu siqu ozosusa umthetho okhulayo wemithetho kazwelonke (umzk., i-CCPA yase California). Ngokufanayo, ukuqondisa ubuchwepheshe, ukufihla, kanye nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kungadinga izindinganiso zesizwe ezifanayo, okunganciphisa ukuhlola kombuso kulezindawo.

Izinkinga Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 wabonisa kokubili amandla nokungezwani kwe-soshal. UKhongolo-mkhandlu wadlulisa i- CARES Act kanye nezinye iziphakamiso zosizo ezathumela izigidi zezigidi ukuba ziyobusa kanye nezimo ezithile, kuyilapho imibuso ibeka ezayo izinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi. Ishaya indiva ngemithetho yezikhulu nemithetho kahulumeni (umnyakazo) iqokomisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kweWashington nezinhloko-sifunda. Ukuqhubekela phambili, iSishaya-Mnyango kumelwe silinganisele isidingo sokusabela kwesizwe ngokubambisana negunya likahulumeni.

Isiphetho

UKhongolose lusalokhu luyinhlangano eyinhloko yokulinganisela amandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Isimo salo esiqinile, esibalwayo nesishiwo, igunya, nendima ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi alikho izinga likahulumeni elilawulayo. Ngomthetho ophawula imingcele nencazelo yokwahlulela eqhubekayo, imigqa yegunya iyaqhubeka ishintshwa, kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala njalo: uMkhandlu kumelwe ulinganisele ubunye besizwe ngokumelene nokuzimela kwendawo. Njengoba kuvela izinselele ezintsha, ukulondoloza lobungako obungazenzisiyo kuyodinga umthetho onengqondo, ukwengamela, kanye nesibopho emklamweni womthetho owenziwe ngomthetho oye waqondisa iUnited States emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i- I-Cufftitution Anenoted: Idie kunye ne-Claus , iHhovisi loHlelo lwemali lokuHlahlela iHlomelo [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] lokuhlola, kanye ne- Government Authority Office [ yemibiko yezengameli.[[FLT:]]