Isisekelo Sokungahlangani Kohulumeni E - United States

Ubuhlobo obungokomthetho phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni eUnited States bubunjwe ngokuyisisekelo yizimfundiso ezimbili ezididanayo: ukuvikela kombuso ngokubusa kanye neFederal Tort Peatiess Act (FTCA). Lezizimiso zibusa lapho, kanjani, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo umuntu angaletha icala kuhulumeni noma kuhulumeni ngenxa yokulimala okubangelwa izenzo zikahulumeni. Ukuqonda lezi zimfundiso akuwona nje umsebenzi wezemfundo wezemfundo kuphela okubalulekile kunoma ubani ozishosho ukuthi uhilela izinhlangano zomphakathi, kusukela kwabameli abaziphathisi bemithetho kanye nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukulandisa.

Ukuzivikela kombuso, okusekelwe emthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile futhi ohlanganiswe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nanye, uvikela ukuba kungamangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. IFTCA, ngakolunye uhlangothi, imelela umxoshisi wamabomu nolinganiselwe wezinga lomthetho kahulumeni ukuze athole imibandela ethile. Bonke, bakha indawo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho lapho ukulinganisela phakathi kobukhosi bukahulumeni namalungelo omuntu ngamanye kuncishiswa khona njalo.

Ukuhlangana KoMbusi woMbuso: Umsuka Nezinga

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye Nencazelo Yaso

Isimiso sokuzivikela sombuso esizimele sithathelwa ngokuyinhloko eSichibiyelweni seshumi nanye ukuya kuMthethweni wase-U.S., sagunyazwa ngo-1795. Ukulungisa kuphawula: "Amandla okwahlulela e-United States ngeke athathwe adlulisele kunoma yisiphi isamba somthetho noma ukuvumelana, siqaliswe noma simangalelwe izakhamuzi zase-United States zezwe elithile, noma yizakhamuzi noma izihloko zanoma yiliphi izwe lamazwe angaphandle." Nakuba umbhalo uvela ulinganiselwe, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yawuchaza kabanzi ukuba ulwe isamba sokulwa nesizwe esithile, futhi ingabi naso imvume kahulumeni.

Lesimiso sokuvikela asisibo ophele. INkantolo iqaphele okuningana okungamukeleki. IziKhomu zingavikela uhulumeni ngokuzibusa lapho zisebenza ngaphansi kweSiqeshana 5 seSichibiyelo seshumi nane, uma umthetho uvumelana nenqubo yokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho. Amazwe angaphazamisa futhi ukuvikeleka kwawo ngokuvuma, kungaba ngemithetho kahulumeni noma ngokuhlanganyela ngokuzithandela ezimisweni ezithile zikahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso ye- Ex Young (1988) ivumela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zimelane ngokomthetho ezinkonzweni zazo ezifuna ukubhekana nokukhululeka ekulawulweni okuqhubekayo komthetho, nakuba uhulumeni ngokwawo uqobo uhlala ungena ekuwohlolweni.

Izizathu Eziwusizo Kwabahlali Bevangeli

Kubantu abavamile, ukuvikela uhulumeni ekuzivikeleni kunikeza isithiyo esikhulu. Ngaphambi kokuba ishedi lifakwe, umuntu kumelwe anqume ukuthi uhulumeni ugonyelwe ukuzivikela, noma uhlonze okuthile. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zakhipha iziphakamiso zokuthi zinikeza abahluphi abalinganiselwe, ngokuvamile ezinezimfuneko eziqinile, izigqoko eziphansi zomonakalo, nemithetho emifushane yokulinganisela kunokulimaza komuntu siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, uHulumeni wase California uLeances Act udinga ukuzisho ukuthi unikezelwe kuhulumeni phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha zokulimala, futhi ukuzisholo okumelwe kwenqatshwe ngaphambi kokuba umangalelwe.

Ukwehluleka ukuvumelana nalezi zithiyo zokuveza imingcele − njengokubhala isaziso sesikhathi sesikhashana noma ukwehluleka ukuchaza inani eliqondile lemiphumela(--ayivala ngokungenamkhawulo. Lokhu kwakha isicupho kwabangaqaphile futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuthinta ummeli ojwayelene nemithetho yombuso othile.

I - Federal Tort Act: I - Waiver Elinganiselwe

Umlando Nenjongo

Ngaphambi kuka-1946, uhulumeni kahulumeni wawungavikeleki kakhulu ekubekeni izingozi. Abantu babelinyazwa izisebenzi zikahulumeni ezinganaki − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngumshayeli weloli elinomsizi obomvu noma udokotela we-VA osebenza kabi (__V'awunandlela yokuzimela) enkantolo. Babengacela i-Congress ukuba ithole isikhwama sangasese, inqubo enzima nengasizi lutho. I-FTCA yamiswa ukuba ikhiphe lomthwalo egatsheni le-winomthetho iwuyise ezimisweni zokuqondisa nezokwahlulela, inikeza inqubo ehleliwe yezisulu zokukhokha.

I-FTCA ilahla ukuvikela kobukhosi be-United States ngenxa yokusho ukuthi ivela esenzweni sokunganaki noma esingalungile noma ukukhishwa kwanoma isiphi isisebenzi sikahulumeni esisebenza phakathi komsebenzi waso, ngaphansi kwezimo lapho umuntu wangasese engabekwa khona ngaphansi komthetho wendawo lapho isenzo senzeka khona. Lo mbulali ungaphansi kwezindlela eziningi, esizohlola ngezansi.

Izici Eziyinhloko Nezimfuneko

Ukuze i - FTCA iphumelele, i - platiff kumelwe isebenzise izimfuneko eziningana ezibucayi:

  • Ukukhishwa kwamakhambi okuphatha: I-paltiff kumelwe iqale inikeze ukulandisa ekubhaleni enxuseni likahulumeni elifanele phakathi neminyaka emibili ngemva kokusho ukuthi ikhona. Inhlangano inezinyanga eziyisithupha ukuba ithathe isinyathelo. Uma inxusa likuphika ukusho noma lihluleka ukwenza isenzo phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha, ummeli angase afake icala enkantolo yesifunda yombuso.
  • Ukukhetha umsebenzi: Isisebenzi sikahulumeni kumelwe ukuba sasisebenza phakathi komsebenzi waso ngesikhathi sesenzakalo. Lokhu kunqunywa umthetho wezwe lapho isenzo senzeka khona.
  • Umthetho wendawo: IFTCA isebenzisa umthetho we-torrt encinci wezwe lapho isenzo sokunganaki noma ukushiya. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izici zokunganaki, izivikelo, nomonakalo zihluka ngokwesimo ngasinye.
  • Isambatho se-damage: ingqikithi yenani lomonakalo obuyiselwe ifakwa emalini ethile ngezwi, ilungiswe ngezikhathi ezithile. Okwamanje, i-agpex ibekwa ngesilinganiso esithile ku-pasttiff, futhi kune-pastregate ye-stelliffs eqhamuka esenzekweni esisodwa.
  • Akukho kuqulwa kwecala labasizi:[ Iziphakamiso zeFTCA zizanywa kumajaji, hhayi umsizi wejaji.
  • [ Akukho lumonakalo olukhutshazwayo: i-FTCA ivimbela ngokuqondile imiklomelo yesijeziso.
  • [ Akukho sithakazelo: Inzalo yangaphambi kokwahlulela ayikho.

I - FTCA ewujuqu eyisisekelo ye - FTCA iklanyelwe ukunika uhulumeni ithuba lokuhlola nokulungisa izicelo ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa, kuyilapho inciphisa nokudayiswa kwemali ewumnikelo kahulumeni.

Izigcawu Ezihlukile

IFTCA inohlu lwezinga oluvikela uhulumeni ekuvikelekeni kwezinye izigaba zezisholo. Ezinye zezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • Amatort angeyomthetho: Izisholo ezivela ngokuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuboshwa, ukuboshwa okungamanga, ukuboshwa, ukumangalelwa, ukunyundelwa, ukunyundelwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukukhohlisa, noma ukuphambaniswa kwamalungelo esivumelwano. Nokho, kunezici eziphawulekayo ezishiyekayo ngamabomu athile enziwe izikhulu zomthetho, njengokuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuboshwa, ukuboshwa okungamanga, ukuboshwa, ukuququlwa ngempoqo, nokusetshenziswa kabi kwenqubo.
  • Imisebenzi enqabela ukunqatshelwa kokusebenza: Uhulumeni ulondoloza ukuzivikela ekusebenziseni umsebenzi oqondiswe ngokuqondiswe ngokuqondisiswa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi noma cha kwasetshenziswa kabi. Lezimiso zokulawula zenzakalela ezingeni lokuhlela] njengezinqumo mayelana nokubekelwa umthetho, ukuqoqwa kwezimpahla, noma umklamo wohlelo. Ayikhulekeli izinqumo ezihilela ukusebenza kwenqubo, ezingadingeniswanga imisebenzi.
  • Imisebenzi ephakathi: isho ukuthi ivela emisebenzini yezempi phakathi nesikhathi sempi noma emisebenzini yokulwa yamabutho ahlomile iyasuswa.
  • [ Imithetho kahulumeni: iziphakamiso ezivela ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhethekile, njenge-Act of Administed Protection Act, i-Alien Tort Spigment, zingakhishwa ngaphandle.

Umsebenzi owenziwe ngokukhetha ungenye yezindawo ezicatshangelwe kakhulu zomthetho we-FTCA. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula ukuhlolwa okunezingxenye ezimbili: okokuqala, isenzo esiphikiswayo kumelwe sihlanganise isahlulelo noma ukukhetha; okwesibili, isahlulelo kumelwe sibe sesihlobo umsebenzi owenzelwe ukuvikela, okusho ukuthi uhilela ukucabangela isimiso somphakathi. Uma bobabili ababhilidi benelisekile, lokho okushiwoyo kuyavinjelwa.

Ukuqhathanisa Umbuso OnguMbusi Ne - FTCA

Nakuba i-FTCA isebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nakuhulumeni ozimele, izimiso ezisekelwe kuzo zombili izimfundiso zihlangene. Zombili ziklanyelwe ukuvikela amagugu omphakathi ekuhlawulweni ngokweqile, ukulondoloza ukuhlukana kwemibuso, futhi uvumele ohulumeni ukuba baphathe izindaba zabo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kokwahlulela okuqhubekayo. Nokho, izimiso ziyahluka kakhulu.

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zazenzela izimpawu zazo zokuzihloba ngokuxegayo kuyi-FTCA, kodwa kunokwehluka okukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe ziye zawaphula ngokuphelele amasethi okuzivikela ngokungemthetho kuyilapho ziwagcina ezindaweni ezinamachashaza. Ezinye zilimaza kakhulu kunesephulo sikahulumeni. Ezinye zibeka izimfuneko zokuqaphela ezimfushane njengezinsuku ezingu-30, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela ukuba zifinyelele unyaka owodwa. Isilinganiso se-raviter / + futhi ihlanganisa nezisebenzi ezisebenza ngesilinganiso somthetho-torts, futhi ukuthi zihlanganisa i-crogentorts, futhi ukuthi zisebenza yini ekubulaleni izindleko ze-pupactal.

Okubalulekile, iFTCA ayiwuphuthi umthetho wezwe. Umbhishobhi angafuna ukumangalelwa uhulumeni wezwe ngaphansi kwalesosenzo sikahulumeni, kodwa akanakusebenzisa iFTCA ukukhombisa isifundazwe. Ngokuphambene, iFTCA iyikhambi elikhethekile lokuzisholo ngokumelene nohulumeni kahulumeni ukuba uthathe izintambo ngesilinganiso somsebenzi. Lelungiselelo lokusebenza libopha noma isiphi esinye isenzo somphakathi noma ukuqhubekela izindleko zemali ngokumelene neUnited States, izinhlangano zayo, noma izisebenzi zayo ngenxa yeziphakamiso ezinjalo.

Izinyathelo Ezingokwesayensi Zokukhohlisa

Ukuhambisa i-FTCA kudinga ukunaka ngokucophelela ukuhlelwa kwesikhathi nokubhalwa kwemibhalo. Le nqubo iqala ngezigaba eziningana:

1. Ukunikezwa Kwenkulumo Yokuphatha

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukunikeza inxusa likahulumeni elinomthetho obhaliwe owenzeka kwabasebenzi bakhe. Iphuzu kumelwe lihlanganise amazwi amaqiniso, incazelo yokulimala, nengqikithi yemali eqinisekile yokulimala. Umthetho othatha iminyaka emibili wokulinganiselwa usuka osukwini oluthi uyaqhubeka, ngokuvamile kulapho ummangaleli azi noma emazini kokubili ukulimala kanye nembangela. Lo mkhawulo unegunya futhi awunakugwenywa.

Izinhlangano eziningi zinezindlela eziqondile zalenjongo, njenge-Divince of Justice’s Standard Form 95. Nakuba lesi sakhiwo singaphoqelelwe, siyindlela engcono neyamukelekayo. Isicelo kumelwe sithotshelwe engosini esebenzisa isisebenzi okuthiwa asinamsebenzi, hhayi kunoma yiliphi inxusa elingase lihileleke emisebenzini ehlobene naso.

Ukubukeza Nokuthatha Isinyathelo

Uma isimangalo sesamu sesamukelwe, inxusa linezinyanga eziyisithupha zokuhlola nokuvuma noma ukuphika lokho okushiwoyo. Uma inhlangano ivuma ukumangalela, inganikeza indawo, ummangalelwa angayamukela noma ayilahle. Ukwamukela indawo ethile kungakhulula uhulumeni kunoma isiphi esinye isici esibangelwa yisenzakalo. Uma inxusa liphika lokhu, ummangaleli angase afake icala enkantolo yesifunda. Uma inxusa lingase lihlulele ukusebenza phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha, ummangaleli angase athathe isaziso athathe isigwebo futhi aqhubekele enkantolo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iFTCA ivimbela ukuquliswa kwecala phambi kwenxusa eliye lathola ithuba lokuthatha isinyathelo. ukumangalelana ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuyophumela ekuxoshweni ngenxa yokungabi nagunya lezindaba.

3. Ukumangalela ENkantolo Yesizwe

Uma ukumangalela kungaxazululwa ngokuqondisa, ummangalelwa angase afake isikhalo enkantolo yesifunda yesifunda sezwe lapho ummangalelwa ehlala khona noma lapho isenzo noma ukuphuthelwa kwenzeka khona. I-United States iwukuphela kommangalelwa ofanelekile; isisebenzi ngasinye asinakubizwa. Icala lizanywa kumajaji, futhi uhulumeni angafaka noma yiziphi iziphetho ezitholakala kumuntu ozimele ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kanye nanoma iziphi iziphetho zeFTCA.

Inkantolo inelungelo lokukhokha izindleko zemali nemali yabameli ehholweni leqembu elikhona, kodwa imiklomelo enjalo ilinganiselwe. Imali ka-Attorney e-FTCA emacaleni ibekwa emalini angu-25% kunoma isiphi isahlulelo noma isiphi isikhokhelo.

Intuthuko Nemikhuba Yamuva

Kokubili ukuvikela kombuso ne-FTCA kuyaqhubeka kuguqula ngokukhipha imithetho nezinqumo zenkantolo. Eminyakeni yamuva, imibuso eminingana iye yandisa izenzo zayo zokufuna ukugunyazwa kwezenzo ezithile ngenhloso ngokugcinwa komthetho, ngokwengxenye ekuphenduleni ekuceleni amaphoyisa ukuba aphendule. Ngezinga likahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha izinqumo ezicacisa izinga lomsebenzi owenziwe ngokukhetha kanye nobukhulu bokuhlola umsebenzi.

Enye into eyenzekayo ukusebenza kwesimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni ekutheni ivela kubhadane lwe-COVOID-19. Uhulumeni nohulumeni babhekana nezinkantolo eziningi ezihlobene nokufa kwasekhaya, ukugunyazwa komjovo, nokuvalwa kwezomnotho. Izinkantolo ziye zalwa ngokuthi lezi zenzo zibangelwa umsebenzi owenziwe ngemvume noma i-odoli efanayo. Enye indawo ekhulayo ihilela ukusebenzisa i-FTCA ukuze ifune ukuvuselelwa kwemivuzo yezokwelapha ezibhedlela ze-Veteran's Administration zibhethries nezindawo zokwelapha, lapho uhulumeni ngezinye izikhathi eye wagxekwa khona ngokuzingabaza kwe-injini.

Ukuhlangana kwezindawo zokuzivikela komthetho-mthethweni namatort ngaphansi [komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo:0] izibhedlela ezinciphileyo j. Ama-arhente angaziwa ama-FTLD futhi kuseyindawo enamandla. Amabhanse avumela amasudusi ezisebenzi zikahulumeni ngenxa yokuphulwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yazinciphisa njalo izinga layo, ishiya ama-flactriff ukuze ancike kakhulu kwi-FTCA ukuze athole izingozi eziwumthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Nokho, [[FLTLT:2] izenzo azikho ezibekwe phansi kwemithetho esemthethweni, futhi zivumela ukuba kukhishwe izingozi nokuvithiwe, kwenziwe i-pacreactal, ukukhetha okuhlelekayo.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Sokusekela Izinkulumo ZoMbusi Ongavumelani

Kunoma ubani ocabangela ukumangalelwa inhlangano ethile kahulumeni, izinyathelo ezilandelayo zibalulekile:

  • Isho ummangalelwa ofanele: Inquma ukuthi ukulimala kwabangelwa isisebenzi sikahulumeni, isisebenzi sikahulumeni, noma isisebenzi sikahulumeni sendawo. Ngasinye sinemithetho nezinqubo ezihlukene.
  • Ibheka umthetho wokulinganiselwa: Lezinsuku ezimisiwe azithetheleli. Phawula ikhalenda nohele konke okudingekayo phakathi nenkathi emisiwe. Izinsuku ze-FTCA zithi, isikhathi siyiminyaka emibili; ngoba isho uhulumeni, singaba mfushane njengezinsuku ezingu-30.
  • Ivumelana nokukhathala kokuphatha: Ungasheshi ukuya enkantolo. Qiniseka ukuthi wonke amakhambi okuphatha aphelile. Ukuhlela ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuzakuphumela ekuxoshweni futhi kungachitha umthetho wokulinganiselwa.
  • Ikhonsithi yomthetho wezwe osebenzayo: I-FTCA izishozo ilawulwa umthetho wetort wezwe lapho kwenzekile khona lesi senzakalo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imithetho elawula iphutha, ukulimala, nezivikelo. Ukusho okungavinjelwa umthetho wezwe nakho kuvinjelwe ngaphansi kwe-FTCA.
  • Ungagwegwesi ngokulimaza: Umonakalo wezigqoko, futhi umonakalo wesijeziso awutholakali. Ukuzimisela kukahulumeni ukuhlala kuthonywa yilemingcele.
  • Uxwebhu yonke into: Ubufakazi obuqoqiwe, ugcine amarekhodi, futhi udale uhlaka lwesikhathi. Uphenyo lukahulumeni luzoncika kakhulu ekwazisweni enikunikezayo.

Isiphetho

I-FTCA inikeza abantu indlela yokufuna imbuyiselo ngokulimala okubangelwa yizisebenzi zikahulumeni, i-Federal Tort Athions Act imelela izakhiwo zomthetho uhulumeni wase-U.E. ulwenzeka ngazo ekutholeni i-FTCA. Nakuba i-FTCA inikeza indlela yokufuna imbuyiselo ngokulimala okubangelwa yizisebenzi zikahulumeni, iyindlela egcwele izimfuneko ze-procemental, ngaphandle, nemingcele. Isimiso sombuso sokuzivikela, ngesikhathi esifanayo, sisebenza emzileni ofanayo, futhi ichaza amagama aso siqu okuvikela izikhali.

Kungabameli nakumthetho ngokufanayo, ukuhlala benolwazi ngoshintsho kulendawo yomthetho kubalulekile. Ukulinganisela phakathi kobukhosi bukahulumeni nobulungisa ngabanye kubucayi futhi kuphikiswana njalo, kodwa ukuqonda lezizimiso eziyisisekelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuyihambisa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukwaziswa okwengeziwe nge-FTCA, kubhekisela [[FFLT:1] ekuthatheni i-FTCA FAQ ne- I-Government Accounting Office [ukuhlolwa kwe-FTCA appropriation [. Umbuso-ofuna izinqubo ezithiwa, thinta ihhovisi likammeli likahulumeni jikelele noma uchwepheshe wendawo owe-isigaba esihlukene kakhulu sikahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLTL:5] i-Corne Information Institute inikeza ukucubukiswa okuwusizo kwesimiso sombuso [FLT][FFF:6]