Ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke buyisifundo sendlela amaqembu azimele, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, abadlali abangezona izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezisebenza ngayo yonke imbulunga. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlangana kubalulekile ekuqondeni indida yesayensi yezindawo zanamuhla, ukuhlangana kwezomnotho, ukuhwebelana kwempucuko, nezinselele zokuvikela. Lesiqondiso esikhudlwana sihlola imiqondo eyisisekelo, izici eziyinhloko zemibono, abadlali abayinhloko, izicelo ezisebenzayo, kanye nezindlela zokusungula ezichaza umkhakha wobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke namuhla.

Imibono Engaphansi Kobuhlobo Bezizwe Zonke

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezimfundisweni nasekuziphatheni, kubalulekile ukuba ufunde imiqondo eyinhloko esebenza njengezinto zokwakha ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke.

Ubukhosi

Ubukhosi buyisimiso sokuthi umbuso unegunya eliphelele endaweni yawo nasemicimbini yasekhaya, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kwangaphandle. Isisekelo sesimiso sombuso wanamuhla, esibekwe e- . `Treaty of Westphalia [1648]). Ukulingana okuphakeme kusho ukuthi zonke izifunda, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu noma amandla, ziyalingana ngokomthetho emthethweni wezizwe zonke. Nokho, ubukhosi buvame ukubekelwa inselele yizentethelelo yembulunga yonke, ukungenela kwezenhlalakahle, futhi ukusongela okunjengobuphekula, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Amandla

Amandla ebuhlotsheni bezizwe zonke abhekisela ekhonweni likahulumeni lokuthonya abanye nokufeza izinjongo zabo. Ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa abe amandla amakhulu (isiphoqelelo sempi nesezomnotho) kanye amandla e-[ (ukusebenza ngokwesiko, izindinganiso, nezingxoxo). Ukusakaza amandla phakathi kwezifunda zezwe ``unubillar, bipolar, noma i-expolar] kulungisa izimo nokungavumelani kwezimiso zezwe lonke.

Diplomacy

I-diplomacy iwubuciko nomkhuba wokuqhuba izingxoxo phakathi kwabameleli bezwe. Ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokusingatha izingxabano, ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano, nokwakha izivumelwano zezizwe. Izingxoxo zanamuhla zihlanganisa iziteshi ezisekelwe ezikoleni zesizwe, izingqungquthela zezindawo ezihlangene, nezingqungquthela zezindawo eziningi, kanye “udwebe izinkulumo ezimbili” ezihilela abadlali abangathathi hlangothi.

Isithakazelo Sikazwelonke

Umbuso ngamunye uphishekela iqoqo lemigomo − isithakazelo sesizwe − esingahlanganisa ukulondeka, ukuchuma kwezomnotho, ithonya lemibono, kanye nesikhundla. Abakholelwa emazingeni angempela baphikisa ngokuthi isithakazelo sesizwe ngokuyinhloko siphathelene nokusinda nokunqwabelana kwamandla, kuyilapho abantu abakhululekile begcizelela inzuzo yokubambisana kanye nezindinganiso ezifanayo.

Isimiso Somhlaba Wonke Nesiyaluyalu

Isimiso sezwe lonke sibonakala ngokungabikho kwegunya elikhulu − isimo esaziwa ngokuthi archy. Lokhu akusho isiyaluyalu, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi awukho uhulumeni wezwe ongamisa imithetho. Antarchy uchaza ukuthi kungani amazwe kumelwe athembele kuwedwa, kubuhlobo, nakumaqembu omhlaba wonke ukuze alawule izindaba zawo.

Imishini Emikhulu Yesakhelo

Izincwadi zesayensi zinikeza ama - lens izazi nochwepheshe abachaza ngawo izenzakalo zomhlaba wonke. Ama - paradigm amathathu avelele aye athonya lesi siyalo, nakuba kuye kwavela ezinye izindlela eziningi ezigxekayo neziwukusetshenziswa kwangemva kokubusa.

Ukubhekana Namaqiniso

I-Realism igxila ekuncintisaneni, ekungquzukeni kobuhlobo bezizwe zonke. Icabanga ukuthi isho ukuthi ingabantu abayinhloko, ukuthi bangabadlali abanengqondo abaqhutshwa yi-"%2, futhi isimiso senkambiso sibenza bafune ukulondeka namandla aphezulu. Inguquko engundoqo ihlanganisa [[ ubuqiniso bezinto (ubuntu buholela ezimpikiswaneni), ukuthambekela kobuzwe] (isimiso sesimiso sinquma ukuziphatha), kanye [[FLT:] ne-effentive/effensivet/fentiveyism yangempela ] (iguquguquka noma imibono efuna ukusindiswa noma ukusindiswa) izikhali ezingokoqobo. Izikhali ezingokohlobo oluyikhombayo, ukulingana kwezente, izihloko zezombangazwe, ukulingana kwezente.[FLT], nezinkinga zezombangazwe.[FT.[3]

Ukuzikhulula

I-literalism igcizelela amandla okubambisana nokuthula. Iqokomisa indima yezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, ukuncintisana kwezomnotho, nokubusa kwentando yeningi ekunciphiseni izingxabano. Izimo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukukhululeka (ukukhuthaza ukuthula), ukukhululeka [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] u-Epublicanism [] [izisekelo] [izimocracy]] (izingavamile ukulwa), [[FLT:] nempumelelo yezentengo ye-kuhlelekakhulu, futhi iphawulwe ngokwezimo yezindawo zezindawo. [[FLT:]

Ukwakha

Ukwakhela izikhali kuphikisa ukuthi izakhiwo zezombangazwe zomhlaba wonke zakhiwe ngokwenhlalo kunezinto ezinikezwayo. Izindawo kanye nezithakazelo zemibuso zibunjwa imibono ehlanganyelweyo, izimiso, nomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kuchazwa abakhi njengokushintshwa kwezimpawu nezimiso, hhayi nje ushintsho ekusakazweni kukagesi. Ukukhangisa kuchaza ukuthi kungani kuvela izinqubo ezifana noMthetho wokuzivikela (R2P) noma ukuthi kungani izikhali zenuzi ziphathwa ngendlela ehlukile kunezikhali zokubhubhisa abantu abaningi.

Imibono Ebucayi Nangemva Kwayo

I-Pftilanceism, i-preterminist, i-Marxism, kanye ne-past āpublicationism inikeza eminye imibono. Babekela inselele imibono kahulumeni we-centric, ye-Westerngradcentric yemibono ebanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, inkolelo-mbono esekelwe kuwenulo [[ iphikisa ukuthi isimiso sezezomnotho sembulunga yonke sikhuthaza ukungalingani phakathi kwezindawo eziphakathi kwezingaphakathi nezingalingani. ] ubudlelwane bezizwe zomhlaba wonke [[[[FLT]]]] u-earthristrist, ithonya impi, izigigaba, izigi, nokuphepha kwabantu.

Izinga Lokuhlaziya Ebuhlotsheni Bezizwe Zonke

Izazi zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlaziya ukuze zichaze imiphumela yomhlaba wonke. Izinga lombuso ligxile kwabaholi nakungqondo yabantu. Isilinganiso sombuso sihlola ezombangazwe zasekhaya, izimiso zezomnotho, nempucuko yesizwe. Isilinganiso sesimiso sicabangela ukusakazwa kwamandla nezakhiwo zomhlaba wonke. Ukuqonda okubanzi kudinga ukuhlanganisa wonke amazinga amathathu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe I kungahlolwa ngobuntu bukaKais Wilhelm II (umphakathi ngamunye), isimiso sobuzwe nobuzwe (isimo).

Abakhangisi E - Arena Yomhlaba Wonke

Nakuba amaqembu emibuso eqhubeka eyiqembu eliyinhloko labadlali, abadlali abaningi abahlukahlukene abangaveli ezwe manje banethonya eliphawulekayo.

Izinhlangano Zomhlaba Wonke

Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano ( zeZizwe ezihlangene, [[FT:2] World Trade Organization, ] i-North Atlantic Treaty Organization [, [[FLT]] ne-[FLT] Internationalpotary Fund[[[FLT:]]][FLT]]] ilungiselela izisekelo zokubambisana, ukubusa, ukuhlanganisa, nokuxazulula. I-UN Security Council inomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina ukuthula nokulondeka kwezizwe zonke, kanti izinhlangano ezikhethekile zezempilo, umsebenzi, nezomphakathi.

Izinhlangano Ezingomthetho (NGO)

IGO enjenge-Amnesty International, Odokotela Abangenama-Borders, ne-Greenpeace abamele amalungelo abantu, usizo lokusiza abantu, nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Ithonya isimiso sikahulumeni ngokunyusa ukuqapha komphakathi, ukunxusa ohulumeni, nokuhlanganyela ezingqungqutheleni zomhlaba wonke. Abanye abantu baye bahlola izimo ze-UN, bebanika ithuba lokuthola izingxoxo zezimiso.

Izinhlangano Zamazwe Ngamazwe (MNCs)

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Apple, Shell, ne-Toyota zisebenza emingceleni futhi zivame ukuhlela imali enkulu kunezifunda eziningi ezincane. I-MNC ihlela ubudlelwane bezomnotho ngokutshala imali kwamanye amazwe, ngokunikeza amaketanga, nangokufaka izintambo. Zingaba izisulu zemithetho noma ukuthatha isinyathelo, njengoba kubonakala ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nezindinganiso zemisebenzi kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wezezenhlalakahle.

Abantu ngabanye

Izibonelo zihlanganisa inhlangano kaMahatma Gandhi engenabudlova yokuzibusa, izinguquko zikaMikhail Gorbachev ezaqeda iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, nethonya likaGreta Thunberg ekulweni nesimo sezulu.

Izinetha Zamazwe Ahlukahlukene Nokuphangalaliswa Kwamazwe

Izinhlangano zamaphekula, izinhlangano zobugebengu, nemiphakathi ye - diaspora nazo zisebenza emingceleni. i-Al̆Qaeda ne-ISIS zibonisa indlela abadlali abangewona amazwe abangabekela ngayo inselele ubukhosi bukahulumeni. Amaqembu aHlakazekile ngokuvamile amukela amakhaya futhi athole ohulumeni, athonyele imithetho yakwamanye amazwe, kanye nemali encishisiwe ethinta umnotho othuthukayo.

Izisebenziso Eziwusizo Zobuhlobo Bomhlaba Wonke

Izihloko zezindaba zisho okuthile uma zisetshenziswa ezimweni zezwe langempela. Nazi izindawo eziyinhloko lapho imiqondo yobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke isetshenziswa khona.

Izingxoxo Ezivusa Ingqondo

Ukuxoxa ngemizwa kuyindlela eyinhloko yokulawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwezizwe. Kungaba yi-biteradal, njengase-U.S.-Chinina izinkulumo zokuhwebelana, noma izihloko eziningi, njenge- Paris Climate Accement [ izingxoxo. Impumelelo ixhomeke ekuthengiseni amandla, ukwethembana, ikhono lokuhlela, kanye nokuba khona kwezithakazelo ezihlanganyelwe. I-Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relation (1961) ihlanganisa imithetho yezokuvikela i-Stock troligie nemisebenzi ye-massagement.

Isinqumo Esingqubuzanayo Nokwakha Ukuthula

Izingxabano zibangelwa izingxabano zezindawo, ukuncintisana ngezimpahla, ukungezwani kwezinhlanga noma imibono engafani.

  • [ Ukudla:[ Ingxenye yesithathu engathathi-hlangothi ilula ingxoxo. Amahhovisi amahle eUN aye asetshenziswa ezimpini kusukela eYemen kuya e-Syria.
  • Ukugcina ukuthula:[ Amabutho ahlotshisiwe athunyelwa ukugada ukupheliswa kwemililo, ukuvikela izakhamuzi, nokusekela izinguquko zezombangazwe. Imikhankaso yamanje ihlanganisa i-MITUSMA eMali nase-UNIFIL e-Lebanon.
  • Izijeziso zezomnotho:[ Izijeziso zezomnotho zijoliswe kubantu abathile, izingxenye, noma umnotho wonke ukuze ziphoqelele ushintsho lwendlela yokuziphatha. Izijeziso ze-U.S. ku-Iran kanye ne-UN iziqondiso eNyakatho Korea ziyizibonelo ezivelele.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukulawula nokususa umkhosi: Izivumelwano ezinjenge-NULT Prolifeation Treaty (NPT) ne-Achemical Seamons Service inhloso yokunqanda izikhali eziyingozi.
  • iposi à Confulistton: Ngemva kokuphela kwezingxabano, usizo lwezizwe zonke, izinqubo zobulungisa (umk., i-International Criminal Court), kanye nokwakha i-projectal formatauniverse , kuvimbela ukubuya.

Izomnotho Zezizwe Zonke (IPE)

I-IPE ihlola ukuhlangana kwezombangazwe nezomnotho. Izihloko eziyinhloko zihlanganisa izivumelwano zezentengiselwano (umz., USMCA, CPPP), ukubusa kwembulunga yonke kwezezimali (IF, World Bank), usizo lokuthuthukisa, nokunyuka kobuzwe bezomnotho. Isimiso se-Boods [ sasungula uhlelo lwezezomnotho lwe-post 76WWII, kuyilapho ukuthambekela kwamuva njengokwehlisa imbulunga kanye nokunikeza i-6chain kubekela inselele ukuvumelana okungokomnotho okukhululekileyo.

Indima Yomthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Nakuba ngokuvamile kugxekwa ngokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho, ukuma kwemithetho eqinile, ukubheka izinto ngendlela efanele, izenzo ezigunyaza ukubambisana.

Imithombo Yomthetho Wezizwe Zonke

  • Izivumelwano ezibhaliwe phakathi kwezifundazwe, njenge-United Nations Charter noma i-Geneva Convention. Zibopha kuphela ekwayiniseni.
  • Umthetho wezizwe zonke obhaliwe:[ Imikhuba ethi ilandela ngomqondo wesibopho esingokomthetho, njengesimiso sokuzivikela kwezokuhlalisana kwezizwe noma ukunqatshelwa kohlanga.
  • Izimiso zoMthetho ezivamile: Iqashelwa kuzo zonke izimiso zomthetho zasekhaya, njengokholo oluhle nolungalingani.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Izinqumo ezisemqoka kanye nezincwadi zezazi: zisetshenziswe njengemithombo engaphansi ukuchaza umthetho.

Izinkantolo Eziyinhloko Zezizwe Zonke Neziphakamiso

  • Inkantolo yezizwe zonke yobulungisa (ICJ):[ Ilungu lokwahlulela eliyinhloko leUN, ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe nokunikeza imibono.
  • Inkantolo yezengebhe yezwe lonke (ICC): ishushisa abantu ngokuqothula uhlanga, ubugebengu kubantu, nobugebengu bempi.
  • World Organization Trade Dispute Seatement Body: Izinqumo zezingxabano zezohwebo phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu.
  • Inkantolo ye-Arbitration: inikeza izinkonzo zokususa izingxabano zamazwe.

Izinselele Zomthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Ukubambisana kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Imibuso enamandla ingangasinaki isinqumo se-ICJ eNicaragua kanye ne-United States. Ukuvela kwemibuso ye-denarive ne-opertarianism kululaza izimiso zomthetho eziningi. Noma kunjalo, umthetho wezizwe zonke useyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuhlela ukuziphatha ezindabeni ezinjengendawo engaphandle, umthetho wolwandle, nemisebenzi ye-inthanethi.

Ukubusa Nezinhlangano Embulungeni Yonke

Ukubusa kwembulunga yonke kubhekisela ekuqondiseni kweqembu lezinkinga ezizweni zonke ngenhlanganisela yezinhlangano ezingokomthetho nezingahleliwe. Isimiso seUN siyisici esiyinhloko, kodwa ezinye izindikimba eziningi ziyanikela:

  • G7/G20:[[FT:1] Izindawo lapho umnotho omkhulu uxhumanisa khona isimiso sezomnotho.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Inhlangano yezwe yezempilo (WHO):[ isabela eziphuthumayo zempilo yomhlaba wonke.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA):[ ihlanganisa izimiso zokuvikela amandla.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Isenzo somsebenzi (FATF): imisa izindinganiso ezimelene ne-pansula.

Abadlali bemidlalo engekho ehlahleni, amaqembu omphakathi, kanye nezinhlangano zabaqondisi (isib., abaqondisi bamabhange) bagcwalisa izikhala lapho izivumelwano ezingokomthetho zingekho khona. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukubusa kwembulunga yonke kubangelwa ukuhluleka kwentando yeningi, njengoba imibuso enamandla namabhulathi angagunyaziwe ethonya ngokungenakulinganiswa.

Ukuthambekela Kwamanje Kuvuselela Ubuhlobo Bezizwe Zonke

Izindlela eziningana zishintsha indlela amazwe asebenzelana ngayo.

Umncintiswano Wamandla Ombuso Omkhulu

Impikiswano isukela ezimpini zezwe eSouth China Sea kuya ekuncintisaneni kwezobuchwepheshe eziklanywe ngobuchwepheshe nangezinhlanganisela eziyi 5G. Impi yase-Ukraine ivuselele i-NATO futhi yadalula imingcele yomthetho wezwe lonke ngokumelene namandla ezikhali zenuzi.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokungeneliseki Kwako

Nakuba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuye kwasusa izigidi ebumpofwini futhi kwakhuthaza ukuhwebelana ngamasiko, kuye kwabhebhethekisa futhi ukungalingani, ukuthutha umsebenzi, nokungavumelani kwempucuko. Ukwanda kwezinhlangano zezokuhweba, iBrexit, kanye nezimiso zokuvikela izikhali kuveza ukukhululeka ekushisekeni okukhulu kwembulunga yonke. Ubhadane lweCOVID 9319 luye lwabangela ukuba i-produmistle production nobukhosi bezimiso zezimiso.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokulondeka Kwendawo Ezungezile

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuwusongo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ukunyuka kwamazinga olwandle, isimo sezulu esibi, kanye nokuswelakala kwemithombo yezinto ezithutha abantu, izingxabano, nezinkinga zomphakathi. Isivumelwano seParis [ (2015]] isho isibopho sembulunga yonke sokunciphisa ukufudumala, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwenani eliphansi. Izinkinga ezihlobene zihlanganisa ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye nokukhithiswa kolwandle.

Ukulondoloza Ukhuseleko Nobubusi Bamanani

Ukuhlasela kwezesisekelo esigxekayo, ukungenela kokhetho, ne-factorwawewer kuye kwaphakamisa ukulondeka kweze-inthanethi ngenxa yento ephambili ekhathazayo. Amazwe athuthukisa inqubo nekhono lokulwa nge-inthanethi, kuyilapho izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokubusa kwe-inthanethi (umz., i-ICANNN) kanye nokwaziswa kwendawo kubonisa ukungezwani phakathi kokuthulula izifuba nobukhosi. IQela lobuGawula le-RULUMEN [ lihlolele izimiso zokuzithandela zokuziphatha kwe-inthaneti.

Ukufuduka Nokulondeka Komuntu

Izigidi zabantu ziwela imingcele unyaka ngamunye ukuze zithole amathuba ezomnotho, ukuhlanganiswa komkhaya, noma zibaleke ubudlova noshushiso. I-2018 Inhlangano ye-Global ye-Movegration ifuna ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana, kodwa ukufuduka kuhlala kuhlukanisa ngokwezombangazwe. Ukulondeka kwabantu kuthuthukisa ukugxila ekulondekeni kombuso kuyise ekulondekeni nasekuhloniphekeni kwabantu, kucashe izimpikiswano ezinjengokushushumbisa, ukubheja izifo, nokuphepha kokudla.

Ukungacabangeli Kwezobuchwepheshe

Intuthuko ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa, isayensi yokuhlola umkhathi, nokuhlola i-quantam commun projects idala amathuba nezingozi ezintsha. Umjaho wokulawula i-Al unemiphumela ehleliwe, kuyilapho ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo kuphakamisa imibuzo edinga izindinganiso zembulunga yonke. Indawo yangaphandle, eyake yaba indawo yempi yemibuso emikhulu, manje igcwele izinkampani ezizimele nezinhlangano ezincane zasemkhathini, ibangela ukukhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa kwezikhali nemfucumfucu yomkhathi.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke buyinkundla enamandla nebalulekile yokuqonda amandla alawula umhlaba wethu. Kusukela emibonweni eyisisekelo yobukhosi namandla kuya ezimpikiswaneni ezilimazayo zokungalingani kwezentengiselwano nesimo sezulu, isiyalo sinikeza amathuluzi okuhlaziya kokubili izindlela eziphikelelayo nezinguquko ezisheshayo. Abafundi, abenzi bezimiso, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukuzuza lezi zizathu eziyisisekelo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuqondisa izinkimbinkimbi zezombangazwe zomhlaba wonke, zisiza ekuxhumaneni ngokuthula, futhi zisekele ukuhleleka okuqinile nokungaguquguquki kwezizwe. Njengoba izinselele zekhulu lama-21 zikhula kusukela ekuncintisaneni okukhulu okubangelwa yimibangwane enzile elungiselelweyo kuphela.