Indima Ebucayi Yezimfuneko Ezinhle Ekuzibophezeleni Komphakathi Ezigulini Ezingokwengqondo

Imithetho yokuzibophezela emakhaya ifeza injongo ehlukene: ukunikeza abantu abanesifo esinzima sengqondo ukwelashwa okudingekile ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyilapho kuvikela inkululeko yabo eyisisekelo yomphakathi. Emnyombweni walesi simiso somthetho kuyimfuneko − isivikelo esivimbela ukuboshwa okungenamthetho futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvalelwa esibhedlela ngokuzithandela kwenzeka kuphela ngemva kokubukezwa ngokucophelela komthetho womthetho. Ukuqonda indlela izimfuneko zokugunyazwa komthetho womthetho womthetho wokuzibophezela, abagcini bempilo, kanye nabasekeli abalawula le mvume eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho wezempilo kanye namalungelo omthetho wezomthetho.

Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Sezimfuneko Ezinhle Zokuzibophezela Kombango

ISichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni, futhi izimiso zaso zidlulela ezicini zomthetho. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ingakaqiniseki ngokuqondile ukuthi imvume idingekile njalo ukuze umuntu angene esibhedlela ngokuzithandela, izinkantolo ezincane ziye zaqaphela njalo ukuthi isibopho somphakathi siwukuncishwa okukhulu kwenkululeko, okudinga ukuvikelwa okusemthethweni kulezo zigebengu. Imfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi isinqumo sokumfaka umuntu othile asikwenziwa ngokulandela umthetho noma ngochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo kodwa sihlolwa ubufakazi obungathathiwe hlangothi obuyingozi nokugula kwengqondo.

Izindinganiso ezicatshangelwe ezingqubuzaneni zomphakathi. Izimo zobugebengu

Emacala okuzinikela komphakathi, indinganiso yobufakazi ihlukile kwendinganiso yobugebengu. INkantolo Ephakeme [ku- Addington v. Texas [1997]) yakholelwa ukuthi ukuzibophezela kwemiphakathi kufuna ubufakazi obucacile nobukholisayo [ obusekelwe emaqinisweni athile [, indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu kune-angaphambili yobufakazi kodwa engaphansi kokungatshazwani okunengqondo. Isiqinisekiso singumthetho, indingaze ishiye inkolelo enengqondo esekelwe emaqini aqondile ukuthi umuntu uyagula ngokwengqondo futhi uveza ingozi kuye ngokwakhe noma kwabanye. Lendinganiso ihlolwa umahluleli noma umbiko wempilo, ukuhlolwa impilo engqondweni, futhi ufaka ubufakazi obubodwa ngaphambi kokuthuthwa kokwelashwa.

Isidingo Esiphuthumayo Sasehlela

Akuzona zonke izibopho zomphakathi ezidinga isiqinisekiso sokuzifaka phambili. Phakathi nale nkathi, ochwepheshe bengqondo bahlola isiguli futhi banxuse isibopho esithatha isikhathi eside, esibangela ukuzwa ngesiqinisekiso esingokomthetho. Isidingo esiphuthumayo sokungenela ngokushesha mayelana nengozi yokuboshwa, kodwa siye sagxekwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile nokugwetshwa isikhashana ngaphandle kokuqondisa komthetho.

Izinkantolo ziye zalwa nemingcele yalokhu kukhishwa. McGarry v. Frawley (2020), inkantolo yokudlulisa izicelo yanquma ukuthi isimo esiphuthumayo esingenasidingo kumelwe sikhululeke ngobuqotho futhi izifunda zingasebenzisi ukukhishwa kwenqubo yemvume. Lesi sinqumo sibonisa ukuthambekela okukhulu kokwahlulela kokuqinisa inqubo yesivikelo esifanelekile ezibophweni zombango, ngisho nasezimweni eziphuthumayo.

Inqubo Yokuzibophezela Kwezakhamuzi Nemisebenzi Evela Kuzo

Ukuqonda inqubo yokuzibophezela komphakathi ngenyathelo elithile kwembula izimpawu eziqondile ezifeza indima. Nakuba izinqubo zihluka ngokwendlela, indlela ejwayelekile ihlanganisa izigaba eziningana, ngayinye enezimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezihlukile.

Ukuvimbela Ukuzinikela

Le nqubo iqala lapho ilungu lomkhaya, umgcini mpilo, noma isikhulu somthetho siqaphela ukuziphatha okusikisela ukugula okukhulu kwengqondo kanye nokuyingozi. Ezizweni eziningi, isinyathelo sokuqala siwukufaka isicelo enkantolo yezempilo yendawo. Isicelo kumelwe sihlanganise amaqiniso aqondile, hhayi ukusola nje okulindelekile. Uma inkantolo ithola isicelo sanele, singanikeza imvume egunyaza ukuthungaza nokuthutha umuntu esikhungweni esimisiwe. Le mvume yangaphambili iklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuquleka okungavumelekile nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu akangeni ejele ngenxa yezikhalo ezingacacile noma ezingathembekile.

Indima Yokuhlola Impilo Yengqondo

Lapho efika esikhungweni, umuntu uthola ukuhlola okubanzi kwengqondo okwenziwa udokotela wezifo zengqondo noma isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esigunyaziwe. Ukuhlola kuhlola isimo sengqondo, ingozi yokulimala, namandla okuzinakekela. Imiphumela ibhalwe embikweni ongokomthetho, osebenza njengobufakazi obuyinhloko uma icala liqhubeka lizwakala. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi umhloli kumelwe acabangele ukuthi umuntu uhlangabezana yini nezimiso zomthetho zikahulumeni zesibopho, futhi ingxube yokugula kwengqondo, ukungazihluphi, nokungakwazi ukuzinakekela ngokwakhe uma kuvela ezinye izindlela zokuzilawula.

Ukubukeza Ukuqulwa Kwecala Nokwahlulela

Phakathi nenkathi echazwa ngokulula kakhulu, cishe amahora angu-72 kuya ku-10. Inkantolo ithatha icala ukuze inqume ukuthi imvume kufanele igcinwe futhi igcinwe isikhathi eside yini. Phakathi nalokhu kuthethwa, umuntu unelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, nokunqamule ofakazi abaphilile. Umbuso unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa imibandela ngokufaka ubufakazi obucacile nobukholisayo. Imvume ekhishwa ngaphambili isebenza njengesisekelo esingokomthetho sejele lokuqala, kodwa ayiwunqumeli umphumela wokulalela. Uma umbuso uhluleka ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wawo, umuntu kumelwe akhululwe ngokushesha.

Imfuneko egunyaziwe isebenza njengesivikelo esiqinile: umnyango ophansi wokuvalelwa isikhashana esilindele ukugcinwa, nomnyango owengeziwe wokuncishwa kwenkululeko okuqhubekayo. Lendlela eqinile ibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukulaliswa esibhedlela okude, okungadingekile kuyilapho kusavumela ukungenela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zangempela.

Isihluthulelo Esingokomthetho Silawula Izimfuneko Ezingadingekile

Izenzakalo eziningana eziphawulekayo ziye zachaza izindlela zomthetho- sisekelo zokuzibophezela komphakathi ezifanele. Lezi zinqumo zigcizelela indima yejaji ekulinganiseni amalungelo omuntu ngamunye nentando yombuso ekulondekeni nasekwelapheni komphakathi.

[[UMTH:0] Lessard v. Schmidt[[FL:1] (1972]

Kulelicala lesikhashana, inkantolo kahulumeni yesifunda yalahla umthetho kaWisconsin wesizwe wokwehluleka ukunikeza izikhungo ezifanele zesibopho sombuso. Inkantolo yathi abantu ababhekene nesibopho sokuzibophezela okuzenzekelayo banelungelo lokuqaphela, ukuzwa, ilungelo lokukhipha icebo, nelungelo lokuthula. Okuphawulekayo, inkantolo yayifuna isivikelo esingenakungatshazwa [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] [FFFF:FF]] [FFF]] yamisa isimiso sokuzibophezela okumelwe kugcinwe inqubo yomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, ehlanganisa nokugunyaza ukubophana. [imvume]

O'Connor v. Donaldson (1975]

INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi umuntu ongakhohlisi okwaziyo ukuhlala ngokuphepha emphakathini akanakugcinwa ngokumelene nentando yakhe. Icala lagcizelela ukuthi ukuzibophezela komphakathi akulona icebo lokuvimbela bonke abantu abagulayo ngokwengqondo kodwa kumelwe kuthethelelwe ngokubonisa ubungozi. Lokhu kuqinisa ngokungaqondile izimfuneko eziyimfuneko: uma isibopho sidinga ubufakazi obuyingozi, khona - ke isiqinisekiso kumelwe sisekelwe ebufakazini obuqondile balokho kuyingozi, hhayi nje ukuxilonga isifo sengqondo.

Addington v. Texas[[FLT] [1] (1979)

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, iNkantolo yamisa indinganiso yobufakazi ecacile neyisekisayo yesibopho somphakathi. Isinqumo savuma ihlazo nokulahlekelwa yinkululeko ehilelekile futhi sagcizelela indinganiso ephakeme kunaleyo esetshenziswa ezicabeni zomphakathi ezivamile. Ukuze imvume iqondiswe, lendinganiso ithonya izinga lobufakazi umahluleli kumelwe abuhlole: amajaji kumelwe anikeze amaqiniso angenza umuntu onengqondo akholelwe ukuthi lowo muntu ugula ngokwengqondo futhi uyingozi. Ukuqagela nje noma umbono womkhaya awunele.

[[UMTL:0]Parham v. J.R.[[UMK.] (1979)

Lelicala lakhuluma ngokuzimisela kwabazali kubazali. Inkantolo yathi abazali bangavuma izingane zabo ezifweni zengqondo ngaphandle kokuzihlolela ngokwamaphutha ezokwelapha, uma nje kunendlela yokuzihlola ezimele. Nokho, isinqumo sagcizelela ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lokuhlola ukungathathi hlangothi kumelwe lwenzeke. Kubantu abadala, imfuneko yokuzibophezela ngaphambi kokuba bazinikele ngokuzithandela ihlala iyinto evamile, ngaphandle kwengozi futhi kunezimo eziphuthumayo ezingadingekile nakubantwana abangaphansi kokwenza izinqumo zabazali.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwesimo Nokungafani Okungokwemvelo

Imfuneko engokomthetho ayifani kulo lonke elase - United States. isifundazwe ngasinye sinomthetho waso wokuzimisela kwesizwe, okuholela ezindinganisweni eziphawulekayo endleleni imvume etholakala ngayo, onganxusa ngayo, nokuthi buphi ubufakazi obudingekayo.

I-Pretiotion v. Izikhulu zangemva kwe-Protious

Kwezinye izifundazwe, kumelwe kutholakale imvume egunyaza ukuthutha umuntu esibhedlela. noma yiliphi isikhulu somthetho esingamfaka umuntu ejele. Ngokwesibonelo, eNew York, isicelo kumelwe sigcinwe enkantolo, futhi umahluleli unikeza imvume egunyaza isikhulu sokuthula ukuba simyise esibhedlela. Le sibonelo sangaphambi komthetho singandisa inqubo efanele kodwa singabangela ukuba ubambezeleka okuyingozi lapho umuntu ezibulala noma enobudlova. Ezinye izimemezelo, njengeCalifornia, zivumela [[FLT:] amahora angu-72] ukuba kuthathwe isikhulu sokuthula noma impilo engosini ngaphandle kokugunyaza, zinikeza umuntu ithuba lokuzifaka engozini noma lokuzikhubazeka abanye.

Indima Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhileleka kwamaphoyisa ekungeneleni kwempilo yengqondo. Uma kutholakala imvume engokomthetho, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kubophekile ukuba kuqedwe, okungahilela ukuthola, ukuthumbana, nokuthutha umuntu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhileleka kwamaphoyisa kungabhebhethekisa izimo, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanemibala, abasosizini olunamandla. Ezinye izifunda zifuna ukuba ochwepheshe bezengqondo bangenele noma bamaqembu ahamba ngezinyawo (*) ukuxhumana kokuqala, ukunciphisa ukuxhumana namaphoyisa kanye nomphumela obuhlungu wokubulawa kwemvume yokubulala.

Imithetho Ephuthumayo Nemingcele Yayo

Zonke izifunda-zwe ezingu-50 zinemithetho ephuthumayo, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "Baker Acts" (Florida), "550 ibambeka" (i-California), noma "iziqondiso zokuzimisela). Lemithetho ivumela ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yenkathi emfushane, ngokuvamile amahora angu- 48 kuya ku-77, lapho kuhlolwa khona. Ngemva kwalokho, uma isibopho siqhubeka, imvume nokuzwa kuyadingeka. Nokho, amanye amazwe avumela ukwandiswa kwesimo esiphuthumayo ukuba kugcinwe ngemvume yokuphatha noma ngemvume yokwahlulela, ngokuphumelelayo ukwakha ijele elingenamthetho elingathatha amasonto amaningi. Lokhu kuphakamisa izinkathazo ezingathi sína zomthetho futhi kuye kwabe nenselelwa ekuncipheni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumangalelwa kwesigaba esingama-2019 se-Illino kuveza ukuthi isimo esivamile esivamile esiphethwe abantu amasonto amaningi inkantolo, ngaphandle kokwephula amalungelo avunyelwe amasonto athile avunyelweyo.

Izinselele, Ukugxeka Nemizamo Yenguquko

Naphezu kwendlela ezivikela ngayo, izimfuneko zokuzibophezela komphakathi zinezinkathazo.

Ukulibala Ukuzwa Izindlebe

Enye yezinselele eziphikelelayo igebe phakathi kwegebe elibhekene nendinganiso yesimo esiphuthumayo nezwi elingokoqobo. Emazweni amaningi, amadokisi agqitshwayo, futhi ukuqulwa kwecala kuhlelwa amasonto noma ngisho izinyanga ngemva kokuvalelwa kokuqala. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, umuntu uhlala esibhedlela ngenxa yentando yawo, ngezinye izikhathi, ngaphandle kokuzimisela kokugcina ukuthi isibopho sifanelekile yini. Lenkathi yokuvalelwa okungenazimo eziphuthumayo ivame ukuba ibangele uvalo lokuqala kuphela lokuzwana okunobumpunga. Izimo zenguquko ziphikisana ngokuthi ukuzwa kufanele kwenzeke phakathi namahora angu-48, okufanayo nemfuneko yecala ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekile. Ezinye izimo ezinjengaleyo, zikhona [FLD:]

Ukungameleli Okungokomthetho Okwanele

Abantu abaningi ababoshwe uhulumeni abanakho ukukhonzwa ngokushiseka. Ezinye izifundazwe aziqinisekisi ukuthi zinelungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko esimisiwe, futhi ngisho nalapho kunikezwa khona iseluleko, abameli bangase bancishiswe kakhulu noma bangaziqeqeshi emthethweni wezempilo yengqondo. Ngaphandle kokuphumelela komthetho wezezimali, ukuzwa imvume kuba yinqubo yenjoloba lapho inkantolo imane yamukela isicelo sikahulumeni. Lokhu kululaza injongo yemfuneko − i-a ihlola enengqondo emandleni kahulumeni. Izinguquko zihlanganisa ukwandisa izinkonzo zomphakathi zezokuvikela isibopho somphakathi futhi ifuna ukuba kuhlangatsheliswe nabathengi ngaphambi kokuba kuxoxwe ngezizathu kanye nokwelashwa okungase kunikezwe.

Umehluko Wezinhlanga Nezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Imininingwane ibonisa ukuthi abantu abanemibala, ikakhulukazi abantu abamnyama, basengozini kakhulu yokubekwa ngaphansi kwesibopho somphakathi futhi babe nemithetho ekhishwa ngokumelene nabo. Bangase futhi bagcinwe ezikhungweni ezilondekile kunendlela yokuphathwa komphakathi. Lezizimo ezihlukene zisikisela ukuthi izinqumo ezigunyazwayo azizona ezokwelapha kuphela kodwa zithonywe ubandlululo olusobala nokungalingani komthetho. Abashisekeli benguquko basekela ukuqeqeshwa okusobala kwabahluleli nabahloli, kanye neqoqo lemininingwane yokuhlola ukudiswana. Ezinye izinhlelo ziye zamukela izinhlelo eziqondisa abantu enqubweni yokuzibophezela ezibopheleleni ekutholeni izindlu ezisekelayo noma ukunakekela okungabekezelelwe, kunciphe isidingo sokunikezwa imvume ngokuphelele.

Ukusiza Ukwelapha Ngesineke Nezindlela Ezingemthetho

Ekusabeleni ekunciphiseni imingcele yesibopho somphakathi, izifunda eziningi ziye zandisa zisebenzisa izinhlelo zokuphoqelela ukunikezwa kweziguli ([FLT). I-AOT ivumela izinkantolo ukuba ziyale abantu abanesifo esingathí sina engqondweni ukuba bavumelane nokwelashwa okubangelwa ukubekezela, imithi nezindlela zokwelapha, njengenye indlela yokuthola imvume yokuthola isibhedlela. Ama-arant asetshenziselwa ukuphoqesha imvume ("atting message messation") [[FLT] imvume ingakhishwa ukuze bahlolwe futhi bathuthe isakhiwo sokuhlola. Le sibonelo sizama ukulinganisela isilinganiso phakathi kwenkululeko nokuphepha kodwa siphakamise inqubo yayo edinga izindleko, ngoba ukuthatha imithi kungaphumela emthethweni, ngisho noma umuntu engekho kabi. [FT] [FT]

Nokho, abagxeki baqaphe ukuthi i-AOT ingandisa ukungenela kwe-aetercinetic, njengoba imvume isetshenziswa hhayi nje kuphela engozini engathi sína kodwa nasekwelapheni okungahambisani nomthetho. I-American Civil Liberesties Union iphikise ngokuthi izinhlelo ze-OT zisengozini yokuba isimiso so "ukuphoqelela ngesineke" okujezisa ukugula kwengqondo kunokusekela ukululama.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokuthuthukisa Inqubo Engalawuleki

Ezinye izikhulu ziphendukela kwezobuchwepheshe ukuze zithuthukise isikhathi nokulunga kwezinqumo ze-octive. Tele-s noma ukuzwa kwamavidiyo kuvumela amajaji ukuba abukeze izicelo futhi akhiphe izicelo, anciphise isikhathi sokugcinwa komthetho kudinga ukuba alinde imejaji. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, lapho umahluleli engase abe kude khona, lokhu kungasho umehluko phakathi kokungenela ngokushesha nejele elinde ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, ukuzwa kwamavidiyo kufaka futhi engozini yokuncitshiswa kobuso obusekuhleni nemfanelo yobufakazi. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi izinzuzo zokufinyelela ngokushesha egunyeni lokwahlulela zidlula kakhulu amahora angenzakala, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlangene nemingcele yesimo esiphuthumayo.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Phakathi Kwenkululeko Nokulondeka

Izimfuneko ezinhle ezisecaleni lokuzibophezela komphakathi akuzona nje izinqubo ezingokwesiko zokwenza umthetho uvikele abantu ekuboshweni ngokungenangqondo kuyilapho uqinisekisa ukuthi labo abadinga usizo ngempela bayaluthola. Isidingo seSichibiyelo sesine, esivumelana nomongo wesizwe, sifuna ukuba umenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi ahlole ubufakazi bokugula kwengqondo kanye nokugula ngaphambi kokuba umbuso uphuce othile inkululeko yabo. Nakuba kunokwehlela okuphuthumayo, kumelwe ahlolwe ngokulinganiselwe ukuze avimbele ukuxhashazwa kokuxhashazwa kweziboshwa futhi aqiniseke ukuthi iziboshwa ezihlala zikhona zinikeza isivikelo esiqinile njalo.

Izinselele eziqhubekayo − ukudilika, ukungalingani, kanye nokulinganiselwa kwempahla , − kubaluleke kakhulu isidingo sokulungisa inguquko eqhubekayo. Amazwe kufanele alwele ukulungiselela ukuzwa ngokushesha, ukumelelwa komthetho okuphumelelayo, kanye nezinye izindlela zokusetshenziswa ekulahlweni noma nini lapho kungenzeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kumelwe amelane nesilingo sokuthola izimfuneko njengendlela elula yokulungisa izimo ezibophekayo kodwa ukwenza kanjalo ngokufanele, ngokuqondene nesithunzi namalungelo abo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banempilo yabo yengqondo.

Njengoba ukuqapha impilo yengqondo kukhula futhi ukuphambaniswa kwemithetho yezomthetho kuba yinto ekhathaza umphakathi, indima yokuzibophezela komphakathi iyohlala iyindawo ebalulekile yempikiswano engokomthetho nengokwezimiso. Labo abahilelekile ekubhaleni, ekusebenziseni, futhi bayibeke inselele lemithetho kumelwe baqaphele ukuthi imfuneko iyisisekelo lapho zonke izibopho zomthetho zikhona, zikhona noma ziyenze ibe buthaka, futhi ukulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu nokuphepha komphakathi kuyohlala. Ukuze bathole ukwaziswa okuningi ngezimiso zomthetho wesizwe nezendaba yamuva, abafundi bangabheka imithombo yezimali [[FTLT:] [FT] [FLT] [FLT] i-Act1], [FLY]