Ulimi lomthetho luyisilimi esikhethekile sesiNgisi, esakhelwe ukunemba nokucaca ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye. Umsebenzi waso oyinhloko ukunciphisa ukungaqondani esimisweni esilawula amalungelo, imisebenzi, impahla, nenkululeko. Kulabo abangangochwepheshe ngokomthetho, abaphethe ibhizinisi, noma abantu abahilelekile empikiswaneni engokomthetho, okufana [[[FLT:] ukunqandwa , , [izisebenzi] ziphinde zisebenziseke ngokusemthethweni [, noma [inani elihilelekile] liyilungelo elilodwa elisebenzayo lokulawula izibophophophozo ezingathi azikho. [[FLT]]

Lokhu kuhlola kususa amagama abalulekile kanye nama-sealumial akha umgogodla wezimiso zomthetho zaseNtshonalanga, egxile ngokukhethekile emagatsheni amabili ayinhloko: umthetho wesiphequ-cil [ no nomthetho wobuPhofu] womthetho [ wobuPhombolo obubalulekile [. Nakuba lezi zimiso ngokuvamile ziphumela phakathi (isenzo esisodwa, njengokuhlasela, kungaphumela kukho kokubili ukumangalelana nokumangalela komthetho kanye nokumangalela kobugebengu), izinhloso zazo, izinqubo, nemiphumelezo evelele. Ukubhekisa amagama akhethekile kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiya ezindaweni ezingokomthetho ngokuqiniseka. [FLT:]

Ukuklanywa Komthetho Wezakhamuzi

Umthetho wesizwe ulawula inqumbi yezingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma ezinye izinhlangano. Umgomo wawo oyinhloko awusona isijeziso, kodwa ukukhulula [ kanye ne[FLT] i-acconsotion[[. Uma ukwenziwa kwephutha lomphakathi kwenziwa, iqembu elilimele lifuna ikhambi, ngokuvamile ngendlela yemali elimazayo noma ukwenza okuthile (umyalo wenkantolo ophoqelela elinye iqembu ukuba lenze okuthile).

Imikhosi Nezinkolo Ezilandela Umthetho

Ukuqonda ukuthi ubani ongase amangalele nokuthi bangamangalelaphi kuyisisekelo senqubo yomphakathi.

  • Platotiff: Iqembu eliqala icala, lisho ukulimaza noma ukwephula umthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-defanting: Iqembu liyamangalelwa, okumelwe liphendule ezimangalweni.
  • Juridiction: Igunya lenkantolo lokuzwa icala. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-consitution yendaba [ (igunya lenkantolo lohlobo lwecala) kanye umbuso womuntu [ [igunya lenkantolo phezu kwamaqembu)]. Inkantolo ayinakukhipha isibopho sokubusa ngaphandle kwegunya elifanele.
  • Ukuma: Ilungelo elingokomthetho le-paltiff lokuletha icala. Ukuma, i-paltiff kumelwe ibonise ukhonkolo, ukulimala okukhethekile okungalandela ukuziphatha kommangalelwa futhi ngokunokwenzeka kubuyiselwe ngesinqumo esihle senkantolo.
  • Ukulawula ukulinganiselwa[: Umthetho omisa isikhathi esigcwele ngemva kwesenzakalo okungaqalwa kuso izinqumo ezingokomthetho. Ukungawutholi lo mkhawulo ngokuvamile kuvala umdwebi ekufakeni isaziso unomphela.

Izimbangela Ezivamile Zokuthatha Isinyathelo

Ukuzisholo kwezakhamuzi kungena ezigabani eziningana ezibanzi, ngasinye sinezici zaso ezikhethekile ezingokomthetho okumelwe zifakazelwe.

Umthetho Ongenamthetho

isithembiso esiqinisekisiwe ngokomthetho. Ukuze kube nesivumelwano esisemthethweni, kumelwe kube khona [ ibonelo, [ ukwamukela[, [[FLT]], i-catshation [[ [isivumelwano senani elibalulekile phakathi kwamaqembu]. Ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano kwenzeka uma iqembu lihluleka ukwenza imisebenzi yalo ngaphansi kwesivumelwano. Ukuhlenga kuhlanganisa ukulimaza (ukubeka izinxeba ezingekho ekufezekeni) futhi ezimweni ezingavamile, ezimweni ezingenzeke zigcwalisekile (izenzo ezithenjiwe).

Umthetho Ongenamthetho

[[QUT:0] i-tort iyiphutha lomphakathi elibangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa, okuphumela ekubekeni icala elingokomthetho. Ngokungafani nomthetho wesivumelwano. Isivumelwano somthetho, imisebenzi ekukhangiswayo ibekwa umthetho nge-tort, hhayi ngesivumelwano. Indawo enkulu yomthetho wetort i- i-glice[, ehlanganisa izici ezine:3]

  • [ Ukungaboni kahle : Ummangalelwa wayekweleta umqalisi umsebenzi ongokomthetho wokunakekela.
  • Breach: Ummangalelwa wawuphula lowomsebenzi ngesenzo noma ngokuphuthelwa (umz., ehluleka ukulalela umthetho womgwaqo).
  • [[NT.0] Ukucubungula: Igebe labangela ukulimala kwe-pactiff, kokubili yiqiniso ("kodwa") kanye nokubona kuqala (ukubonakala kwangaphambili).
  • Amaphutha: I-pallattiff yalimala ngempela, isilinganiso noma ukulahlekelwa.

Amanye amatort ahlanganisa amatorts (umz., ukuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuboshwa, ukunyundelwa kwamanga) kanye imfanelo yecala [ (ukungaguquguquki ngaphandle kobufakazi bephutha, ngokuvamile okusetshenziswa ezimweni eziyingozi zomkhiqizo). Ukungenisa kweTort Law kunikeza ukucatsha okucubungisiwe kwale hlangothi lwalensimu eyinkimbinkimbi.

Umonakalo Nezindlela Zokwelapha Ezilinganayo

Amakhambi atholakala emthethweni wezakhamuzi aklanyelwe ukwenza i - caltiff iphelele, noma ukuvimbela ukulimala okwengeziwe.

  • [[FLT: 0] Imali elimazayo: Ikhambi elivame kakhulu, elihloselwe ukukhokhela i-paltiff ukulahlekelwa okungokoqobo. Lezi zihlukaniswa phakathi kwezimali zezomnotho[ (izikweleti zezokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, umonakalo wempahla) kanye nomonakalo wezomnotho [[ (ukuhlupheka nokuhlupheka, ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo).
  • Imiphumela ehlukanisayo: Iphakwa ngecala lokuziphatha okungathandeki, okungahlosiwe, noma okunonya. Injongo yabo ukujezisa ummangalelwa nokunqanda ukuziphatha okufanayo esikhathini esizayo. Abahloselwe ukukhokhisa ummangalelwa.
  • [ Impumuzo engathintiwe: Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna umbambi hlangothi ukuba enze noma agweme ukwenza isenzo esithile. Lena ikhambi [ elingalinganiyo[ (isekelwe ezimisweni zokulunga), esisetshenziswa uma umonakalo wemali unganele.
  • Umonakalo ongasho lutho: Imali encane (umz. $1,R1) iklonyeliswa uma ilungelo elingokomthetho seliphulwe, kodwa akukho ukulahlekelwa okungokoqobo kwemali okuye kwenzeka.

Isisekelo Somthetho Wesigebengu

Umthetho wobugebengu, ngokungafani nomthetho wesizwe, uhlanganisa ukuqulwa komthetho womuntu ngamunye ( i-defant) ngombuso ( umshushisi []]) ngenxa yokuziphatha okubhekwa njengokulimaza umphakathi uwonke. Injongo iwukugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi, ukujezisa ububi, nokuvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo. Izigxobo ziphakeme emthethweni wobugebengu ngoba isijeziso singahlanganisa ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko, amahlawulo abalulekile, ngisho nokufa.

Izici Zobugebengu: Ukwenziwa Kwezenzo Nezinsizwa URea

Ubugebengu obuningi bunezingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile, ngokuvamile obususelwa egameni lesiLatini actus engasebenzisi facit reum nisi amadoda ahlala khona futhi ("isenzo esithile asenze umuntu abe necala ngaphandle kokuba ingqondo futhi inecala").

  • Actus Reus (Umthetho weGuilty): Isenzo esingokomzimba sokwenza ubugebengu. Lokhu kungaba isenzo soyebo (ukuvungula) noma, kwezinye izimo, ukwehluleka ukwenza (ukwephula) uma kunomthwalo wemfanelo ongokomthetho ukwenza kanjalo.
  • Izimo zengqondo (Ingqondo yeGuilty): Isimo sengqondo noma injongo yommangalelwa ngesikhathi sesenzo. Lokhu kuyahluka ngobugebengu futhi kuhlanganisa injongo, ulwazi, ukunganaki, nokunganaki. Ubugebengu obungathi sína njengokubulala, umbuso kumelwe ubonise injongo ethile noma ububi obucatshangelwe ngaphambili.
  • Ukuthembeka: Eminye ubugebengu obuncane (njengeyokwephulwa komgwaqo noma ukubuyiswa kwemithetho), ayidingi ubufakazi mens rea[. Ukwenza isenzo (ctus reus []) kwanele ukuqiniseka.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezono

Ubugebengu buhlukaniswa kabanzi ngobukhulu, obunquma ukuthi inkantolo inegunya elingakanani nokuthi imiphi imigwebo engase igwetshwe.

  • [ Izenzo zobufebe: Amacala amakhulu avame ukujeziswa ngokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, noma ukufa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa.
  • Imisdemers: Amacala amakhulu ancishisiwe ajeziswa unyaka owodwa ejele, ngokuvamile esikhungweni sendawo noma sesifunda. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukweba okuncane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, kanye nesikhathi sokuqala se-DUI.
  • Iziphambeko[: Ukuphulwa okuncane, ngokuvamile okujeziswa ngokukhokhwa kuphela. Akuhileli kakhulu isikhathi sasejele futhi kuvame ukusingathwa ezinkantolo ezikhethekile. Amathikithi ezimoto ayisibonelo esivamile.

Ukuvikelwa Komthetho - sisekelo Nezenzo Zesigebengu

UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. unikeza isivikelo esiqinile kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, ngokuyinhloko ngeBhili Lamalungelo. Ukuqonda ukusetshenziswa kwalezisivikelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani obhekene nesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna Nokungawutholi Umlomo

Ivikela abantu ekufuneni okungacabangeli nasekuqubukeni uhulumeni. Ukuqikelelwa komthetho ngokuvamile kudinga umqalisi `umyalo wokwahlulela ogunyaza ukuseshwa noma ukuboshwa] okusekelwe entweni engaxazululeki[. Ubufakazi obutholakele bungakhishwa ekuqulweni kwecala ngaphansi komthetho [[FLT:]

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Ukuzixabanisa Nenqubo Efanele

Mhlawumbe isivikelo esidume kakhulu, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu "ozophoqelelwa kunoma yiliphi icala lobugebengu ukuba abe ufakazi omelene naye. Lona umthombo wamalungelo uMenda [ ("Unelungelo lokuthula..."). Liphinde livikeleke ku [[[FLT:]] ingozi ephindwe kabili [ (uma lizalelwe icala elifanayo ngemva kwecala noma ukuvunywa) futhi liqinisekisa [[FLT:] inqubo efanelekile [[FLT:]] yomthetho.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Leseluleko Nokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

Iqinisekisa ukuthi osolwayo unelungelo lokumangalelwa ukuqulwa kwecala nomphakathi , ijaji elingakhethi, ukuze laziswe ngesimo samacala, ku kofakazi abasolwayo [[ [ukulwa] nabo, futhi babe ne- ulwelweluya lweseluleko [[ ngenxa yokuzivikela kwabo. Uma ummangalelwa engenammeli, kumelwe anikezwe (lokhu kuphethwe , futhi abe ne-Gideon.[wFLT][FLT][FLT]]

Isigwebo Sentambo

[Phakathi kwe[NT.[FLT:] ukujezisa [[FLT: 1] konecala, inkantolo ihamba isiya e-'[[FLT:] ithumela izimpikiswano [[[FLT:]. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[12]] iziqondiso zecala, ubungako bobugebengu, inqubo yobugebengu, nokugobeka kwezehlolo noma ukuhlahlela. Izici zingahlanganisa [[FFUT:] [FM:] [5] [5] [11] [FT] [FT] [5] [5],[10] [impopect] [impaza:] [FFT] [FT] [FT] [ect: /FT] [9] [impost: [impase,[10] [inanielect:] [iiphane] [inani]

Umehluko Obucayi Phakathi Komthetho Wezakhamuzi Nowesigebengu

Nakuba ukuziphatha okuthile kungabangela kokubili icala lomphakathi nelobugebengu (isib., O.J. Simpson wakhululwa enkantolo yobugebengu kodwa wathola ukuthi unecala lokufa okungafanele enkantolo yomphakathi), lezizimiso ezimbili zisebenza ezimisweni ezihluke ngokuphelele.

  • Iziphakamiso: Emthethoni womphakathi, amaqembu awumthetho achaza [ (iqembu lomuntu siqu) vs. i-dendending[ (iqembu lomthetho lomthetho wecala). Emthetho wobugebengu, amaqembu ayiprotestrur [ i-protectioner [[FT:7] (isimo). ]
  • Ibheji yobufakazi: Emthethweni womphakathi, i-paltiff kumele ifakazele udaba lwayo [ ukubheka ubufakazi[ (cishe kuyiqiniso kakhulu kunanoma cha, noma > 50%). Emthethoni wobugebengu, umbuso kumelwe ubonise ukuthi unecala [ ungenakho ukungabaza okunengqondo [[]] (indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu, eqinisekile kakhulu).
  • obekuyinjongo: umthetho wezakhamuzi uhlose ukubuyisela isisulu nokuxazulula izingxabano. Umthetho wesigebengu uhlose ukubhucunga [ umenzi wobubi, uvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, futhi uvikela umphakathi.
  • Inzuzo : imiphumela engaphakathi ihlanganisa imali amadamage [ noma informations[[[FLT:]]. Imiphumela yesiphakamiso ihlanganisa [[[FLT:] ukuhlukanisa [[FLT:]], , noma [[FLT:]] izimfawulo.[FLT]
  • [[FLT: 0] Umenzi womthetho-womthetho : Ezimweni zomphakathi, [[FTL:2] ukwahlulela [ noma inquma icala[[ ihlulelo. Ezimweni zobugebengu, [ ukwahlulela noma [[FLT]] inquma ukuthi unecala noma umsulwa, kanye [[FLT:]] ukwahlulela [[FLT]]

Amagama Avamile Akhuluma Ngezindaba Ezivamile

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lomthetho, amagama athile angokwesiko asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke enkantolo nasezincwadini ezingokomthetho.

  • Icala : Icala elingokomthetho noma icala lobugebengu obungathi sína, elikhishwe yijaji elikhulu.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Icala: Inkantolo ehamba lapho ummangalelwa efunda khona amacala ngokusemthethweni futhi icele ukungena esicelweni (icala, hhayi icala, noma i-nolo interiere).
  • Incazelo eyimfihlo[: Isigaba sangaphambi kwezomkhakha lapho kokubili kunikezana khona ukwaziswa nobufakazi obuvumelana nomongo. Amathuluzi okuthola ahlanganisa izinqumo [ (imibuzo ebhaliwe], ] izimo[[] (okanye ubufakazi obungaphansi kwesifungo), kanye nezicelo zezincwadi.
  • Icala lobugebengu : Emthethoni wobugebengu, ukuxoxisana phakathi komshushisi nommangalelwa lapho ummangalelwa evuma khona ukumangalela ngokumangalela okuncane noma isigwebo esithathelwe eceleni. Icala elikhulu lobugebengu lixazululwa ngokufaka isikhalazo, hhayi ngokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Icala: Ukuthola okuyiqiniso okwenziwa yijaji noma ukwahlulela ngezindaba ecaleni (umz., onecala, onecala, onecala, ongasoleki).
  • [ Isinqumo esingokomthetho senkantolo, kuhlanganise nesinqumo nekhambi noma isigwebo esibekwe.
  • Appal[: Isicelo enkantolo ephakeme sokubukeza isinqumo senkantolo ephansi. U-Applellant uphikisa ngokuthi iphutha elingokomthetho lenzekile phakathi necala elithinta umphumela.
  • HAbeas Corpus: Isenzo esingokomthetho umuntu angafuna ngaso ukukhululeka ekuboshweni okungekho emthethweni. Kuyisivikelo esiyisisekelo ekuthatheni isinyathelo sombuso esiwubushiqela.

Okwenza Ukuba Umqondo Ongaphambili Ohlwini Lwezimo Ezingokomthetho

Ulimi olungokomthetho aluklanyelwe ukuba lufiphale; luklanyelwe ukuba luqonde ngqo. Igama elilodwa lingaba nezincazelo ezihlukene kakhulu emongweni womthetho uma kuqhathaniswa nenkulumo yansuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, "umnikelo" evumelwaneni kudinga injongo ethile ukubopha, kuyilapho "ukwamukela" kumele kuboniswe amagama aqondile esipho. Ukusebenzisa igama elithi "ukwamukela" kungadala izibopho zomthetho ezingahlosiwe.

Kunolwazi oluthi i-setiligins (i-individunts ezimelela zona ngokwayo enkantolo), ukungajwayelani kahle namagama asetshenziswayo kungaba okukhungathekisayo. Ukungawuqondi umsebenzi ofingqiwe ngenxa yokuthi umuntu wayengaliqondi igama [] elilawulayo imingcele, noma ukuhluleka ukusabela ngokufanele ekwahlulelweni okufushanisiweyo [[[FLT:] [FLT]], kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni yizinto ezizenzekelayo. Ngokufanayo, ekuqondeni, amagama afana [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [FL:5], [FLT], [FLT] , [FLT] .[FL:] [FLT], noma [FLT] [5]

Izehlulelo U.S. zinikeza izincazelo ezinegunya kunoma ubani ofuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwakhe. Lemicebo iguqula ulimi oluyinkimbinkimbi lwenkantolo lungeneke, luchazwe ngokunembile.

Isiphetho: Ukwazi kahle ulimi loMthetho

Amazwe omthetho wesizwe nowezobugebengu abuswa iziphakamiso, izinqubo, nemigomo ehlukile. Umthetho womphakathi unikeza uhlelo lokuxazulula izingxabano zangasese kanye nokulimaza, kuxhomeke emazwini anjenga chazayo[, [[FLT]], [[FLT]] ne- ne [[FLT] [FLT:] ama-damages[[[[FLT:]].] . isaphula-mthetho secala, kwesinye isandla, siyindlela yokujezamela isigwebo sezwe ehlonze abaphambukayo futhi ivikela umphakathi, eyakhiwe emibonweni enjenge [FLT:] [FT] [5]

Nakuba ekuqaleni zingabonakala zinzima, umzamo owenziwe ekuqondeni la magama ayinhloko unika inzuzo enkulu. Unika abantu amandla okuvikela amalungelo abo, ukuqinisa izifiso zabo, nokusebenzisa isimiso sobulungisa esisemdlalweni ophakeme. Uma usayina isivumelwano, uhilelekile empikiswaneni, noma umane ulandela icala lenkantolo eliphezulu, ikhono lokuguqula ulimi olungokomthetho luwuhlobo olubalulekile lokugunyaza umphakathi olawulwa yimithetho. Ngokuzibeka wena kulemiqondo eyisisekelo, usuka ekubeni ingqapheli elulaze uthathele phambili enqubweni yomthetho.