Igatsha lokwahlulela liyinsika yokubusa kwentando yeningi, lisebenza ngokuchaza imithetho, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokuvikela amalungelo abantu. Ngaphandle kwesimiso senkantolo esilungile nesizimele, umthetho awunakusebenza, futhi izakhamuzi zilahlekelwa indlela yazo eyinhloko yokwenza ukuba kokubili abadlali abangohulumeni nababodwa balandise. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo phakathi nomthetho obanzi, imisebenzi ebalulekile eziyenzayo, ukubaluleka kokuzimela enkantolo, nezinselele ezisongela ukuphumelela kwazo enkathini yanamuhla.

Izakhiwo Eziyinhloko Zezinkantolo

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zihlela izinkantolo zibe izikhundla zabefundisi, isigaba ngasinye sifeza injongo ehlukile. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi amacala abukezwa ngokucophelela futhi amaphutha angalungiswa ngokudluliswa kwesicelo. Ukuqonda izitembu zejaji kusiza ukuba kucaciswe ukuthi ubulungisa buphishekelwa kanjani kusukela ekuqaleni kuya esimweni sokugcina.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

Izinkantolo zecala ziyikhokha iphuzu lokungena kuzo cishe zonke izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Lapha, amajaji noma amajaji ahlola ubufakazi, alalele ubufakazi, futhi asebenzise umthetho emaqinisweni ecala. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, izinkantolo eziqulwayo zinquma icala noma ubumsulwa; ekumangalelweni komphakathi, zinquma icala nengozi. Ngenxa yokuthi izinkantolo eziqu zisingatha umsebenzi wokwahlulela omningi, ukuphumelela kwazo nokungakhethi kuthinta ukuqiniseka komphakathi. Imithetho eminingi ihlukanisa izinkantolo zamacala ngokwezigaba ezikhethekile − njengezephulamthetho, umkhaya, neprobate-oxpotice ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zesifunda [[FLT:]U.S. uhulumeni ulalela izinkantolo zesifunda ezingaphezulu kwezingu 300 000 ngonyaka, kusukela eziphikisanayo zezemthetho zomthetho.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Izinkantolo aziwahloli amacala aphinde ahlolwe. Kunalokho, babukeza umbhalo ovela enkantolo enkantolo eqululweni ukuze bathole ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho angenzeka yini athinta umphumela. Izikhalo zigxila emibuzweni yomthetho . "njengemiyalo engalungile yamajaji" njengemiyalo engalungile, ukuvunywa kobufakazi, noma ukuchazwa ngokungeyiyo kwemithetho ekhona. Iqembu labahluleli (ngokuvamile labathathu) lihlola izimpikiswano ezifingqiwe futhi lizwe ngaphambi kokukhipha umbono obhaliwe. Uma inkantolo ithola iphutha elingalawuleki, ingayala ukuba kuqulwe isahlulelo esisha, noma iguqule isinqumo ngokuphelele. I-mediastellistellate zikhona ezinkantolo eziningi ukuze ikhulu, ukuhluza izimo ezingathi ziphakamise imibuzo engokomthetho.

INkantolo Ephakeme

Inkantolo ephakeme (noma inkantolo engokomthetho) iphethe eqophelweni lenkantolo yecala. Indima yayo eyinhloko ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi nokunikeza izincazelo eziqinisekile zomthetho-sisekelo nemithetho eyisisekelo. Ngokuvamile, inkantolo ephakeme ikhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuwalalela, igxile kulawo ahilela imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, izinqumo zesifunda eziphikisanayo, noma izimpikiswano ezibaluleke kakhulu kwesizwe. Izinqumo zayo ziba isibindi esibophayo kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ephakeme yeNkantolo ephethe [FLT: 0] Brown v. ibhodi yezemfundo yezemfundo yesifunda [[FLT:] [FLT:] [54]] [54]) iphendule umbuso wezwe, ibonisa indlela inkantolo engashintsha ngayo izenhlalo. [FF:]

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngenxa yokwanda kobunkimbinkimbi bomphakathi wanamuhla, izimiso eziningi zezomthetho ziye zamisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile zokusingatha izigaba ezithile zecala. Lezi zihlanganisa izinkantolo zentela, ukuwa kwamacala emali, izinkantolo zentsha, izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, nezinkantolo zempahla ezizimele. Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zivame ukusebenza ngezindlela ezilandelanayo nangamajaji anzulu endabeni yendaba. Ngokwesibonelo, zihlanganisa ukuqondisa kokwahlulela nezinhlelo zokwelapha ukuze kuxazululwe amacala ahlobene nokuluthwa yimilutha, ukunciphisa ukuncintisana nokuhlenga umthwalo ezigebengwini ezivamile. Izinkantolo zomkhaya zizimisele ukuxazulula isibopho sokuwinwa kwezingane, isehlukaniso, nesivikelo sezingane ezimweni ezingezona eziphambili, ngaphambi kokuba zisebenzise izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ukukhokhwa kwabantwana.

Umtapo womtholalwazi wezinkantolo

Izinkantolo zenza imisebenzi eminingi ehlobene neyomphakathi onobulungisa nohlelekile.

Isinqumo Esiphikisanayo

Umsebenzi obonakalayo kakhulu wezinkantolo ukunikeza indlela engokomthetho yokuxazulula izingxabano. Uma amacala engenakuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye ngokuxoxisana noma ngesinqumo esihlukile, aphendukela ezinkantolo ukuze athole isinqumo esibophekayo. Lenqubo i-mishiqela ilwa nemithetho ehleliwe, inciphisa amathuba okuqapha noma izingxabano ezingapheli. Ukumangalelwa kombango ngezivumelwano, impahla, ukulimala komuntu siqu, nokusebenza konke kuxhomeke ezinkantolo ukusebenzisa umthetho ngokungakhethi. Ngisho nasemacaleni obugebengu, umbuso usebenza njengeqembu elifuna ukuphoqelela imithetho engokwesiko, futhi inkantolo inquma ukuthi ummangalelwa uphule yini leyomithetho. Ngokukhipha imiphumela engapheli, izinkantolo ziqinisa isimiso sokuthi akukho muntu ongekho emthethweni.

Ukuchaza Nezinganekwane

Abahluleli kumelwe bachaze izimiso, imithetho, nomthetho-sisekelo lapho bewasebenzisa emaqinisweni akhethekile. Lo msebenzi wokuchaza awuwona oweqile; ngokuvamile udinga ukucacisa ulimi oludidayo, ukuhlanganisa imithetho ephikisanayo, nokuvumelanisa imithetho emidala nezimo ezintsha. Ngemfundiso ye istatus decisis[ (ime ngemibandela enqunyiweyo), izinkantolo zakhe indikimba yesibonelo eqondisa izindaba zesikhathi esizayo. Ukuchazwa komthetho kuvumela abantu ngabanye nebhizinisi ukuba bahlele izindaba zabo ngokuqiniseka okunengqondo. Uma kuchazwa izinkantolo eziphakeme, izinkantolo eziphansi kumelwe zilandele, zidala indikimba eqinile yomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkanto ephakeme ye-Clastcious [FT] [Flectrence] [2] [3]

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengezivikeli zamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nesivikelo somthetho-mthetho. Abantu bangabekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula inkululeko yabo − njengokukhuluma ngenkululeko, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inqubo efanele, noma isivikelo esifanayo − ngokuletha amacala phambi komahluleli. Lokhu kuhlola amandla ombuso ophethe nowomthetho-mthetho kuyisici esichazayo semithetho elawulayo. Izinkantolo futhi zisebenzisa imithetho evimbela ukucwaswa kwenkululeko yamalungelo abantu emsebenzini, emakhaya, imfundo, nendawo yomphakathi. EUnited States, i-Clausse Procession idinga izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uncike umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Ngaphandle kokugcinwa komthetho oqinile, lezisivikelo, isivikelo, i-octivemental proviductionmentation provity

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Emazweni amaningi, izinkantolo zinegunya lokubukeza izenzo zomthetho nombuso wokulawula ukuvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Lombuso, owaziwa ngokuthi ukubukeza kokwahlulela, uvumela inkantolo ukuba ishaye imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo noma idlule imingcele kahulumeni. Icala elivelele burybry v. Madison [1803] [i-i-i-i-aseculo lokwahlulela elimiswe ngokwezinga likahulumeni e-United States. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, izinkantolo emhlabeni wonke ziye zasebenzisa la mandla okuvikela amalungelo amancane, ukuphoqesha amagunya, nokugcina umthetho. Umthetho uhlola amanye amagatsha aphakathi kwemingcele yawo, ukuwenza itshe lesinqumo esiphezulu se-omgalamu yanamuhla.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Nesivikelo Sako

Ukuze izinkantolo zenze imisebenzi yazo ngokungakhethi, kumelwe zizimele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ekusongweni ngokwezimali, nasembonweni womphakathi. Ukuzimela ekwahluleleni akuzange kube ilungelo kubahluleli kodwa kuyisiqinisekiso salabo abazoqulwa icala labo elizonqunywa ngezindlela ezifanele.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Imithetho-mthetho yentando yeningi ivikela ngokuqondile ukuzimela kokwahlulela. Amalungiselelo avamile ahlanganisa amaholo amisiwe angenakuncishiswa phakathi nesikhathi sokumiswa kwamajaji, ukulondeka kokumiswa (kaningi kuze kube inkathi yokuthatha umhlalaphansi ephoqelelwe noma phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle), kanye nokunqatshelwa kokususa amajaji ngaphandle kokuziphatha okubi kakhulu. Lezizivikelo zivikela abahluleli ukuba bangaphindiseli ngesikhulu noma ngesimiso somthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iSiphakamiso III somthetho-Myalo-mthetho unikeza amajajini ahlala njalo futhi unqabela iholo elinciphisiwe, uqinisekisa ukuthi bangabusa ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa izikhundla zabo noma iholo.

Ukukhetha Imali Nokuzitika

Indlela abahluleli abakhethwa ngayo ngokuqondile bathinta ukuzimela kwabo. Nakuba amanye amazwe esebenzisa ukhetho oluthandwayo, ochwepheshe abaningi bezomthetho baphikisa ngokuthi ukumiswa ngokuthunywa kwekhomishane yokungathathi hlangothi noma inhlanganisela yemvume yokulawula nokulawula kuveza abahluleli abaningi abangakhethi. Izimiso zokukhetha ezisekelwe eMnyukweni zihlola abazohlolwa ngezimfanelo, ulwazi, nezindinganiso zokuziphatha kunokuhlobana kwezombangazwe. Izehluleli ezithathe isikhathi eside noma ezingapheli zivale amajaji ekucindezeleni okuthathelwa phansi kwemingcele yezwe, zibavumela ukuba bahlele umthetho esikhundleni esifushane esithandwayo. Nokho, futhi, isilinganiso seshumi sifaka ingozi yokuba abahluleli abahlukaniswe ezinguqulweni ezingeni ezisezingeni ezisezingeni eziphambili, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba ezinye izikhundla zeminyaka noma umhlalaphansi.

Ukuzisebenzela Kwemali

Izinkantolo zidinga imali eyanele ukuze zisebenze kahle. Uma umphathi noma isishaya-mthetho silawula uhlelo lwemali, kunengozi yokuthi ukugawulwa kwemali kungasetshenziselwa ukuthonya izinqumo zokwahlulela noma ukujezisa imithetho engathandeki. Amazwe amaningi aye ashukumiseleka ukwenza igatsha elizimele nemali ebekelwe yona, elivikelwe ukuncitshiswa okuzenzekelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNhlangano yezizwe zonke ye-Intependence ne-Peaception igcizelela ukuthi ihholo lezimali liyingxenye ebucayi yemali ezimeleyo. Ngaphandle kwayo, izinkantolo zingaphoqelelwa ukuba zikhiphele imingcele ngokusemthethweni.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinkantolo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwendima yazo ebalulekile, izinkantolo emhlabeni wonke zibhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ezingaqeda ukuphumelela kwazo nokwethemba umphakathi.

Izenzakalo Zecala Nokulibala

Iziphakamiso ezinzima zihlasela izinqubo eziningi zenkantolo, eziholela ekulibaziseni iminyaka eminingi phakathi kokuhlela nokukhipha isinqumo. Ezicaleni zobugebengu, ukuvalelwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala kunganwebeka izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka, ukwephula ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha futhi kucindezele abamangalelwa ukuba bamangalelwe ukuba baphendule icala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banecala elingokoqobo. Abamangalelwa bangazilahla iziphakamiso ezisemthethweni ngenxa yezindleko nesikhathi sokukhishwa kwemali okudlula noma isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi impumelelo. Izehlongo zomthetho ezingasehlela noma isigwebo, ngokungaphumeleli kwabaphathi bezecala, nokukhuphulula imibhobhoshongo yezentengo yezentengo. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa izixazulu zobuchwepheshe ukuze zikhiphe iziphakamiso zezeli, ze-electal rectiation, ne-datatictionstion . Kodwa ngaphandle kokuthengwa kwezisebenzi nezindawo ezisemkhampathiwe.

Ukufinyelela Izithiyo Kumahluleli

Kubantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi labo abanezimali ezilinganiselwe, isimiso senkantolo asikafinyeleli. Izindleko eziphakeme zokumelelwa ngokomthetho, izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nezithiyo zolimi zidala igebe lobulungisa. E-United States, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abantu abathola imali ephansi bathola inzuzo engafanele noma abanalusizo olungokomthetho ezinkingeni zabo ezingokomthetho eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuxoshwa, ubudlova basekhaya, nokuqoqwa kwezikweletu zezikweletu. Abakhokhi abakhokhi abalwayo (iproced) bazama ukuqondisa izinqubo zenkantolo, ukuveza imiphumela enzima nokucindezela imithombo yenkantolo. Amakhambi ahlanganisa ukuxhaswa okungokomthetho, izinqubo ezilula, izikhungo zokusiza, izikhungo zokusiza, nezikhungo zenkantolo eziphakanyiswayo. Ezinye izinhlangano ziye zamukela “izeluleko lwemithetho elungile”, ukuqinisekisa izivumelwano zemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho, ukukhipha izivumelwano zezindawo zelungelo zelungelo noma ukuwinwa kwezingane.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izinkantolo zivame ukusebenza ngobuchwepheshe obuphelelwe isikhathi, ukulondeka okunganele, nezisebenzi ezinganele. AbaBailiff, omabhalane, abatoliki, nezikhulu zokugwetshwa kwecala ngokuvamile behla belula, bethinta zonke izigaba zenqubo yokwahlulela. Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, izakhiwo zenkantolo azinazo izici eziyisisekelo, futhi amaholo okwahlulela aphansi kakhulu ukuba ahehe futhi agcine abahluleli abafanelekayo. Ukulinganiselwa kwemithombo yemali kubuye kuphazamise ikhono lokumisa izinhlelo ezikhethekile, njengezinkantolo zezidakamizwa noma izinkantolo zempilo zengqondo, ezinganciphisa ukuncishiselwa kwemali kanye nezingxoxo eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni. Imali esekela imali evela kuhulumeni ibalulekile, kodwa futhi izinkantolo zidinga ukuvumelana kokwahlukanisa imithombo yezimali. Indawo lapho ukuqondisa kwanamuhla kungenza umehluko.

Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi Nokucatshangelwa

Umthetho uyimali yejaji. Uma umphakathi ukholelwa ukuthi izinkantolo zikhohlakele, zikhohlakele, noma zithonywe ngokwezombangazwe, abantu bayolahlekelwa ukholo esimisweni sobulungisa. Amacala amakhulu ahilela ukumangalelwa kokungalungi komthetho, ukuthatha imithetho yokususa, noma ukuqonda okungaqashelwanga kungalimaza ukwethembana. Izembu jikelele kanye nemijikelezo yamahora angu-24 yezindaba idinga ukugxekwa okuqhubekayo, ngezinye izikhathi ngokungafanele. Izinkantolo zingasabela ngokuveza obala kakhulu izinqumo, ziphile izikhalo, futhi zihlanganyele nemiphakathi ngezinhlelo zokudlulisa. Izimiso zomthetho nezimiso zokuqondisa izindikimba zezokulungisa iziqondiso zilondoloza ukulandisa. Nokho, ukwakha kabusha ukuthembeka kuyinqubo ethatha isikhathi esithatha isikhathi eside edinga ukuboniswa ngokungakhethi nokufeza impumelelo eminyakeni eminingi.

Indima Yezinkantolo Emzabalazweni Obusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ngaphandle kokuxazulula amacala ngamanye, izinkantolo zinendima ehleliwe ekulondolozeni impilo yezinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Kuyinqubo yamagunya ahlukene, izinkantolo zinikeza i-exakelo emagatsheni aphethe amagatsha nawabendlula umthetho. Uma imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha zidlula imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zingaziveza ziyize. Lo mbuso uvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lithole igunya eliningi. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo ziye zamisa imithetho evimbela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukuvota, noma amaqembu angenamdlalingo. Nakuba ukuhlola kokwahlulela ngezinye izikhathi kuphikisana, ikakhulukazi uma kudlula umthetho othandwayo, kuyisivikelo esidingekile ekubutheni inqwaba yabantu abanegunya. I-jadicariary isebenza njengomchaza imithetho yesisekelo yesisekelo sesimiso sezombangazwe, iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amagatsha asebenza phakathi kwemingcele yayo egunyaziwe.

Ukushintsha Kwezenhlalo Namalungelo Andile

Izinkantolo ziye zasiza ekuqhubekiseleni phambili ubulungisa bezenhlalo, ikakhulukazi uma izindikimba zomthetho zingazimisele noma zingakwazi ukwenza. Izinqumo ze-Landmark ezilawula ukwahlukana ngokohlanga, ukulingana komshado, amalungelo okuzala, nokushintshwa komthetho kubonisa indlela izinkantolo ezingandisa ngayo izinga lesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zinqumo ngokuvamile zibangela ukuphikisana komphakathi futhi zingaholela ekunqandeni kokushaya umthetho noma ekulungiseni umthetho, kodwa futhi ziphoqeleleni umphakathi ukuba ubhekane nokungalungi okungokohlanga. Nakuba izinkantolo akumelwe zibhekwe njengenjini eyinhloko yoshintsho lwezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo [$elegislatureturestures] engcono ekwenzeni umthetho obanzi. Inkululeko ebanzi yemithetho yecala inikeza imvume edingekayo kubantu ngabanye nasemaqembuni amaqembuni amaqembu ukuba abeke inselele imithetho yomthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho nezenzo. [FOct:]

Isiphetho

Isimiso sokwahlulela siyinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi nenamandla ekhona ekusekelweni komthetho. Kusukela ezinkantolo ezisingatha izimpikiswano zansuku zonke kuya ezinkantolo eziphakeme ezimisa imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho, izinga ngalinye lejaji linezela ekuhleleni izingxabano zobulungisa. Izinkantolo zixazulula izingxabano, zichaza imithetho, zivikela amalungelo abantu, futhi zibeke icala likahulumeni. Ukuzibusa kwazo kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezilungile, kodwa kumelwe kuvikelwe ngokuqhubekayo ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe nakwezezimali. Ngalesosikhathi, izinkantolo zibhekene nezinselele ezicindezelayo, izikhala eziphoqelelayo, ukutholakala kwempahla, ukuswelwa kwemitako, nokuncishwa kwemali, nokuncishwa kwethemba umphakathi okudinga ukuguqulwa kokucabangela nokugcinwa kwemali.

Ikomiti yamajaji esebenzayo ayisona isiqinisekiso sobulungisa, kodwa iyinhlangano yentando yeningi engcono kakhulu eye yasungula ukufinyelela impumelelo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba zihlanganyele enqubweni engokomthetho, zisekele intuthuko, futhi zigcine izimiso zazo zobulungisa zinecala. Njengoba izimiso ezingokomthetho zishintsha ukuze zihlangabezane namaqiniso amasha esayensi nezenhlalo, injongo eyinhloko yezinkantolo ayikaguquki: ukukhipha ubulungisa obungakhethi, icala elilodwa ngesikhathi.