Izinkonzo zomphakathi ziyisisekelo sanoma yimuphi umphakathi ochumayo. Zimelela isibopho esihlangene sokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zonke ziyakwazi ukuthola izinto ezibalulekile zokuphila okulondekile, okunempilo, okukhiqizayo. Kusukela emanzini agelezayo esuka kumpompi wakho kuya emigwaqweni ohamba kuyo, kusukela ezikoleni ezifundisa isizukulwane esilandelayo ukuya eziqenjini eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo ezisizayo, izinkonzo zomphakathi zifakwa endwangwini yomphakathi yansuku zonke. Lesihloko sihlola indima ebanzi yalezi zinkonzo, ithonya lazo elikhulu enhlalakahleni yomphakathi, izinselele eziphawulekayo ezibhekene nazo, kanye namasu angaziqinisa ngenxa yekusasa. Ukuqonda lamandla anika izakhamuzi amandla okukhuthaza nokusekela ngokuphumelelayo nokusekela imiphakathi ezihlala eziyaya emakhaya.

Ziyini Izinkonzo Zomphakathi?

Izinkonzo zomphakathi ziyintabalala yezinkonzo ezinikezwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, uhulumeni, nezakhamuzi zendawo. Zinganikezwa ngokuqondile izinhlangano zikahulumeni noma izimali zikahulumeni futhi zinikezwe ngabangane bomphakathi noma abangekho nzuzo. Isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi lezi zinkonzo zitholakala kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi, zixhaswe ngentela, futhi ziklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezibalulekile ezingenakunikezwa noma zingabi khona ngokulinganayo.

Nakuba uhlu oluqondile luhlukahluka ngokwezwe nendawo, ngokuvamile izinkonzo zomphakathi zihlanganisa izigaba eziningana ezibanzi ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuze kusetshenziswe umphakathi:

  • Imfundo:[[FLT] izikole zomphakathi, imitapo, nezinhlelo zakudala.
  • Ukukhathazeka ngezifo: izibhedlela zomphakathi, imithola-mpilo, ukunqanda izifo, nokukhushulelwa kwempilo.
  • Ukuphepha okungalawuleki:[[FLT] Amaphoyisa, iminyango yomlilo, izinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo, nokusabela ngenhlekelele.
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-transport:[ Ukulungisa umgwaqo, izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi, kanye nokuphatha izimoto.
  • [ Isivikelo sobukhoma: amanzi ahlanzekile nomthetho womoya, ukuphathwa kwemfucumfucu, kanye nokunakekelwa kwepaki.
  • I-Sucial Welfare:[ Usizo kubantu abangenayo, asebekhulile, abakhubazekile, nabangasebenzi.
  • Izindawo eziqhelekile: Kaningi amanzi omphakathi, indle, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ugesi noma igesi.

Umqondo wezinkonzo zomphakathi usukela emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, nezibonelo zakuqala ezihlanganisa imisele yamaRoma nezimiso zomgwaqo. Izinkonzo zomphakathi zanamuhla zanda ngokuphawulekayo ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, zishoshozelwa umbono wokuthi uhulumeni unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa izinga eliyisisekelo lokuphila. IZizwe Ezihlangene ziqaphela ukufinyelela izinkonzo ezithile zomphakathi, njengemfundo nezokunakekela impilo, njengamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo. ([ UN Rights Human Rights ])

Ukubaluleka Kwezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Izinkonzo zomphakathi aziyona nje imisebenzi yezikhulu; ziyisisekelo sethuba nokulondeka. Ukubaluleka kwazo kungaqondwa ngezilinganiso eziningana eziyinhloko ezithinta ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila.

Impilo Nokulondeka

Izinkonzo zezempilo zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zokugoma, ukuhlola izifo, nokuthatha izinyathelo zokugawula amanzi ahlanzekile, kusindisa izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke unyaka ngamunye. Iminyango yezempilo yendawo isebenzisa imitholampilo, ihlola ukuqubuka, futhi ikhuthaza ukuziphatha okunempilo. Iminyango yomlilo isabela ezingcingweni ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-30 minyaka yonke e-United States kuphela, kuyilapho izinkonzo zamaphoyisa zisebenza ukuze zivimbele ubugebengu futhi zilondoloze ukuhleleka. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinkonzo, imiphakathi ingabhekana namazinga angamukeleki engozi. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhungo ze-CMnyango Zokunqanda Izifo nonqanda (CDC) zilinganisela ukuthi izitobo ezijovolo zabantwana ziye zavimbela amakhulu ezigidi zezifo. [[[FLD:0] CD]

Imfundo Namathuba

Imfundo yomphakathi ingenye yezici ezinkulu kakhulu emphakathini. Inikeza umnyango wemfundo, kungakhathaliseki inzuzo yomkhaya. Izikole zomphakathi zifundisa amakhono esisekelo, ukugxeka, nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Ngaphakathi kwe K-12, imitapo yomphakathi inikeza imithombo yamahhala, i-Internet, nezinhlelo zokufunda ezihlala njalo. Ukuhlola kubonisa njalo ukuthi amazinga emfundo aphakeme ahlangene nemiphumela engcono yempilo, inzuzo ephakeme, nokuhlanganyela okukhulu kwezezezezemfundo. I-National Center for Education Staties ibika ukuthi izikole zomphakathi zifundisa cishe i-90% yezingane zaseMelika, zizenza itshe lensika yemisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo yesizwe. (][FLD]S ]]]]

Iziyalezo Nokukhula Kwezomnotho

Imigwaqo egcwele kahle, amabhuloho, ezothutho zomphakathi, kanye nezingosi ezisizayo ziwumgogodla wezezomnotho. Amabhizinisi athembele ekuthutheni nakuzinto ezisebenzayo ezithembekile; izisebenzi zincike ekuthutheni komphakathi ukuze zifike emisebenzini. I-American Society of Civil Enginegers ithola amamaki engeziwe njalo eU.S. izisekelo, ukuphawula ukuthi ukuncishiswa kwangaphansi kwemali kuholela entengisweni nasekwehleni. Imali echithwayo yonke esetshenziswayo ekwakhelisweni lomphakathi, kunemiphumela ephawulekayo ephambili ekuphumeleni kwezomnotho. Ukuthutha komphakathi kuphela kungenisa izigidi zezigidi zezinzuzo zezomnotho ngokunciphisa ukuminyana nokuhambisa ukuhamba. [[FLT:] AS] [FUT] Ikhadi lekhadi leze-FUltracraise.[FFFraclactal]

Inhlalakahle Nokungakhethi

Izinkonzo zomphakathi zisebenza njengesivikelo, zibamba labo abawela ezikhathini ezinzima. Izinkonzo zomphakathi njengosizo lokudla, iziqinisekiso zezindlu, kanye nokungasebenzi zisiza abantu ngabanye nemikhaya ukuba iziphithiphithi zezulu. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinhlelo, ubumpofu nokungalingani kungakukhulu kakhulu. Ukucwaninga kwe-Economic Policy Institute kubonisa ukuthi ukutshala imali emphakathini ezinkonzweni zezenhlalo kunciphisa kakhulu ubumpofu futhi kuthuthukise imiphumela emide. Lemisebenzi ithuthukisa ukubambisana komphakathi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izidingo eziyisisekelo zihlangani zihlanganiselwa wonke amalungu omphakathi.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokululama Komphakathi

Izinkonzo zomphakathi zivame ukwenza izindawo namathuba okuhlangana nomphakathi. Amapaki, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezenzakalo zomphakathi zihlanganisa abantu ndawonye, zikhuthaza umuzwa wokuba khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkonzo zomphakathi eziphumelelayo zibalulekile ekulungiseleleni nasekuphenduleni inhlekelele. Izinhlangano zokuqondisa izinhlekelele zihlela abathuthi, zinikeza izikhungo zokukhosela, futhi zisakaze imithombo phakathi nezikhukhula, iziphepho. Izinhlangano ezinezisekelo eziqinile zenkonzo zomphakathi zilulama ngokushesha futhi ziphazamiseke kakhulu.

Izinhlobo Zezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Ukuze siqonde ubukhulu bezinkonzo zomphakathi, kuwusizo ukuhlola izigaba eziyinhloko ngokujule. ngayinye inendima ehlukile nebalulekile.

1. Izinkonzo Zemfundo

Imfundo yomphakathi ayikona nje amakilasi, kodwa ihlanganisa:

  • K-12 Izikole:[ Umgogodla wemfundo eyisisekelo nesekhondali, oxhaswe ngentela yendawo yempahla nosizo lukahulumeni.
  • Imitapo yezincwadi: ngokukhululekile ukufinyelela ezincwadini, amacomputer, imithombo ye-inthanethi, kanye nezinhlelo kuyo yonke iminyaka.
  • Imfundo e-Adult: Izinhlelo ze-GED, amakilasi omsebenzi, kanye nolimi lwesiNgisi.
  • Imfundo yasekuqaleni yobuntwana : Izinhlelo zangaphambi kwe-odergarten ezilungiselela izingane ukuya esikoleni.

Lezi zinkonzo zibalulekile enhloko - dolobha yabantu ethuthukayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukucwaninga kwe - National Bureau of Economic Research kubonisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kwemfundo ephakeme yabantwana abasemncane kungadlula kumaphesenti angu - 7 ngonyaka, kuzuzise kokubili abantu nomphakathi.

Izinkonzo zokwelapha

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo yomphakathi kuhlanganisa:

  • Izibhedlela zePublic ne Clinics:[ Ukukhonza ngaphansi kwenani labantu abalondoloziwe nokunakekela ineti lokuphepha.
  • [ Ukuvimbela ukuTshabalalisa: Ukuhlinza, ukuhlolwa kwempilo, kanye nokulawula umqedazwe.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Izinkonzo zempilo yentamo:[ Inkinga yezintambo ezishisayo, ukunakekelwa kweziguli, nokwelashwa kokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa.
  • [[[NT] Impilo engathi shubhu:[[FLT]] Ukuhlola izakhiwo zokudla, ukugada izinga lomoya, nokuqinisekisa amanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile.

Ngokwe - World Health Organization, ukutholakala kwempilo emhlabeni wonke kuwumgoqo oyinhloko ovimbela impilo yabantu.

3. Izinkonzo Zokuphepha Komphakathi

Lezi zinkonzo ziqinisekisa indawo elondekile:

  • [[[UMhlangano:0] Umnyango wamaphoyisa:[ Imithetho elawulayo, ukuqasha izindawo ezisenkabeni, nokuhlola ubugebengu.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Umnyango we-Fire:[ Ukulwa umlilo, ukusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha, nokufundisa ukunqanda umlilo.
  • [ Imisebenzi yokuzimela enikezwayo ekwakheni izinkonzo zokwelapha (EMS): izinkonzo zobuhlaziyi ezinikeza ukunakekela kwangaphambi komgodi.
  • Ukuphathwa kwe-Disaster:[ Izimo eziphuthumayo ezinjenge-FEMA exhumanisa ukusabela okuphuthumayo okukhulu.

Izinkonzo zokuphepha zomphakathi zidinga ukuqeqeshwa njalo nokubambisana komphakathi. Iminyango eminingi manje igcizelela amaphoyisa omphakathi nokungalondeki ukuze kwakhiwe ukwethembana futhi kuthuthukiswe imiphumela.

4. Izinkonzo Zokuhamba

Izakhiwo nezinkonzo zokuthutha zixhumanisa abantu nezindawo:

  • [[UMTHO:0] Ukugcinwa kweBhuloho nokugcinwa: Ukufunela ukuphepha nohwebo.
  • Public Transit:[[FLT] Ibhase, izitimela, izitimela, izitimela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba, kanye nezitimela ezilula.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuphathwa kwe-Traffic:[ Izimpawu, uphawu, nezimiso zokuhamba ezihlakaniphile.
  • Paratransit: izinkonzo ezikhethekile kubantu abakhubazekile.

I - American Public Transportation Association ibika ukuthi ukuthutha komphakathi okuphumelelayo kunciphisa ukuncika kwezimoto, kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, futhi kunikeza amathuba okuthola umsebenzi.

5. Izinkonzo Zendawo Ezungezile

Ukuvikela imithombo yemvelo kuwumkhakha obalulekile emphakathini:

  • [[UMTHO] Ukwelapha ngamanzi alahlwayo: ukungenisa amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza kanye nokulahlwa kwendle okuphephile.
  • Ukuphathwa kwemfucumfucu okuqinile: ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe, nokugcwaliswa kwendawo.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Park ne-Ission Zokuzijabulisa:[ Ukugcina amapaki omphakathi, izikhondo, nezindawo eziluhlaza.
  • Ukulawula i-Air Control: Ukulinganisa nokuqondisa imithombo yokungcola.

I - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) iphawula ukuthi imithetho yamanzi ahlanzekile inciphisa kakhulu izifo ezibangelwa amanzi.

6. Izinkonzo Zenhlalakahle Yomphakathi

Lezi zinkonzo zisekela abantu abasengozini:

  • [[Usizo lokudla:0] Usizo lokudla: Izinhlelo ezinjenge-SNAP nesikole.
  • [[UMTL:0] Usizo olujabulisayo: Isiqephu 8 i-screentisters nezindlu zomphakathi.
  • Umntwana uvikela izinkonzo: usiza ekuvikelekeni nasenhlalakahleni yezingane.
  • [ Izinkonzo zobuphetho:[ Isidlo kumasondo, izikhungo eziphakeme, nokusekela.

Izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle zezenhlalo zisebenza njengesivimbelelo sobumpofu.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Naphezu kwendima ebalulekile, izinkonzo zomphakathi ezindaweni eziningi zibhekana nezingcindezi ezikhulayo.

  • Ukulungisa izinkomfa: Izinkonzo eziningi zomphakathi zixhaswe ngentela yempahla nangemali yombuso, okungashintsha-shintsha ngemijikelezo yezomnotho. Ukugcinwa kwezakhiwo zesakhiwo okuqinile kuwumphumela ovamile, oholela ekulungiseni okubizayo kamuva. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 owehliselwe izindleko zemali kuhulumeni abaningi bendawo.
  • Akubona bonke abazuza ngokulinganayo. Imiphakathi yasemaphandleni ngokuvamile ayinakho ukungena ezithuthweni zomphakathi, ezikoleni zezempilo, nakuyi-inthanethi ephezulu. Izindawo ezithola imali ephansi zingaba nezikole ezidaliweyo nezingangeni eliphansi. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo wokungaphumeli kahle okuhloselwe ukuqeda kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuqhubekiswe phambili.
  • Imisebenzi yomphakathi ivame ukuncintisana nesigaba esizimele ukuze sithole ithalenta. Iholo eliphansi, ukucindezeleka okukhulu, nokutubeka kuholela ezindaweni ezisebenzayo, ikakhulukazi ekufundiseni, ekunakekeleni, nasekuqikeleleni umthetho. Ukuguga kwezakhiwo zomphakathi kuyinto ekhathaza ngempela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iqophelo lokwehla kwenani labantu abagugile: Inani labantu abagugile lidinga ukunakekelwa kwempilo nosizo lwezenhlalakahle, kuyilapho izizukulwane ezisencane zidinga imfundo nokuqeqeshwa komsebenzi. Izindlela zokuguqula inqubo zishintsha futhi isidingo sezinkonzo zolimi kanye nokuncintisana kwamasiko. Izinkonzo zomphakathi kumelwe zivumelane nalokhu kushintsha ngaphandle kokwehlisa izinga.
  • [ Izikhulu zezentengiselwano: Izakhamuzi zilindele ukufinyelela izinkonzo ngemishini, kusukela ku-inthanethi yokukhokha imali ehambela odokotela. Izinhlangano eziningi zomphakathi azinazo imithombo yokusebenzisa izimiso zazo zamagama, eziholela ekunelisekeni nasekukhungathekeni.
  • I-Hure ePhakeme ne-Religatary: i-Bureator red tape, ukungavumelani, kanye nemithetho ephikisanayo inganciphisa ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo kanye nokusungulwa kwemisebenzi.

Ngokwesibonelo, i - National League of Cities ibika ukuthi amaphesenti angu - 20 ohulumeni bendawo abanawo umthombo okhethekile ongokwezimali wokulungiswa kwezakhiwo, oholela ekwandeni kwezidingo.

Ukuthuthukisa Izinkonzo Zomphakathi

Ukuqinisa izinkonzo zomphakathi kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngamabomu ngamazinga amaningi. Izinhlangano zingathatha izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi lemisebenzi ebalulekile iyaqhubeka ihlangabezana nezidingo.

  • Advocate for Survivivince Funding: Izakhamuzi zingasekela izinyathelo zokuhlela isibopho noma ukwanda kwentela okunikezelwe ezinkonzweni ezithile ezinjengezikole noma ezokuthutha. Ukukhuthaza ukutshala kwezwe nombuso ezimisweni zezesisekelo nezokuhlalisana kubaluleke ngokufanayo.
  • I-Embrace Technology kanye ne-innovation: Imishini ingasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile bomuzi, njengokulandelana kwendlela yangempela, izinhlelo ze-inthanethi yokungena, kanye nemininingwane yokuhlela indawo ebekelwe indawo. I-Telehealth nemfundo ekude yandiswa phakathi nomqedazwe futhi ihlale inamathuluzi abalulekile.
  • I-Invest in Workforce Development: amaholo aqoqayo, amathuba okuthuthukisa umsebenzi, nokusekela impilo yengqondo kungathuthukisa ukujoyina nokugcina. Izinhlangano namayunivesithi nezikole zokuhwebelana zingadala amapayipi ekhono elisha.
  • [ Inhlangano ye-Foster Community Incenment:[ Izindawo zomphakathi ezivamile, amabhodi ezakhamuzi, namapulatifomu anikeza ukwaziswa ku-inthanethi aqinisekisa ukuthi izinkonzo ziveza izidingo ezingokoqobo. Ukuhlanganyela kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ngokuqondile ukuthi zingasebenzisa kanjani imali yomphakathi.
  • hlela i-quality: Ukuhlola okuphelele kungaveza ukwehluka kokwabelana ekungeneni kwenkonzo. Ukutshala izimali okuhloselwe ezindaweni ezigciniwe kungasiza ekulinganiseni inkundla yokudlala. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amadolobha akha izindawo zokuthutha ezikhululekile ezindaweni ezikhona eziphansi.
  • I-cologiodie conostic Cross-Sector Collation: Ubudlelwane bomphakathi bomuntu siqu bungasiza ekusebenziseni imishini emikhulu nokuxhasa ngemali. Inzuzo engakhi ngokuvamile iphelelisa izinkonzo zikahulumeni, futhi ukubambisana kungagwema ukuphindaphindeka.
  • [[INKONZO:0] Ukushushisa nokuxhumanisa Imiphumela: ukubika okusobala ngemiphumela kwakha ukwethembana nokulandisa. Uma izakhamuzi zibona indlela amadollar azo entela athuthukisa ngayo ukuphila, zisengozini kakhulu yokusekela izinkonzo zomphakathi.

Cabanga ngesibonelo sikaChattanooga, eTennessee, owakha umphakathi wesici semicu esinepeyinti enkulu. Lokhu kutshala akuthuthukisanga nje i-inthanethi kodwa kwathuthukisa futhi kwanciphisa intuthuko yezomnotho. Ukusungula okunjalo kubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka uma izinkonzo zomphakathi zifinyelelwa ngokubona nangokuzimisela.

Isiphetho

Izinkonzo zomphakathi zingezizinto ezisiza abantu ukuba baphile nsuku zonke. Zifundisa izingane zethu, zivikele impilo yethu, zisigcine siphephile, zisiqhubele phambili, futhi zinakekele indawo ezungezile kanye nabasengozini. Nakuba zibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu zokwenza izimali kusuka emagebesini emali kuya ekuhlukaneni kwenani labantu, [1] lezi zithiyo azinakungenakunqotshwa. Ngokufundiswa ngekhono lokuthola izingane, ukutholwa kwabantwana ngezobuchwepheshe, ukutshala umsebenzi, kanye nokuzimisela okuqinile kokungalawuleki, izinhlangano zomphakathi, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, kuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yazo zonke izakhamuzi. Umthwalo oyinhloko ukhona wokuqonda, inani, nokuhlanganyela ngokuqhubekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezinkonzo zomphakathi ezibumba itshe lemali, echumayo, neyodwa umphakathi.