Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Sokulwela Inkululeko

I-United States Constitution, eyagunyazwa ngo-1788, yamisa uhlelo lokubusa olwalungaphelele ngamabomu. Abasunguli baqonda ukuthi incwadi eqinile ayinakulindela yonke inselele yesikhathi esizayo yenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Inqubo yokulungisa eyakhiwe eSigabeni V yaklanywa njengendlela yokukhulula isizwe ekulungiseni inqubo, ukwandisa isivikelo, nokusabela ekususeni ukuqonda kokuziphatha nezenhlalo. Eminyakeni engu-30 edlule, ukuqedwa kwemithetho-mthetho kuye kwasebenza njengemoto eyinhloko yokwandisa inkululeko yomphakathi, ukuguqula incwadi eyakhiwe ekuqaleni ekuyekeni kwezelweni kwecala lobugqila, futhi elinganiselwe ekwakhelweni umthetho, okungakhokhwa okungakho okuqinisekisa amalungelo abantu base-Melika.

Indaba yenkululeko yomphakathi eMelika ayiyona enye yentuthuko elandela imingcele kodwa kunalokho yezempi eziqinile, izinhlekelele zomthetho-sisekelo, nokwanda ngezikhathi ezithile okwalandela izinhlangano ezinkulu zezenhlalo. Kusukela ekuhlanekezeleni kweBill of Rights ngo 1791 kuya ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nenkululeko yomuntu siqu enkathini yobuchwepheshe, ukuguquguquka ngakunye kuye kwabonisa ukungezwani kwenkathi yalokube ubeke izindinganiso ezintsha zenkululeko. Ukuqonda lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela inkululeko yaseMelika eye yachazwa ngayo, yaphikiswana futhi yachazwa ngayo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Ukuthola Isivikelo Nemingcele Yaso Yasekuqaleni

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa njenge-Bill of Rights, zagunyazwa ngo-1791 njengempendulo eqondile esabelweni sawo amasosha alwa nombuso ophakathi. Lezi zinguquko zamisa indawo yokuzibusa yohulumeni ohulumeni ababengeke bayihlasele. Nokho iBill of Rights ekuqaleni yasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, hhayi embusweni, futhi isivikelo sayo sasilinganiselwe kakhulu kunencazelo yesimanje.

Inkulumo, Inkolo Nomhlangano

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sakha udonga phakathi kukahulumeni nonembeza womuntu ngamunye, ukuvikela inkulumo, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana nelungelo lokucela. Nokho, eminyakeni yaso yokuqala, uMthetho weSigqizo sango-1798 wabonisa indlela lezisivikelo ezingase zibe buthakathaka ngayo, ziphakamisi ngayo ukugxekwa kukahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme ayiqalanga ukuphoqelela iSiphendulo Sokuqala ukuba sivikelwe kuze kube yikhulu lama-20 leminyaka, nezenzakalo zemingcele ezinjenge Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969])) iqinisekisa ukuthi inkulumo ingavinjelwa kuphela uma ikhuthaza isenzo esingufulume kakhulu sokungabi namthetho. Namuhla, iSiphendumiso sokuqala siyaqhubeka sizenza ngokuncitshiswa kwemibango yezekwayo yonke imibuzo ephathelene neze umphakathi, ukuncintisana nenzondo.

Izikhali, Ukuhlola, Nesijeziso

ISichibiyelo Sesibini &FLTSquo; sinelungelo lokuphatha futhi sithwale izikhali siye sadala impikiswano enkulu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweNkantolo Ephakeme i’ izinqumo ku- IHeller yase-Columbia v. [2008] ne[FLT]MC]D [MDonald v. Chicago[[] [2020]] [2010], eyaqaphela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nelobo lokudubula izibhamu futhi yalusebenzisa ezifundazweni. ISiphetho Sesine &ctrisquo; isivikelo ekuhlolweni okungacabangeki nokuqubuka okungaqondakaliyo, ngokuvikelwa isigwebo esingavamile, kanye nezigwebo zezekwezelule izigwebo zeze zeze zezelule isigwebo, isigwebo esiqinile, futhi iqale ngokuvikelwa ngokuvikelwa kwezelelwe ngokunye, izigwebo zezezelelwe ngezindlela zezezezezezezezezezezeze zesizwe.[FL:] [

Izinqumo Zokwakha: Ukunciphisa Izakhamuzi Nokulingana

IMpi Yangaphakathi kanye nomphumela wayo kwaveza ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kusukela eSiphakamisweni samalungelo. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane neshumi elinesihlanu, sagunyazwa phakathi kuka-1865 no-1870, ngokuyisisekelo saguqula ubuhlobo bomthetho-sisekelo nokukhululeka kwabantu ngabanye. Lokhu kulungisa kwabuqeda ubugqila, kwamisa ubuzibulo, kwaqinisekisa isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi kwenqabela ukucwa kwezinhlanga ekuvoteni.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nantathu Nobuqotho Obungenzeki

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu senza okungaphezu kokuqeda ubugqila − i-Congress egunyaze umthetho wokuqeda i- “ ibadges nezenzakalo ” zobugqila. Lesi sigqebhezana siye sasetshenziselwa ukusekela imithetho elwa nobandlululo kahulumeni futhi, ngokuphikisana kakhulu, ukusingatha izindlela zanamuhla zokugqilazwa nokushushumbisa abantu. I-andendment ’ ngaphandle kwe “ isijeziso sobugqila ” njengesijeziso sobugebengu siye sabhekiselwa futhi ukuthethelela izenzo zezisebenzi zasejele, ilungiselelo eliqhubeka liletha inguquko.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane ’ Siguqula Amandla

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane leminyaka siyisici esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu sokulungisa inkululeko yanamuhla. Isivikelo Saso Esilinganayo uClaus siye saba isisekelo semithetho yamalungelo omphakathi, kusukela Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ (1954]), eqede ukuhlukaniswa kwesikole, kusenzelwa inkululeko efanayo. [[FLT] [FTLT]] [iNT] (2015], leyo egunyaziwe ngokomthetho. I-Creauscession isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa okuningi kweMibusombululo emelene nezifundazwe, okushoshosholo, manje ohulumeni kumelwe bahloniphe inkululeko efanayo eyisisekelo ewunikezwa uhulumeni. Unicast Clausstionssssquo; [Frect:] i-Fothrect:[4] ne-od Trectededededededed, noma i-odvertiventine. kunomanethiwezwe yi-od, i-od yesizwe.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu Nokulwela Ukusakaza Amalungelo

IsiHluzi seshumi nanhlanu seSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu sanqabela ukunqatshelwa kwevoti esekelwe ohlazweni, kodwa isithembiso sayo salulazwa ngokushesha ngokuhlola ukubhalisa, ukukhokha intela yokuvota, izigaba, umkhulu, nobudlova obuqondile. Kwathatha cishe ikhulu leminyaka(ne-(Piting Rights Act) noMthetho wama-1965) ka-1950 (Prevenment ’ iziqinisekiso zabekwa phansi. Isinqumo seNkantolo i-’ isinqumo [ku-FLT:0] Shelby County v. Raker [2013], eyagawula imibandela eyisihluthulelo ye-Voiting Rights Act, iye yathatha izimpikiswano mayelana nokuvotela i-votistment ne-actalsccom; iyaqhubeka.

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nokwanda Kwentando Yeningi

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama - 20 kwaba nezinguquko ezingokomthetho ezaziqhutshwa inhlangano ethuthukayo. Lezi zinguquko zakhuluma ngezindaba zokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, intela, nobulungisa bezenhlalo, okubonisa inkolelo ekhulayo yokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo kufanele ufeze okuhle okuvamile.

Ukukhethwa Okuqondile Kwababusi Nentela

ISichibiyelo seSeventeenth (1913) sashintsha ngokuyisisekelo indlela abameli be-senamente abakhethwa ngayo, esikhundleni sokukhethwa kwemithetho yombuso safakwa okhethweni oludumile. Lokhu kushintsha kwanciphisa ukonakala futhi kwenza iSigele sasabela kakhulu kubavoti. ISichibiyelo sesithupha, sagunyaza unyaka ofanayo, sagunyaza intela yeholo kahulumeni, sinikeza ukuqoqwa kwentela okwakuzoxhasa izinhlelo zikahulumeni namalungelo omphakathi ekwandiseni amashumini eminyaka kamuva. Zombili izinguquko zabonisa ukuncitshiswa kwesilinganiso sokubusa kwaseMelika.

Abesifazane Actrsquo; Bakhipha Icala NeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba, esagunyazwa ngo-1920 ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka empikiswano ngokubhalisa okunjengoSusan B. Anthony no-Alice Paul, salahla ukuvota ngesisekelo sobulili. Lokhu kwakuwukukhula okukodwa okukhulu kakhulu kokhetho emlandweni waseMelika, okuhlanganisa izigidi zabesifazane. Ukunqandelwa akuzange kususe ngokushesha zonke imingcele kwabesifazane abano-’ ukuthatha igalelo lezombangazwe (abesifazane abanombala baqhubeka bebhekene nokuncishwa kwevota) kodwa kwamisa isimiso somthetho-mthetho sokuthi ubulili abunakusetshenziswa ukuvimbela izakhamuzi ekuhlanganyeleni nentando yentando yeningi. Impikiswano yanamuhla yamaLungelo amalungelo eMithelela ukulingana kwezimiso zomthetho.

Inkathi Yamalungelo Omphakathi Nokuguquka Komthetho - sisekelo

Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yekhulu lama-20 yaphoqelela iMelika ukuba ibhekane negebe phakathi kwezithembiso zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinto ezingokoqobo. Nakuba lenhlangano yaphumelela kakhulu ngomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Sehora Elingamashumi Amabili Nemvume Yokusakaza

I-ratived yabekwa ngo-1946, iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane seSichibiyelo se-Fonda se-operathi se-othon yaqeda intela yokuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni. Intela yokubheja yasetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emazweni aseNingizimu ekulahleni abavoti base-Afrika kunye nabamhlophe abampofu. Inguquko yamelela ukusabela okuqondile eqhingani eliqondile lokucindezelela umvoti futhi yabonisa indlela izinguquko ezisekelwe ngokomthetho ezazingasusa ngayo imingcele yokuhlanganyela. Kamuva iNkantolo Ephakeme yandisa lesi simiso kuhulumeni wokhetho Harper v. Virginia Board of EFUFLT [196].

ISichibiyelo Se - 20 Nemisebenzi Yobusha

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye, esagunyazwa ngo-1971, sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba ngu-18 kukho konke ukukhetha. Ukulungisa kwaqhutshwa inkathi yeMpi yaseVietnam yokuthi uma abantu abasha babekhule ngokwanele ukuba bajongwe, babebadala ngokwanele ukuba bavote. Sadlula ngesivinini esiphawulekayo cishe izinyanga ezintathu kuphela kusukela ekuvumeni kokuvota ukuthatha i-ratiation. Ukuqedwa kwezombangazwe kwanwetshwa yizigidi zabantu futhi kuye kwashintsha inkulumo yezombangazwe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Izimpi Zanamuhla Zokukhululeka Emphakathini NoMthetho - sisekelo Ongachithiwe

Kusukela ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho kokugcina kwagunyazwa ngo-1992 (iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu, ngokuphathelene nenkokhelo yenhlangano), inkululeko yomphakathi iye yaqhubeka iguqukela ngokuyinhloko ngencazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme, umthetho kahulumeni, nezinguquko zezinga likahulumeni. Akukho kulungisa okusha okuye kwenezelwa, kodwa incazelo yalezo ezikhona iye yaguqulwa kakhulu.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

INkantolo Ephakeme &’ iqaphela umshado owenziwe ngokobulili obufanayo . Hodges (2015]) (2015) yayisekelwe kwiNkathi yeSiphakamiso se 144 seSiphendu ’ i-Sitemo ne-Monime Programme Classicales, hhayi kunoma isiphi inguquko entsha. INkanto ephethe ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo elingenakuphikwa imibhangqwana efanayo. [FLT] Bhostbs v. County [Clayton [[FLT:] [20]) ikholelwa ukuthi iSihloko se-I&quo; ukwenqanyulo lobulili emsebenzini wokuthuthukisa ukuphathana kwesimilo, ukuchaza umthetho omusha wemithetho yomthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-wonke (LT]) i-Clabelton Count [20] i-preditionssions]

Ukuba Wedwa, Ubuchwepheshe, NeSichibiyelo Sesine

Inkathi yezibalo iye yaphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba zichaze kabusha iSichibiyelo sesine &ctsquo; izivikelo ekuhlolweni okungacabangeki ngobuchwepheshe Abasunguli abangeke bacabange. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme i’ i- Carpaenter v. i-United States[FLT][2018] [2088]) yakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni udinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola amarekhodi ezindawo zocingo, eqaphela ukuthi abantu balindele ukuba imfihlolo endleleni ye-inombolo abaqala ngayo. Lezi ziveza indlela izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ezingazivumela ngayo izimo ezintsha ngaphandle kokuzilungisa, nakuba iziteshici zemishini ziqhubeka nokubiza isivikelo esicacile.

Amalungelo Okuwohloka Ne - ADA

I-American eneSivumelwano sokukhubazeka sango-1990, nakuba ingesona isilungiso somthetho-mthetho, iye yasebenza njengesenyuselo sokwandiswa kwenkululeko yomphakathi kubantu abakhubazekile. Imfuneko yezindawo zokuhlala ezifanele nezindawo zomphakathi ezifinyelelekayo isuka eMthethweni we-144th Reformation ’ i-Sucle Protection Claus e and Congress ’ amandla okuqinisekisa isiqinisekiso somthetho-mthetho-siseko. I-ADA’ i-mfunda eyalandela iminyaka eminingi yezenzo ngokulwela amalungelo abantu abakhubazekile abaphikisa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi kwakuwuhlobo lobandlululo okufanele luvinjelwe umthetho.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Okwenza Ushintsho Lube Nzima

Inkinga yokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo iyisivikelo senkululeko (nesithiyo sokunwetshwa kwayo. I-Agate V idinga amavoti amabili-ntathu kuzo zombili izindlu zoKhongolo nokwandiswa kwezindawo ezintathu, ibhande eliphezulu ngamabomu eliqinisekisa ukuvumelana okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba umthetho oyisisekelo ushintshe. Kusukela ngo-1789, izinguquko ezingaphezu kuka-11 000 ziye zahlongozwa eKhongolo, kodwa ezingu-33 kuphela ezithunyelwe ezizweni, futhi 27 kuphela ziye zagunyazwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukwanda okukhulu kwenkululeko yomphakathi ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngencazelo yomthetho noma umthetho kunokuba kuhlolwe.

Leli qiniso linezinzuzo nezithiyo. Kwesinye isandla, ibhande elikhulu livimbela izimfuno zezombangazwe ezidlulayo ekuthatheni izinkanuko zesikhashana emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusho ukuthi isivikelo esithile − njengalezo ezimelene nobandlululo lobuhlanga nolwesilisa besilisa . Impikiswano yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uqhubeke kalula, kanti ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi le nqubo yamanje kunzima kakhulu ukuxazulula izinselele zanamuhla eziphuthumayo.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo Nempi Eqhubekayo

Ukwanda kwenkululeko yomphakathi ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo akuyona indaba eyaphela ngo-1971 noma ngo-1992. Kuyinqubo eqhubekayo yokuchaza, ukuqamba izimali, nokulwa kwezombangazwe. Ukulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo kumelela izenzakalo ezithatha isikhathi eside eMelika i-’ ukuqhubekela phambili embonweni wenkululeko, kodwa akuyona inqubo yokugcina. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sinqume ukuthi inkululeko isho ukuthini emongweni waso, ukuthi ihilela ukuvikela ukuzala, ukuqinisekisa ukuvota, ukuvikela ukufinyelela kwenkululeko eyimfihlo, noma ukubheka ukucwacwacwa.

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo lwenzeka lapho kuhlelwa izinhlangano zezenhlalo, lapho izinkantolo zizimisele ukuphoqelela izithembiso zomthetho - sisekelo, nalapho abaholi bezombangazwe bekhuphuka kulesosenzakalo. iBill of Rights, iReconstrumentation, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesitho, kanye namalungelo abantu enkathini yezakhamuzi konke kwashintsha ngenxa yokuthi abantu bafuna ukuba uMthetho - sisekelo uphile ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zawo. Umzabalazo ofanayo usaqhubeka namuhla, njengoba abameleli bamalungelo okuvota, inguquko yokwahlulela ngokwezigebebengu, iLGBTQ+ ukulingana, nezinye izimbangela ziphoqelela ukufezeka okuphelele kwenkululeko yaseMelika.

Le misebenzi ayiyona izikhumbuzo ezihlala njalo, kodwa iyithuluzi isizukulwane ngasinye esingalisebenzisa ukuze sandise inkululeko, silungise ukungabi nabulungisa, futhi sakhe isibopho esiphelele. Ukuqonda ukuthi siye sasebenza kanjani esikhathini esidlule kubalulekile kulabo abafuna ukuhlela indlela abayosebenza ngayo esikhathini esizayo.

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe Nemithombo

  • INational Archives inikeza umlando ophelele nowokuhlanganisa zonke izinguquko ezingu-77 .gov.
  • I- Library of Congress inikeza imithombo ebanzi yeziNkambiso zokuvuselelwa kanye nomongo wazo womlando .gov.
  • Ukwaziswa okungokomthetho emacaleni eNkantolo Ephakeme ukuchaza ukulungiswa kwenkululeko yomphakathi kutholakala nge Cornell ’ i-Legion Information Institute e law.corell.edu.
  • I-American Civil Liberties Union ilandela izimpi zenkululeko zomphakathi eziqhubekayo e aclu.org.
  • Pew Research Center inikeza ukwaziswa okuphathelene nesimo sengqondo somphakathi ngezindaba zenkululeko yomphakathi phearch. org.