Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samalungelo Omphakathi

Amalungelo omphakathi e-United States asekelwe eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo nasenguquko yawo, emisa uhlelo lwendlela ohulumeni abavikela ngayo inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyilapho belondoloza ukuphepha komphakathi. ISigqi se-Bill of Rights, sagunyazwa ngo-1791, sabeka isisekelo sesivikelo esiyisisekelo kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nelungelo lokusebenza ngokufanele. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iziNguquko zenkululeko yomphakathi ̬ i-13, 14th, ne-15 &812; ubugqila, obuyekile isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi inqabela ukucwa kwezinhlanga ekuvoteleni. Lemiya ngokomthetho yakha itshe eliyingi phezu kwamalungelo alandelayo asungulwe umthetho womphakathi.

Ohulumeni emazingeni kahulumeni, kahulumeni, nawendawo bathola igunya lokuvikela amalungelo abo omphakathi kulemithombo yomthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo se 14th Provincible ̱ i-Ulwelo oluhlangene luka-Claus luye lwaba nethonya elikhulu, lusebenza njengesisekelo esingokomthetho sezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ephawulayo ezaqeda ukuhlukaniswa, ziqinisekisa ukulingana komshado, futhi zivikela amalungelo abantu ukuze baphathwe ngokulinganayo ezindlini zomphakathi. Ukuqonda lesi sisekelo somthetho sibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi esisebenza ngayo.

Nokho, abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo baqonda ukuthi amalungelo awakona ukuzibulala. Badinga ukuphoqelelwa kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni. Lokhu kubangele ukuba kwenziwe imishini emikhulu engokomthetho neyokuphatha enikezelwe ekuguquleni izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezingekho ngqiqweni zibe yisivikelo esibonakalayo sazo zonke izakhamuzi.

Imisebenzi Engokomthetho Evikela Ukukhululeka Kwabemi

Umthetho obaluleke kakhulu wamalungelo omphakathi wekhulu lama-20 weza phakathi nonyaka ka-1960, inkathi yokushintsha okukhulu kwezenhlalo nemisebenzi yemithetho. UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 uwumthetho kahulumeni obanzi kakhulu onqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini, noma emzalweni wesizwe. Lo mthetho ovelele owenqabela ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zomphakathi, uvimbele imikhuba yokucwa kwezenziwa komthetho wezemthetho emsebenzini, futhi wamisa uhlelo olungokomthetho lokususa izikole nezindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi. I-Voting Rights Act ka-19656 yalandela, ngokuqondisa ngokuqondile imikhuba yokuvota i-krala ehlukene nezindawo zokuvota izinhlangano zeze ngokomthetho ezaziye zamazwe aseMelika, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu.

I-Fair Howard Act ka-1968 yandisa isivikelo emakethe yezindlu, yenza kube okungekho emthethweni ukucwasa ngokuhlukanisa ezinkolweni, ngokuqasha, noma ngokwezimali izindlu ezisekelwe ebunhlalweni, enkolweni, ezweni, ebulilini, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka. Muva nje, iMatthew Shepard noJames Byrd Jr. Veta Cringes Prevention Act ka-2009 iqinisa imithetho yenzondo kahulumeni yobugebengu, inikeza imithombo eyengeziwe yemithombo yezeluleko lokuhlola nokuhlola ubugebengu obunobudlova obubangelwa ubandlululo. AmaMelika anobunzima obungamele ingqophaza (AA) ka-1990 imelela enye intuthuko, inqabela abantu abakhubazekile ngokukhubazeka kwabantu phakathi nomsebenzi, izinkonzo zomphakathi, ezokuthutha abantu, ezokuthutha abantu, ezomthetho zokuxhumana nomphakathi, nezindawo zokulala.

Le mithetho yenza okungaphezu kokumisa izindinganiso ezingokomthetho. Isungula izindlela zokubika ukwephulwa kwemithetho, ukufuna amakhambi, nokubeka icala labo abaphula umthetho. Noma isiphi isakhamuzi esikholelwa ukuthi amalungelo aso esizwe aphulwe singafaka isikhalo ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalakahle, siqalise ukumangalelana ngasese, noma sifune usizo ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo omphakathi. Ukuba khona kwalezi zindlela kuguqula amalungelo angabonakali abe yisivikelo esisebenzisekayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo Nendima Yazo

ICivil Rights Division of the Department of Justice (DOJ) isebenza njengenhlangano eyinhloko kahulumeni enomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi. Nabameli nezisebenzi ezingaphezu kuka-600, leliqembu lihlola ukucwasana kwezemfundo, umsebenzi, ukugcinwa komthetho, nezinye izindawo. Iqhuba uphenyo lwendlela-mklamo eminyangweni yamaphoyisa, izifundazwe, nezindawo zokulungisa uma kunobufakazi bokuphula umthetho wezimiso. Iqembu lingenela futhi enkantolo eyimfihlo enkantolo engokomthetho womphakathi, iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni we-&817; umbono wamalungelo omphakathi umelelwe enkantolo.

I- Equalial Obbestounty Commission (EOC) imisa imithetho kahulumeni enqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi. Kunoma yimuphi unyaka, i-EEOC yamukela amashumi ezinkulungwane ezisolwano zobandlululo, iphenya, isiza ukuquliswa, futhi ifaka amacala lapho kudingekile. Ikhomishane inikeza isiqondiso esisiza abaqashi ukuba baqonde izibopho zabo futhi izisebenzi ziqonde amalungelo azo. Ukucwaswa kwezindlu, umnyango wezakhiwo ze Hollary ne-Urbacty (HUD) usebenza uhlaka olufanayo ngaphansi koMthetho we-Fairbource Act.

Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo banezela lemizamo kahulumeni nezinhlangano zabo zamalungelo omphakathi. Izifunda eziningi zinezinhlangano ezihlola imisebenzi ngokungakhethi ezihlola ukucwaswa kobandlululo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni nombuso. Lesi simiso somthetho wamanani abekelwe indawo sisho ukuthi izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokufuna ukubuyiselwa uma amalungelo azo ephulwa. Ukuba khona kwemibuso ehlukene kudala futhi ukuncintisana okunempilo phakathi kwezinhlangano, njengoba ngayinye ifuna ukuphumelela ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nokuguqulwa Kwendlela

Amaphoyisa nezinhlangano zokulondeka zinomthwalo omkhulu wokulondoloza ukulondeka komphakathi kuyilapho zihlonipha amalungelo omphakathi. Ukungezwani phakathi kwalezi zibopho ezimbili kuye kwabangela ukuthuthuka okukhulu kwezimiso, ukusungulwa kwezinhlelo zobubonisi eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanele. Izinhlangano zanamuhla eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ziye zasungula izinguquko ezibanzi eziye zasetshenziswa ekusebenziseni inqubo, ukuhlanganisa ubuhlanga, ubuhlobo bomphakathi, kanye nokulandisa komphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zoMnyango we-athom kuye kwashintsha kakhulu ekusabeleni ekwandiseni kokucwaninga, ukuphambanisa, nokuqamba umphakathi. Iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa manje idinga amasu okungalawuleki, ukunqanda noma ukuqeda izibambiso, ukunqanda ukungenela lapho izikhulu ziqaphela amandla adlulele ozakwabo, futhi zidinga ukubika ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nezenzakalo ezithile. Lemithetho iphoqelelwa ngezindaba zangaphakathi, amabhodi okuhlola abantu bezwe, futhi kwezinye izimo, ivumela imithetho ebekwe nguMnyango wokwahlulela ngokulandela uphendlo lwezehlaka.

Amakhamera asebenza ngomzimba amelela enye yezinguquko zezobuchwepheshe ezibaluleke kakhulu kupholishiwe phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule. Uma izikhulu zifaka amakhamera, ubufakazi bevidiyo obuvelayo bunikeza ubufakazi obungagwegwesi bokuhlangana kwamaphoyisa nomphakathi. Le mibhalo isiza ekuxazululeni izikhalo zezakhamuzi, inikeza ubufakazi ekumangalelweni kwezephulamthetho, futhi idala ukulandisa. Ukucwaninga kuye kwabonisa ukuthi amakhamera endikimba anciphisa izikhalo ngokumelene nabaphathi futhi anciphisa amathuba okuba izikhulu zisebenzise amandla. Iminyango eminingi manje idinga amakhamera ukuze asebenze phakathi nakho konke ukuxhumana okuphoqesha futhi inezimiso ezicacile ezibusa lapho ukuqopha okuqoshwa kungenziwa futhi kuhlale isikhathi eside kangakanani.

Ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane kanye nokubonakala kwemininingwane kuye kwaba yimbangela yemizamo yamaphoyisa yokulandisa. I-FBI ilondoloza i-data yesizwe esetshenziswa nge-odoli, futhi izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ukuba izinhlangano ezimisa umthetho zibike izenzakalo ezihilela ukudubula kwezikhulu ezihilelekile nezinye izenzakalo ezibucayi. Le mininingwane yenza abacwaningi, abenzi bezimiso, nomphakathi bakwazi ukubona izindlela zokulungisa, bahlola ukuphumelela kwemizamo yabo, futhi bagcina izinhlangano zinecala lokusebenza kwabo. Inhlangano yokuya emininingwaneni evulekile eProlishicishini iye yaguqula lokho okwake kwaba okunenzuzo kakhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo zangaphakathi zaba sobala kakhulu futhi kwasobala.

Ubulungisa Bemvelo Nobuqotho

Umqondo wokwahlulela ngokulandelana uzuze uhlaka njengohlelo lokuthuthukisa ukusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa. Lendlela igcizelela izimiso ezine eziyisisekelo: izwi (unikeza izakhamuzi ithuba lokulandisa uhlangothi lwazo lwendaba), ukungathathi hlangothi (ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zenziwe ngokungakhethi nangokukhanyayo), inhlonipho (ukuphatha abantu ngabanye ngesithunzi), nokwethembeka (ukubonisa ukukhathalela okuqotho ngezakhamuzi i ̱ inhlalo enhle). Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi amaphoyisa asebenza kahle, zithambekele kakhulu lokuvumelana neziqondiso ezingokomthetho, zibambisana nokuhlola, nokubheka umthetho njengomthetho osemthethweni.

Izikole eziningi zamaphoyisa ziye zahlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa komthetho okungokwezimiso ezifundweni zazo zangemva kwesikole, zifundisa indlela yokuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo, ukusingatha ukuhlangana nezakhamuzi ezithukuthele noma ezimelana nobunzima, futhi zichaze izenzo zazo ngezindlela ezibonisa inhlonipho ngabantu ngabanye i’ amalungelo. izikhulu zesifunda zithola ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo okuqinisa lamakhono nokuthuthukisa ulwazi lwazo ngentuthuko engokomthetho ethinta ukuphenywa nokuthatheka, izixwayiso zeMiranda, nezinye izimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo.

Izengameli zomthetho emphakathini ziye zakhula kakhulu. Amabhodi okuhlola abaphathi, abahloli bezezomthetho, namaphoyisa ahlola ngokwawo ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa nezimiso. Lezi zindikimba zihlola izikhalo zezakhamuzi, zibukeze izimiso zezeminyango, zinikeze imibiko yomphakathi, futhi zitusa inguquko. Uma izindikimba zababonisi zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo, zakha ukwethemba umphakathi ekubekeni umthetho futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi amaphoyisa abambelele ezindinganisweni eziphakeme umphakathi ezilindele.

Ukuphana Ngamalungelo Nobuqotho Obuqotho

Ukuqamba kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo lawo wonke amalungelo omphakathi axhomeke kulo. Uma izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokunenjongo okhethweni, zinamandla okubeka uhulumeni icala, ukumisa inqubo yomphakathi, nokuvikela izithakazelo zazo. Ohulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga baye bamisa izimiso ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zingabhalisa ekuvoteni, ziphonseni amavoti, futhi zibala amavoti azo ngokunembile.

ISigamu 5 salesi senzo sathathwa njengomthetho wamalungelo abantu ophumelela kakhulu owake wamiswa. Saqeda ukuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala, intela yokuvota, kanye neminye imikhuba yokukhipha ubandlululo eyayikhiphe ngokulandelana ama-Afrika kunye namanye amaqembu amancane kuyi-volotate. Isigaba 5 sesenzo sadinga imibuso elawulayo nomlando wokucwaswa ukuze kutholwe imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota noma imikhuba yabo. Lemfuneko yangaphambili yayiyithuluzi elinamandla lokuvimbela izinguquko zediski ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze. Nokho, iNkantolo ePhakathi-kakhulu i-̱ izinqulu ka-2013, isinqumo eShelby County v. Hareter yalahla umthetho osetshenziswayo ukunquma ukuthi iziphi imithetho yokuvota noma izivumelwano ezazihlanganisiwe isigaba esingu 5, ukukhipha imfuneko sokubhaka.

Isabela esinqumweni se-Shelby County, uhulumeni wezwe nezifunda eziningi ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokulondoloza ukuvota. Izinkantolo ze-Federal ziye zalahla imithetho yokuvota eminingi kahulumeni eyacwasa abavoti abambalwa ngesisekelo sohlanga. Amanye amazwe aye amisa ukubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo, andisa inkathi yokuvota yasekuqaleni, futhi athatha ukubhalisa okufanayo ngosuku ukuze enze ukuvota kutholakale. I-Help America Vote Act ka-2002 yanikeza inkxaso kazwelonke izimali emishini yokuvota, ithuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi zokuvota, futhi isungula i-data yokuvota yevota yezwe lonke.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokuthola Imishini

Naphezu kwalezisivikelo, amalungelo okuvota asaphikiswa. Imithetho yokuvota incishiswa, ukuncishiswa kwemithetho yokuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukukhishwa kwezindawo zokubhalisa, ukuvalwa kwezindawo, nokulinganiselwa kokuvota okungekho kuye kwathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abavoti abambalwa, izakhamuzi ezigugile, nabantu abakhubazekile. Izinkantolo ziye zafaka imingcele yokuvota eqinile ezibekelwe imingcele eqinile emazweni amaningi, zithola ukuthi zithwesa imithwalo engafanele lungelo lokuvota ngaphandle kokufeza izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni. [[FLT: 0] Brenan Center for Justice [ ifaka isiqinisekiso semiphumela yalemithetho evimbela nokusekela ukuvota futhi inguquko engenza ukuvota kufinyeleleke ngokwengeziwe.

IVoing Rights Act iyaqhubeka inikeza isivikelo esibalulekile. Ingxenye 2 inqabela imikhuba yokuvota encintiswayo esekelwe ngokohlanga, futhi iye yasetshenziselwa ngokuphumelelayo ukubekela inselele amaqhinga okulawula ubandlululo, izimfuneko zokuvota, nezinye izinyathelo ezivimbelayo. Ingxenye 203 idinga izifunda eziphezulu zezakhamuzi ezikhuluma ezinye izilimi kunesiNgisi ukunikeza izinto zokuvota ezibhalwe ngokwezibilini, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezinempumelelo elinganiselwe yesiNgisi zingahlanganyela ekuvoteleni. I-Natioti American Voting Rights Act engeziwe ye-2021 ye-Origioms Costation ngokufuna ukuba izindawo zokuvota ezitholakala kwezindawo zokuvota futhi zivumele izizwe ukuba zikhiphe izindawo zokuvota ezingekho.

Imizamo yokubuyisela nokuqinisa uMthetho we-Voing Rights Act isaqhubeka. Umthetho uJohn R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act, owenzelwe i-common arcom nenhlangano yesizwe esinesikhathi eside, ungayivuselela indlela yokunquma ukuthi yimaphi amagunya afanele abekwe kusengaphambili futhi abuyisele isivikelo esisuswe yisinqumo se-Shelby County. Ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, njengoba kuvela imingcele nemijikelezo emisha nezinselele ezintsha. Izakhamuzi, izinhlangano zobushiqela, nezikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zisebenze ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaMelika afanelekayo asebenzayo asebenzisa lelilungelo eliyisisekelo.

Izindlu Nokulingana Kwezomnotho

I-Fair Howar House Act ka-1968 imelela isivikelo sikahulumeni esibanzi kakhulu ekucwaseni izindlu. Lesi senzo sinqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala ngokuthengisa, ukuqashwa, noma ukuxhasa ngokwezimali izindlu ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, isiqu sobuzwe, noma ukukhubazeka. Imithetho yendawo ivame ukwandisa lezi zivikelo ukuze zihlanganise izigaba ezengeziwe ezinjengokukhetha ubulili, ubulili, inzuzo, inzuzo, kanye nesikhundla sombuso.

Uphenyo lwezinqubo zezemisebenzi ye-Divince of Justice luye lwahlasela abanikazi bezindlu ezinkulu, izinkampani zokuphatha impahla, izinkampani zezindawo, nezinhlangano zezimali ezihileleke ekucwaseni ngokuhlelwa kwezindawo. Lokhu kuphenya kuye kwaveza imikhuba enjengezegelezo zobuhlanga, lapho abaphathi bezindawo baqondisa abathengi bezindlu ezindaweni eziseqenjini labo, futhi babuyisela imvume, lapho ababolekisi benqaba khona ukusungula izikweletu ezindaweni ezimbalwa kakhulu. Izenzo zokukhokha izimali ziye zaphumela ekukhululekeni okukhulu kwemali ezisulu, ekufuneni izisulu, ekufuneni inguquko yemithetho engokomthetho, nakumanxusa abekwe enkantolo amisiwe ukuze kuqiniseke ukuvunyelwa.

I-Fair Howard Act ifuna futhi ohulumeni bathole imali yezindlu zikahulumeni ukuze bavume ukuthatha ezinye izindlu ezingcono. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imiphakathi kumelwe ihlaziye izindlela zokuhlukanisa, ihlukanise imingcele yokukhetha izindlu ngokufanelekile, futhi ithuthukise amasu okunqoba leyo migoqo. Umthetho uye waphoqelelwa ngezindlela zokuqondisa nangokulawula, imiphakathi ephoqelelayo ukuba ithathe izinyathelo ezinengqondo zokuhlanganisa nokuthola ithuba elilinganayo lokuhlala.

Izinhlelo zokufaka imvume yokuhlala, njengengxenye 8, zisiza imikhaya engenisa imali ephansi ukuba ithole izindlu ezifanele emakethe eyimfihlo. Le zinhlelo zinikeza izimali zokuqasha ezivala igebe phakathi kwalokho imikhaya engakuthenga nokukukhokhela ukuthengiswa. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwezinhlelo zokukhombisa kuxhomeke ekutholakaleni kwezindawo zokuhlala ezibizayo nabanikazi bazo abamukela izikhokhi. Imiphakathi eminingi iye yasungula isivikelo somthombo wemali enqabela abemi ukuba banqabe ukuqasha abani abanikazi bezindlu, ukunweba ukukhokha izindlu ezitholakalayo ezingcono kakhulu.

Amathuba Ezomnotho Nesivikelo Emsebenzini

Isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi emsebenzini siphoqelelwa ngokuyinhloko ngaphansi kweSihloko se-VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, esivimbela ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, nemvelaphi yobuzwe. I-EEOC ichaza i-Sihlomo VII ukuze ivikele ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuphindisela, nokungabekezelelwa, futhi iye yamisa iziqondiso zendlela abaqashi okumelwe bavumelane ngayo nemikhuba engokwenkolo, ukuvimbela ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, futhi iqinisekisa iholo elilinganayo. I-Odrom-om ye-EO isebenza kumakhazi, idinga ukuqinisekisa ithuba elilinganayo lokuthola umsebenzi.

I-Pregnancy Discrimination Act yaveza ukuthi ubandlululo olusekelwe ekukhulelweni, ekuzaleni noma ezimweni ezihlobene nalezi luwubandlululo olungekho emthethweni olungokobulili. I-Melika enobukhubazeko ifuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze izisebenzi ezikhubazekile indawo yokuhlala engcono. I-Lilly Betweve Fair Pay Act ka-200 yandisa isikhathi sokukhokha izindleko zokucwaswa, iqaphela ukuthi ukukhokha imali ngokungemthetho kuvame ukunqwabelana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kungase kungacaci.

Ngaphandle kwesivikelo sokungalawuleki, ohulumeni basebenzisa izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umsebenzi ezivulela abantu abaswele amathuba ezomnotho. Ukuqeqeshwa kwemisebenzi, izimali zemfundo, kanye nokuqashwa kwabantu kusiza abantu ukuba banqobe izithiyo zemisebenzi futhi bafeze inzuzo yezomnotho. Ukuphumelela kwalezi zinhlelo kuxhomeke ekusekeleni imali eqhubekayo, ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nabaqashi abazimele, nokuhlola okuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abanikazi bazuza amakhono abawadingayo.

Imfundo Namathuba Alinganayo

Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme i-’ ngo-1954 kuBrown v. Board of Education samemezela ukuthi ukwahlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakungekhona uhulumeni, kugumbuqele imfundiso ehlukile kodwa elinganayo eyayilawule i-Melika isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu sekhulu leminyaka. Lesi sinqumo samisa inhlangano yamalungelo abantu anamuhla futhi samisa isimiso sokuthi ithuba lokufundisa elilinganayo liyilungelo eliyisisekelo. Emashumini leminyaka kusukela kusukela kuBrown, ohulumeni baye basungula izimiso nezinhlelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izingane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingokohlanga, inzuzo, inzuzo, noma ukukhubazeka, ziyakwazi ukufinyelela imfundo ephakeme.

Isihloko VI soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944 senqabela ukucwaswa ngezinhlangano ezithola usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezikole zomphakathi. Leli lungiselelo liye lasetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela ukucwaswa kwenkululeko, ukunikeza izinhlanga eziyalweni zesikole, futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi abangamaNgisi bathola izinkonzo ezifanele zolimi. I-Divince of Education ̱ iHhovisi lezezikhalo ze-Civil Rights, ukubukeza ukuvuma, kanye nesiqondiso sokusiza izikole ukuba zihlangabezane nezibopho zazo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.

Isihloko se-IX seSichibiyelo semfundo sango 1972 sinqabela ukucwaswa kobulili emikhankasweni yemfundo nasemisebenzini. Isihloko I-IX siye sasiza ekuthuthukiseni amathuba emidlalo yamantombazane nabesifazane, ukusingatha ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nobudlova bobulili emakholijini, nokuvikela amalungelo abafundi abakhulelwe nabangabazali. Izinguquko zamuva ezilawulayo ziye zacacisa indlela izikole okumelwe zisabele ngayo emibhalweni yokuziphatha okubi kobulili, ziqinisekisa ukuthi abasindayo bayavikelwa kuyilapho belondoloza inqubo efanele kubafundi abamangalelwe.

Amalungu anezici ezihlukene zomthetho wemfundo (IDEA) aqinisekisa ukuthi izingane zifundiswa umphakathi mahhala. Umthetho ufuna izikole ukuba zithuthukise izinhlelo zemfundo ezizodwa (IEP) ezihlotshaniswa nengane ngayinye i̱ izidingo ezikhethekile, zinikeza izinkonzo ezihlobene, njengokwelapha ukukhuluma nokwelapha, futhi zihlanganisa abafundi abakhubazekile emakilasini emfundo avamile ngezinga elifanele. I-IDEA iye yaba usizo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abafundi abakhubazekile badinga ukuphumelela kwezemfundo nasemphakathini.

Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ubuchwepheshe buye badala izinselele ezintsha zamalungelo omphakathi ohulumeni okumelwe babhekane nazo. Ukwenza izinqumo ze-algorithm emsebenzini, ezindaweni zokuhlala, ekubolekeni izikweletu, nobulungisa bobugebengu kungaqhubekisela phambili futhi kwandise ngisho nokwenyusa izinhlobonhlobo ezikhona. Ohulumeni sebeqalile ukwakha izimiso ezifuna ukuba sobala, ukulandisa, nokulunga ezimisweni ezizimele. Isimiso se-algorithmism siphethe ukuthi amathuluzi abikezelayo akumelwe aveze imiphumela yalokho kungabi nazinzuzo eqeshiwe.

Isivikelo sangasese sibalulekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo omphakathi enkathini yenombolo. Uma izakhamuzi zesaba ukuthi imisebenzi yazo ye-inthanethi iyaqashelwa noma ukwaziswa kwazo kuyahlanganwa ngaphandle kwemvume, zingase zikwazi ukuzilawula, zinciphise izingxoxo zazo, noma zigweme ukufuna ukwaziswa ngezindaba ezibucayi. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zamisa imithetho ebanzi enikeza abantu imininingwane yabo yomuntu siqu, idinga amabhizinisi ukuba achaze imikhuba yabo yezokwaziswa, futhi abeke izijeziso zokuphula umthetho. Izinhlangano ze-Federal ziye zafaka isivikelo sobuso bezindaba zomuntu siqu ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhona, njenge-Fair Creving Act ne-Actstions Act.

I- American Liberties Union kanye nezinye izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ziye zasekela imingcele ekuqapheni kukahulumeni, ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kwenqwaba nohlelo lokuhlola i-Expressurence neSichibiyelo sesine. Izinkantolo ziye zaqeda izinhlelo zokuqapha ezintula izakhiwo ezingenalo igunya elifanele noma ezeqile. Imithetho enjenge-USA Freedom Act iye yaguqula izinhlangano ezinkulu zokuhlola ngokunqabela iqoqo lezincwadi zama-Americaṉ imibiko yezokuxhumana kanye nokufuna ukuba sobala okukhulu ngemisebenzi yokuhlola.

Ukwakha Ikusasa Eliphelele

Ohulumeni abasebenzi bodwa ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, amaqembu ezemfundo, abadlali bezemfundo, konke kunengxenye ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu. Izinhlangano ezingaphumeleli nzuzo zinikeza izimpawu ezingokomthetho kubantu amalungelo abo aphulwe, ziqhube ukucwaninga okuveza intuthuko yesimiso, futhi zikhuthaza ukusekela komphakathi ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Abacwaningi bahlola ukusebenza kwezimiso zokulwela amalungelo omphakathi futhi bathuthukisa ukutusa kobufakazi bokuthuthukisa inguquko.

Imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde amalungelo azo kanye nezinqubo zokuzifaka. Lemikhankaso ehloselwe ukuhlasela abantu abaye bagcinwa ngokomlando yizikhuselo zamalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise nabantu abanolwazi olulinganiselwe lwesiNgisi, abantu abakhubazekile, nemiphakathi yemibala. Ohulumeni babambisana nezinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini ukuze bafinyelele lemiphakathi ngezindlela nangemiyalezo efanelekile.

Isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi sidinga ukuqapha njalo nokuzivumelanisa. Njengoba kuvela izinguquko zomphakathi, izinsongo ezintsha emalungelweni omphakathi, futhi izivikelo ezikhona kumelwe zibukelwe futhi ziqiniswe. Umlando wamalungelo omphakathi eMelika uyindaba yentuthuko efinyelelwa ngokulwa nokuzinza okuphikelelayo. Ohulumeni ababeka phambili amalungelo omphakathi bavikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuphela kodwa futhi bavikela nobudlelwane obubalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi zazi ukuthi amalungelo azovikelwa, zicishe zihlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi, zivumelane nomthetho, futhi zisekele ukukholeka komphakathi.

Umsebenzi wokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu awusoze waphelela. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siphinde sibophe izimiso zokulingana nobulungisa ezisebenza ngokulandela uhlelo lwethu lomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuqonda izimiso zomthetho, izimiso zokuphoqelela, kanye nezinhlelo ezivikela amalungelo omphakathi, izakhamuzi zingakwazisa kangcono ukuvikela ezikujabulelayo nokuhlanganyela emzamweni oqhubekayo wokunikeza lezosivikelo kubo bonke abantu. Isenzo sikahulumeni sokugcina izakhamuzi zilondekile kumelwe sihloniphe amalungelo omphakathi ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi amasu okuphepha angcono kakhulu yilabo abakha ukuthemba, abaqinisekisa ukulandisa ngecala, futhi bahloniphe isithunzi sabo bonke abantu.