Isisekelo Senkululeko: Isizathu Sokuba Umthetho - sisekelo Uqaphe Ukufinyelela Ngokweqile

I-United States Constitution ingaphezu kakhulu kwepulani kahulumeni − iyisivikelo samabomu ekubuseni ubudlova. Isisekelo sayo sikhona isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma imuphi umuntu oyedwa noma iqembu ukuba athole igunya elingalawulwa. Le zakhiwo, ezakhelwe ezimisweni zemibuso ehlukene nakwezobubonisi bobunye, zikhona ukuze zivikele inkululeko yesakhamuzi ngasinye. Ukuqonda indlela umthetho-sisekelo olinganisela ngayo amandla kubalulekile ekuqapheleni ukuthi kungani inkululeko yaseMelika ikhuthazelele emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo, ababephila ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani futhi befunde amarepublic amaningi omlando ahlulekayo, bazi ukuthi amandla agxile ngokungenakugwenywa aholela ekuxhashazweni. Bathatha ongqondo abanjengoMontesquieu, owaphikisa ngokuthi “amandla kufanele abe yisehlo sokubusa,” kanye nomphumela wokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu kwababusi ababelawula ngokweqile. Umphumela waba nguhulumeni onegatsha amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye lihlome ngamathuluzi okumelana nokungezwani nabanye. Lesimiso asisona nje isinqumo esikhulu eWashington, kusukela ezingxabeni zemithetho engokomthetho kuya ezinhlalweni eziPhakamele iziNkathi.

Umbono Otholakele: Okwenza Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kube Okubalulekile

Lapho izihambeli zihlangana ePhiladelphia ngo-1787, zabhekana nombuzo obalulekile: indlela yokwakha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukuba uhlanganise amazwe ahlukene ayishumi nantathu ngaphandle kokuba abe umbuso omusha. Izihloko zeConfederation zaziye zabonakala zibuthakathaka kakhulu, zashiya uKhongolo lungenamandla okukhokha intela noma ukulawula ezentengiselwano. Nokho uhulumeni ophethe waphakamisa ukwesaba kokucindezela ababelwe ukubalekela. Ikhambi kwakungekona ukubeka lonke igunya endikimbeni eyodwa kodwa ukulihlukanisa phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene, azimele.

James Madison, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi uYise woMthetho-sisekelo, wachaza umqondo ku- Fateralist No. 51: “Isifiso kumelwe siwenziwe ukulwa nokufuna ukuvelela. Isithakazelo somuntu kumelwe sihlanganiswe namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo wendawo.” Ngokunikeza igatsha ngalinye intando yalo siqu nezindlela zokumelana nezinye, abakhi be-freacter baqinisekisa ukuthi akukho qiniso elilodwa elingabusa. Lokhu kuqonda kudinga isivikelo senhlangano. [1] Ukunikeza igatsha ngalinye i-galelo-goverse.

Amazwi okuqala oMthetho-sisekelo, `Thina bantu''' `Siqinisekisiwe ukuthi ubukhosi busuka ezakhamuzini, hhayi kuhulumeni. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyindlela yokubonakalisa lesosimiso. Igatsha ngalinye lithola ukufaneleka kwalo kubantu, kodwa igunya lalo lilinganiselwe endaweni yalo emisiwe. Lesi sakhiwo asivimbeli nje kuphela ubushiqela kodwa futhi sikhuthaza ukuhlaziywa, ukuhlehliswa, nokulandisa.

Amagatsha Amathathu: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla, Ukuhlanganyela Imithwalo Yemfanelo

UMthetho-sisekelo ufaka imibuso yemithetho, yezikhulu, neyahlulelo ezinhlanganweni ezihlukene: iSishayamthetho, uMongameli, neNkantolo ePhakeme. Nakuba igatsha ngalinye linendima eyinhloko, imingcele ifiphale ngamabomu ukuze ibangele ukungezwani, okuvikela inkululeko.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Izwi Le Abantu

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza wonke amandla omthetho eSishayamthetho, indikimba yama-badamal eyakhiwa yiNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Indlu, eyayikhethwe njalo eminyakeni emibili, yayiklanyelwe ukusabela ekwamukeleni intando ethandwayo; iSigele, ekuqaleni esasikhethwe yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, sasihloselwe ukumelela izithakazelo zikahulumeni nokunikeza ukuzinza. Ndawonye, sibhala imithetho yesizwe.

ISishaya-Mkhandlu sodwa siphethe amandla esikhwama semali: ayikho imali engasetshenziswa ngaphandle kwemvume yaso. Ingamemezela impi, ilawule ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, futhi imise izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Lemibuso mikhulu, kodwa ihlolwa amanye amagatsha. UMongameli angawakhokha izikweleti, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingawabulala uma ephula uMthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isigaba somphakathi seSindlu neSigele kumelwe kuvumelane ngemithetho efanayo futhi kuvimbele ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Isinyathelo Nokuphoqelelwa

Isikhulu sezikhulu zezikhulu ze-operapix II kuMongameli oyedwa, okhonza njengenhloko kahulumeni, umphathi-nhloko, nomphathi omkhulu. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kaMongameli “ukuqaphela ukuba imithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka.” Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa izikhulu zeKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, namanxusa, izivumelwano zezivumelwano (ngemvume yeSigebengu), nokukhipha iziyalezo zokuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Umongameli uyisikhundla esinamandla amakhulu nenyathelo lokuqala, kodwa abakhi bomthetho bawuvikela ekucindezeleni okuvamile ngokwenza iElectoral College ibe indlela yokukhetha. UMongameli akanakwenza umthetho − kuphela (_kuphela) futhi noma isiphi isenzo sokuphatha singagumbuqelwa ngemithetho noma sishaywe izinkantolo. Amandla okuthethelela, nokho, anikeza ishekethi eliyingqayizivele egatsheni lokwahlulela, avumele isihe emacaleni ombuso.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza UMthetho

ISiphakamiso III simisa iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu futhi sivumela uMkhandlu ukuba wakhe izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. Abahluleli bakhonza ukuphila kwabo konke phakathi “nokuziphatha okuhle,” bewavikela ekuphindiseleni kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kuzimela kuyagxeka ngenxa yokuchazwa ngokungakhethi kwemithetho yomthetho-sisekelo ne-oMbuso. I-jadiary yethuluzi elinamandla kakhulu. /judicarial `archism'’s `arethis jptry's sholore kumthetho kodwa kwamiswa ecaleni elivelele [FL:] Barbury v.Madison.[[FLT]]

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala aqulwa ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, umthetho kahulumeni, kanye nezingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe noma phakathi kombuso nohulumeni. Ngokufuna “impikiswano,” uMthetho-sisekelo uvimbela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe imibono engokomthetho futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi zimane zixazulule izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho.

Izinhloli Nokulinganisela Okusendleleni: Indlela Amandla Ahlala Ngayo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela akuyona indlela eqinile kodwa inqubo enamandla yokuqondisana. Igatsha ngalinye linamandla akhethekile okulinganisela amanye, lidinga ukubambisana futhi livimbele noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lingasebenzi lingahloni isikhathi eside.

Ikhambi Lomhlangano Wesifunda Nesikhulu Sabefundisi

  • Ukuthatha amavetoes: Uma uMongameli enqaba umthetho, uMkhandlu ungawulawula ngevoti emibili-ntathu kuzo zombili izindlu(a kunzima kodwa kungenzeka.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa: ISigele kumelwe sivumele ukumiswa komongameli ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, izikhundla zeKhabhinethi, nemikhumbi yamanxusa. Lokhu kunikeza iSishaya-Mkhandlu isisho esiqondile kulowo osebenzisa amandla ombuso nokwahlulela.
  • Indlu ingamkhipha uMongameli, uMongameli, uMphathi, nabahluleli bakahulumeni ngenxa ye- “Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme, noma ama-Misdeator.” Khona - ke iSigele siqunga icala futhi, ngevoti lesithathu, singasusa isikhulu. Omongameli abathathu kuphela abaye bafundiswa (Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump), futhi akukho noyedwa owasuswa, kodwa usongo lokungakhokhisana lunga njengesivikelo esinamandla.
  • amandla esikhwama semali:[ ulawula ukuxhasa ngemali yonke imisebenzi kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinyathelo zikaMongameli. Kungabeka futhi izimo ekusebenziseni imali ukuze kuthonye ukuziphatha komphathi.
  • [ Umqondisi we-arhente: amakomiti e-Congress ahlola izinhlangano eziphethe, izimemezelo, kanye nezincwadi ezifuna izicelo. Lokhu kuqondisa kubalulekile ekususeni indle, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza.

Amaqiniso Kamongameli Ezingqungquthela Nasemankantolo

  • Amandla: UMongameli anganqaba noma isiphi isibeko esidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, aphoqelele abenzi bomthetho ukuba baphinde bacabangele noma baqoqe i-scheme. Iveto iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuvimbela umthetho ophethe obheka ukwahlulela okungahlakaniphile noma okungavumelani nomthetho.
  • Ukumisa abahluleli: uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, akhonza ukuphila. Lokhu kubumba isiqondiso sefilosofi sejaji amashumi amaningi eminyaka.
  • Amandla e-pardon: UMongameli anganikeza iziphakamiso kanye nokuthethelelwa kwamacala kahulumeni, anikeze isheke emigwebeni yokwahlulela noma ewubugebengu. Lamandla aphelele (ngaphandle kwamacala angekho) futhi angengaxoxiwe yiSishaya-mthetho noma izinkantolo.
  • Izivumelwano ezisemthethweni neziyalo: UMongameli angadlula ukugunyaza isivumelwano ngokwenza izivumelwano eziphetheyo namazwe angaphandle futhi angaqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngeziqondiso zezikhulu. Nokho, le zenzo zisalokhu zisezingeni lokubukezwa kokwahlulela nezinqumo zenhlangano yezimali.

Amasheke KaJudicia Amanye Amagatsha

  • Ukubukeza okungokwesiko: Izinkantolo zingaqeda imithetho kahulumeni nombuso kanye nezenzo zokuphatha eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lomandla adlulela kuyo yonke imithetho eza phambi kwawo.
  • I-pretation: Ngokuchaza imithetho, izinkantolo zingalinganisela noma zandise ukufinyelela kwemithetho. Ngezinye izikhathi iziKhongolo zingadlula izincazelo zemithetho ngokudlulisa imithetho emisha, kodwa izincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo zidinga ukushintshwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.
  • Isikhathi sobudala: abahluleli be-Federal bavikelekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, kubavumela ukuba babuse kuhulumeni uma kudingekile. Lokhu ukuzimela kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo amancane kunoma ubani ophakele.

Le mishini ayiqinisekisi ukulinganisela okuphelele; idala isimiso lapho amandla encintiswa khona futhi exoxiswa khona. Umphumela uwuhulumeni ohamba ngamabomu, ngokuvamile ngokushelelayo, kodwa ngesivikelo esakhelwe ngaphakathi esivikelweni sokuqubuka noma sonya.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Inkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye Njengomngcele Wamandla

Abakhi bamalungelo ekuqaleni babekholelwa ukuthi incwadi yamalungelo yayingadingekile ngoba uMthetho-sisekelo wawunikeza imibuso ebalayo kuphela (ukube amandla ayengabalwanga, uhulumeni wayengeke asebenzise yona. Nokho, izifundazwe eziningi zazifuna isivikelo esicacile senkululeko yabantu ngabanye. IBhili yamalungeni, eyagunyazwa ngo - 1791, yaba iziphendu zokuqala eziyishumi futhi yahlala iyisivikelo esiqondile senkululeko yomuntu siqu ngokumelene nenkokeli kahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala

“ Ikhonki alisoze lenza umthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.” Lomusho owodwa uvikela isisekelo sokuphila kwentando yeningi: ikhono lokukhuluma, lokukhulekela, ukubhala, nokuhlela ngaphandle kokucusumbula kukahulumeni noma ukuphoqelela. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yawachaza lamalungelo ngokubanzi, ivikela ngisho nenkulumo ecasulayo neyokuphikisa okungokomfanekiso.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili

“ IMilitia ebekwe kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni kukaHulumeni okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha izilwi, ngeke ishaywe.” ISichibiyelo Sesibili siye sabekwa kuphikiswana kakhulu, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ku-[flute] i-Gritanture of Columbia v. Heller [2008] [ukuthi ivikela umuntu ngamunye ilungelo lokuba nezikhali zakhe siqu, ezimelweni ezinengqondo.

ISichibiyelo Sesine

Ivikela ekufuneni “ukusesha okungenangqondo nokuquleka.” Akukho mvume engayikhipha ngaphandle kwesizathu, esekelwa ngesifungo noma isivumelwano, futhi ikakhulukazi ichaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi abantu noma izinto ezimelwe zithathwe. Lokhu kuyisisekelo somthetho wanamuhla wemfihlo, ifuna amaphoyisa athole imvume ezisekelwe ebufakazini obusekelwe emakhaya, emaphepheni, noma emiphumeleni.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Iqinisekisa ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwabahluleli ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína, ivikela engozini ephindwe kabili, futhi inqabela ukuzibeka umlomo. Kudinga futhi inqubo efanelekile yomthetho ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni unciphe noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, futhi ibopha uma impahla yomuntu ithathwa ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi. Amazwi athi “impahla yomuntu iyothathwa ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi, ngaphandle kokukhokhwa” aziwa ngokuthi i-Preaces.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha

Iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi yijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ukubhekana nofakazi, ukuphoqelela ubufakazi emseni womuntu, nokuthola usizo lweseluleko. Lokhu kulungisa isisekelo senqubo yobugebengu elungile.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili

Lenkulumo iye yasetshenziswa ukuze ibeke inselele izigwebo ezinzima, izimo zasejele, nezindlela zokubulala eziqinile.

Ngalé kwe-Bill of Rights, iSichibiyelo se-14th (sagunyazwa ngo-1868) sandisa isivikelo esiyinhloko kohulumeni ngohlelo lokuhlanganisa. Simemezela ukuthi akukho mbuso “ongazala noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; noma uphike noma ubani onegunya lakhe lokuvikela imithetho okulinganayo.” Lokhu kubuyiselwa kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa cishe wonke amaBhili of Rights ezifunda, kuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko ayivikelwe nje kuphela ezindaweni eziphethwe uhulumeni kodwa nasehulumenini kanye.

Uhulumeni: Isindlali Sesibili Senkululeko

Ukulinganisela koMthetho-sisekelo amandla kudlulela ngalé kwamagatsha kahulumeni ebudlelwaneni phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe. iFederalism isho ukuthi uhulumeni uphethe lawomandla agunya agunyazwe wona kuphela nguMthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho amazwe ephethe igunya elibanzi ezindabeni zendawo. Lengxenye idala ukulondeka okumbaxambili: uma uhulumeni kahulumeni ucindezela, ababusi bangamelana; uma impambano kahulumeni, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingangenela.

ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcine wonke amagunya angaphathiswanga i-United States noma enqatshelwe emazweni “ku-United States ngokulandelana, noma kubantu.” Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwaba isisekelo somthetho ngokomthetho sokucwaninga kwezimiso zezwe ezicingweni ezinjengemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nomthetho wobugebengu. INkantolo Ephakeme, ezimweni ezifana New York v. United States[FLT] [[FLT]] [1992] printz v. United States (1997]), inekhono elilinganiselwe leMikhandlu yokuyala isifundazwe.

UFederalism ubuye unikeze inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe ukuthi isiphi isifunda ezizohlala kuso, zidala “isigcawu” sokubusa. Umuntu okhetha ukukhokha izintela eziphansi nemithetho encishisiwe angashintshela esimweni esiqinile; umuntu obheka izinhlelo zezenhlalo ezibanzi kakhulu angakhetha isimo sokukhululeka. Lokhu kucindezela ohulumeni ukuba bahloniphe lokho okuthandwa yizakhamuzi zabo.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekulinganiseleni Amandla

Asikho isimiso esiphelele, futhi ukulinganisela koMthetho - sisekelo amandla kubhekene nobunzima obuqhubekayo enkathini yanamuhla.

Ukukhula Kwamandla Okuqondisa

Abaholi bawo womabili amaqembu baye bandisa igunya lokuphatha, ikakhulukazi ngeziqondiso eziphethe, ukubuswa kwemithetho, nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezempi. Ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zokusebenzisa isimiso lapho kumiswa iziKhomishane kungaphazamisa inqubo yomthetho. ISigqi sombuso wango- 1973 sazama ukulinganisela ukwenziwa kwempi yomongameli, kodwa abaholi baye bawashalazela amalungiselelo ayo. INkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi, njengakuyi- Intsha ephethe i-Stown & Tube Co. v. Sayer [[FLT:] [1952], eyavala ukuphazanyiswa kwensimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea. Nokho, ukulinganisela phakathi kokulawula kwezempatho ne-'i-Groultment kuhlala kusekhona.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zaqaqamba ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngaphaya kwencazelo yawo yokuqala, ngokuphumelelayo ukwakha amalungelo amasha (umz., ku-. Roe v. Wade kanye ]-Obergefell v. Hodges). Abalweli baphendula ngokuthi amagama amakhulu oMthetho-sisekelo afuna ukuwasebenzisa ezimweni ezintsha. Amandla okwahlulela angaholela ekumangaleleni ukuthi abahluleli abangahleliwe balahla izintando zabo ngenxa yalezo zinqubo zabo. Ukulwa kwefilosofi yokwahlulela. . Umthetho womthetho umthetho uyakwazi ukuthatha izingxabano ezijulile ngokuphathelene ngokulingana kwegunya phakathi kwamagatsha.

Inkiya Yemithetho Engenawo Amacala

Ukuhlola koMthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukubambisana, kodwa ukubambisana okukhulu kuye kwenza lokho kubambisana kwaba yivela kancane kakhulu. Izazi ezithile ziphikisa ngokuthi ukulingana kwamandla kushintshile ngoba uKhongolose ushiye amavoti angu-60 ukuze adlulise umthetho omkhulu, okwenza idlanzana livimbe izakhiwo ezinkulu. Lokhu kuphoqelela amongameli ngezinye izikhathi ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngokungahlonisiwe noma baqhube izinqumo ezibalulekile kuhulumeni. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ukulingana kwamandla kuye kwashintsha ngenxa yokuthi uKhomishane ushiye imithwalo yemfanelo yayo, ushiye umphathi nomphathi wejajiji eshiya ingenalutho.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ukuqapha kwezemishini, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, kanye nokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela kuletha usongo olusha ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sesine. Ikhono likahulumeni lokunakekela izakhamuzi liye lakhula ngokulandelana, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme isiqalile ukuzivumelanisa, ibusa Carpeent v. United States[[FL:1] [2018] ukufinyelela ukwaziswa okungokomlando okusendaweni ye-cell-oply kudinga isiqinisekiso. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe nemfihlo kuhlala kungumngcele ocindezelayo.

Isiphetho

Ukulinganisela koMthetho-sisekelo amandla akusona isiqalo esiqinile kodwa uhlelo oluphilayo oluklanyelwe ukujwayela ukushintsha izinsongo zenkululeko. Ngokuhlukana kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, uhulumeni, kanye neSigqi samalungelo, kwakha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukuba usebenze kodwa ohlukene kakhulu ukuba ucindezele. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivuselele ukuzinikela kwaso kulezizimiso ngokuqonda ukuthi sisebenza kanjani futhi sigcine abaholi bazo benombuzo. Inkululeko esijabulelayo, ikhuleka njengoba sikhetha, sivota abameleli bethu, futhi siphile ngaphandle kokwesaba amandla omthetho owenziwe ngokungenangqondo. Ukulinganisela okuthi umsebenzi wesizwe oqhubekayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [[[QUL:0] uMthetho-sisekelo wezwe [ikhasi , uMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [, kanye ne-Cornell Information Institute ye-Constitution .